Athar al-rafedain

Iraqis through the periods considered Palm trees the most generous
not only for their grandeur and lofty. They produce dates of variegated
types which is considered one of the important nutrients for sustainable
human life because it contains the essentials for healthy life.
In the initial phase, the Iraqi artists drew on their pottery simple bands
similar to a palmette but as they progressed, the style was developed
during Protoliterate period (the Early Sumerian) and the best example is
the Votive Vase from Warka. Then cluster of dates started to appear on
the Votive Plaques and on cylinder seals.
Few examples of palms appear on cylinder seals from the
Akkadian period. Gudea appears with the tree. Ur-namu in his well
known stele pour sacred water on a palm. From tell Al-Rimah (Old
Karana) palm trunks in mud-bricks were used as attached decorative
columns, The palace of Zimri-lim in Mari was adorned with painting of
the blessed tree. The Assyrians considered the palm trees blessed, holy,
and sacred, and their kings themselves paid great attention in depicting
themselves with the palms. The concept of the significant of the palms as
sacred identity continued and reached the city of Hatra which mentioned
its heritage of the older Mesopotamian period. The palms were depicted
with both the gods and humans.

This study sheds light on the royal edicts issued in the Late Old
Babylonian Period, specifically from the era of the reign of the
Babylonian king Ammi - Saduqa (1646-1626 BC), which are orders and
instructions issued by this king to treat the deteriorating economic
conditions in an instant and fast manner. And it seems that these royal
edicts represent a special permit or legislative regulation that has been
widely popular since the second part of the Old Babylonian Period
(2002-1595) B.C.

Most modern-time and extinct medieval caravanserais relatively
belong to the ancient periods of human civilization. They were Usually
chosen in particular spots along major trade routes, some of these
caravansaries have acquired special significance in Mesopotamia that
they have been considered one of the most important focal points of
reference in the field of trade Geography and Trade History studies.
These caravansaries used to provide trading caravans with vital logistic and economic services needful throughout the caravans’ passage and
camping along the desert. Among the various services these caravansaries
usually offer are the provision of water, food and other travel necessities
such as medical and mail services, beside supplying the caravans with
guides, scouts and routes experts (khabir). Some of these caravansaries
((wikalat or Khanat) have later expanded so as to become trading towns
along the trade routes which prospered in the ancient Near East in general
and in Mesopotamia in particular which gave rise to some famous silk
road, besides incense and spices routes.

Those who observe the Mesopotamian civilization will find that this
civilization has several components, foremost of which stands the
diversity in many of its civilization fields, whether on the architectural,
artistic or written level, as well as the richness and abundance in the
entirety of its data, and perhaps a civilization extended in its roots since
man inhabited the north of Mesopotamia until The Islamic ages are
worthy to stand at the top of the hierarchical hierarchy of the rest of the
other civilizations in terms of originality and antiquity, and this
civilization was characterized by several characteristics, the most
important of which is its impact on the rest of other civilizations from
which multiple civilization fields have been borrowed, such as writing
and the rest of other sciences.
Researchers have always delved into the vocabulary of this
civilization and have written many books and researches that dealt with
its multiple colors and are still trying to decipher the secrets and secrets
of what remained unclear from them. For the overall image of this
civilization to be integrated.
One of the important vocabulary of the civilization of
Mesopotamia, which it is important to highlight is an important tree that
the cuneiform texts dealt with great importance, namely the tamarisk tree,
and through the first extrapolation of the information related to this tree,
we find that it has occupied an important place in the thought and belief
of the people of Mesopotamia, especially with regard to It is related to the
medical aspect of it, as the cuneiform texts dealt with many benefits of
this tree and entered many medicinal formulations for treating diseases at
that time, in the Islamic ages, the famous doctor Ibn al-Bitar mentioned
the great medicinal benefits of this tree, as it was used in many medical
treatments.
Through the foregoing, we find it important to shed light on this tree,
the places in which it is grown, the uses mentioned in the cuneiform texts,
and everything related to it, depending mainly on the various information
contained in the ancient cuneiform writings about this tree.

The land of Kurdistan was distinguished by variations in terrain,
environment and climate. The natural and climatic characteristics had a
great influence in creating environments suitable for settlement. This
helped to provide the basic necessities for living and its sources of water,
plants and animals. It provided a home for early hunters and collectors of
food to benefit from the rich environment resources. This led to the
emergence of the first signs of the human pioneers, and the oldest
evidence of human settlement in this area was found at the Burdat Balka
site in the form of axes and shrapnel.
The discovery of remnants of many civilized materials in the
open and caves of the region, most of which contain stone tools for
hunting activities. Indicates that hunting was a basic pattern of economic
life for the first human groups during the ancient stone ages.
The Shanidar Cave is one of the ancient caves within the northwestern
extension of the Zagros Mountains, which was settled by humans during
the Paleolithic period due to the suitability of the climatic condition of the
cave site and the richness of the region with livelihoods and with springs
and streams and the availability of hunting animals.
This will deal with extensive research in order to contribute to
giving a clear picture of the distinguished role of this region in the record
of human civilization.

The study aims to identify the urban activities in the Indian ports of
all kinds, and the role that those activities played in the prosperity of the
economic movement in those ports, through what was provided by
services to the local population and the commercial communities and
merchants coming to these ports, as these urban aspects at that time
represented an important part of the civilization of India, the research
focused on the architectural materials used in construction at the time,
and the urban aspects of their various types, whether religious, civil or
military, and we have clarified the role of each part of those aspects in the
development, prosperity and permanence of the economic movement in
the Indian subcontinent in general.

The contents of the Hittite texts and the evidence of the
archaeological survey in many of the sites covered by the excavations in
the countries of Anatolia reflect the fact that there are indications of the
Hittite interest in cleanliness, and that the reasons for this interest were
not limited to the importance of cleanliness, as it reflects an actual need
for all members of society, rulers and ruled, in order to preserve not any
the manifestations of cleanliness and the creation of a healthy, clean
environment, but also extended to be part of the content of the religious
rituals and rituals that oblige individuals to this concern and push them to
adhere to cleanliness in general
From this standpoint, the research idea crystallized to highlight this
important aspect of the Hittite civilization, because it has a direct relation
to the daily lives of individuals and their religious beliefs, and the
research included four aspects of the manifestations of cleanliness, the
first axis dealt with the concept of cleanliness, and the second axis dealt
with personal hygiene and included, Washing, nails, hair, shaving and
cleaning clothes, the third axis dealt with cleanliness of places and
included, cleanliness of temples, cleanliness of ovens and kitchens, water
pool, and cleanliness of alleys and streets, while the fourth axis dealt with
cleaning materials and included, water, plants and herbs, and the research
appended to a conclusion that included a number of conclusions , As well
as some illustrations.

The Akkadian language is rich in many forms, including the GT
form. These two symbols refer to two meanings in foreign languages,
especially English (G) meaning (gerund) and (t) represent the augmenting
on the basic formula, the formula (Gt) is a natural product born from the
womb of the need to expand the meanings, so when the basic formula
does not meet or fails to perform a specific connotation , linguists resort
to the augmenting to fill the deficiency, it is believed that these are
characteristics of the mother's tongue , the Akkadian language is thus no
different from its sisters from the same language family.
The choice of the subject was based on the necessity to get
acquainted with this form and clarify the ambiguity surrounding it,
especially since it shares the same form of the perfect verb, as the past
tense (Gt) has the same morphological shape that shows the
perfect,(iptaras), they both take the same form, but the intention is
different , So the perfect form expresses a specific time, while the
formula (Gt) has other functions that differ from the formulas of
perfection. Hence the need to clarify this formula and delve into it. The
researcher in ancient languages and the cuneiform reader cannot predict
the meaning from the formula itself, so the study came to clarify the
ambiguity facing researchers in the field of translation, as well as to know
some of the secrets of this formula based on the texts, to be the decisive
factor in explaining what they are, and the comparison approach helps the
student to draw attention to other languages to understand some common
linguistic aspects.

The ancient Iraqis left us, through cuneiform tablets, important
archives of records of economic activity, which are a fertile and open
field for research and study. Among the most important of these are the
accounting records in which the Sumerian term (nig2-kas7..ak) is
mentioned and translated by researchers as "balanced account" or "budget
accounts". This term has great importance in the context of the
interpretation of the economy of ancient Iraq, especially in the texts of the
end of the third millennium BC. Therefore, this study came to show its
linguistic, administrative and cultural importance.

During the Prehistoric period, Human is used tools that helped him
in the process of cutting plants or hunting animals, and then he developed
his tools in a manner suitable for their use and became a variety, and
among those tools is the sickle that he used even after emergence of
agriculture. It continued to be used despite the different available raw
materials throughout the chronology ages. Sickles began to be used since
the stone ages before the emergence of agriculture until now. As for the
industry materials for the blade, it was made according to the availability
of raw materials, including bones and types of stones during the stone ages, and then the clay was used during the Ubaid period, and this is
according to what the excavations revealed in the archaeological sites.