Hammurabi journal for studies

The concept of power is considered one of the main concepts
in international politics, and one of the ancient concepts in the heritage
of ancient civilizations. Human history has witnessed important events in which power played a major role in the birth of new states and the extinction of others.
The complexity of the international system, the change in the international balance of power in it, the emergence of new challenges, and the development of the tools of conflict at the international level, as well as the emergence of many international and non-international actors, have led countries towards finding a new formula, through which they can exploit all the tools and sources of power that, It possesses it, in order to utilize it later in an appropriate manner, which allows it to achieve its goals with minimal losses, and to maintain its influence, dominance, and international weight.
Therefore, given the nature of the challenges facing countries, specifically the United States of America, the call has emerged to adopt a new strategy in foreign policy, called the “smart power” strategy, as an integrated strategy based on achieving a balance between the use of hard power and soft power, based on Which it achieves for the higher interests of the state, especially in light of the technological and scientific development that the world is witnessing at the present time.

When the Cold War ended with the fall of the Soviet Union and the victory of Western democracy in the early 1990s, most theorists of liberal political culture believed that a new era of “democratic spread” had begun in developing countries, and that Western support for their political elites would lead them to get rid of their authoritarian systems. . Because most of these countries were under the control of military authoritarian regimes, it seemed clear that the promised “democratic spread” was aimed at restoring the political elite to power after removing the military from it.
To get closer to this new situation, and specifically to the extent to which the new environment of the international system contributed to facilitating political reform on the horizon of democratic transition in developing countries, it was necessary to re-dismantle the interactions of their civil-military relations in light of the perceptions produced by the end of the Cold War.

The study deals with Iraq\'s foreign policy، analyzing its trends in strengthening the Iraqi role in the Middle East region، in a context that calls for its geopolitical movements to adopt approaches to create a strategic event in its foreign relations in parallel with building strategic partnerships، adapting to the nature of the transformations taking place in the regional and international environment، and on the basis of these developments were A stimulating motivation for Iraqi foreign policy concerns، towards expanding its foreign relations and consolidating its regional role in a prominent manner. On the other hand، the study reviews the most important challenges and the limits of their impact on Iraq’s orientations towards the region. The study was divided into three axes: The first presents: features of the transformation of Iraqi diplomatic trends as an input to regional effectiveness. The second presents the geopolitical realism of Iraqi diplomatic movements as a tool for regional advancement. The third deals with: Iraqi diplomacy and confronting the worsening geopolitical trend of regional influences.

Russian foreign policy toward Syria is based on theoretical frameworks that explain the policypursuit of a new international identity and status in order to achieve its main objective of maintaining Russia influence in the Middle East and preventing its role from being marginalized in the face of international competition. As Russia\\\\'s foreign policy role was impacted over time in accordance with its capacity and capabilities, Syria\\\\'s place in respect to Russian interests also fluctuated. Since the end of the Soviet Union, Syria has always been of great significance to Russian foreign policy decision-makers. Syria\\\\'s significance stems from its dual status as a part of the Middle East and former Soviet policy. Additionally, Russian decision-makers have shown a greater interest in this location due to its potential impact on their interests and international standing in the context of the global geopolitical conflict.

This research examines an intellectual, political, and theoretical framework in its axes of building the modern state in Iraq after the year 2003. These axes diagnose the obstacles and challenges of building the state, identifying and reviewing the problems confronting the political regime, then proposing solutions for building paths with their components. Simultaneously, the research deals with matching merits of these obstacles and components with the intellectual and theoretical foundations required in building the modern state to adapt it to the Iraqi situation. Finally, the research sums up the findings of the study, these findings present practical recommendations based on the analysis and following-up of the political reality and the Iraqi public situation after 2003.

The concept of national identity is one of the controversial political-social concepts، because it represents a developed awareness of sub-affiliation، associated with the emergence of the state.
With regard to the state of Iraq، what has happened since its founding in 1921 is the building of its modern state before the establishment of its national identity، and sub-affiliation has prevailed instead of the (total) national affiliation. The controversy arising from the lack of crystallization or adoption of an Iraqi national identity and its non-reflection in the Iraqi constitutions، from the Basic Law of 1925 to the permanent and enforceable Iraqi constitution of 2005، is due to variables، the most important of which are: the ideological variable، the elite variable، and the historical variable.

The Kurdish issue is one of the most important issues that impede the development process in Turkey, in addition to being one of the oldest problems that Turkey is experiencing, which has always been reflected in the inability to find radical solutions to it because it is working on the one hand to activate the role of the Kurds within the Turkish state which does not believe in ethnic orientations and seeks to generalize the national model in accordance with Kemalist orientations and their principles; and on the other hand, the inability of the decision-maker to take fair orientations for the Kurdish component because of the possibility of it falling into two traps: the first is the trap of minorities, which is concentrated in its inability to give their rights except with specific orientations so that other minorities do not take the pretext of the Kurds and demand their rights. These minorities have a great role in spreading the situation of all minorities claiming their rights, which results in the second trap that is represented by exploiting these trends of the political opposition parties and trying to exploit this file to overthrow the ruling party.

Mr. Ali Al-Husseini Al-Sistani is considered one of the most prominent Twelver Shiite scholars in Iraq and the world. He has great influence in the Islamic world in general and Iraq in particular, and many even consider him a prominent religious authority. He contributed to achieving community peace and security, in addition to his role in maintaining order and stability. This leadership role in managing community affairs is one of the most important basic roles of a jurist who fulfills the conditions.
He has issued many fatwas and directives that call for the necessity of maintaining community security and peace, and urge unity and peaceful coexistence between Different sects and religions and not being drawn into sectarian and ethnic conflicts.
His famous fatwa “Sufficient Jihad” against ISIS represented a pivotal shift in preserving the nature of the social fabric to change the features of the situation, which almost brought an end to the country and the difficult circumstances at that time and the destruction, devastation and terror of the people. His girl came to restore life. For many people, especially after the great response from the people, it has restored society\'s character, calm, and safe nature.

A cohesive pluralistic society represents an essential pillar of building a democratic state. The phenomenon of pluralistic societies in the stage of independence of modern states produced many political, social, cultural and security problems within the borders of one state. The multiplicity of components of society and the differences in their religious, spiritual and national values within the state on the one hand, and the lack of crystallization and weakness of the concept of citizenship. Originally associated with democratic countries and advanced societies, on the other hand, it hindered the emergence of a cohesive society, which affected the issue of comprehensive national loyalty of individuals within one state, which led to the emergence of local and regional loyalties based on race, religion, or sect, and this type of loyalties is in addition to the factors of state weakness. Other external factors lead to the emergence of divisions and disintegration in various areas of society within one state.

After the events of September 11, 2001 in the United States of America, calls escalated for the United States of America to change its policy towards the Middle East, which is rich in resources and the focus of its attention, and it has used a new policy represented by the policy of preventive war and the inclusion of the concept of war on terrorism and the use of hard power among the tools of American foreign policy. It came as a result of the events of September 11 due to the intellectual reference and political strategy of the Republican Party, which is greatly influenced by the neoconservative current within the party, and this is evident through what we have seen of the political events that took place when the Republicans ascended to power in the White House, The war on Iraq launched by the United States of America in 2003 and its occupation came within the concept of preventive war and the fight against terrorism as announced by the United States, but the reality indicates that the basis was the economic and political motives, which were represented by the strategy of action to control the oil sources in it and because of Iraq's geostrategic location.

The term development is among the terms that have received wide attention from various countries and governments, whether developed or developing, to the extent that they have made it the basis of all programs and policies they adopt, through which they aim to create comprehensive and integrated development based and aimed at the citizen, through the formulation of plans and strategies that require the mobilization of all local energies and resources, and crystallization in activities that raise the human element to a better standard of life and better living conditions.

There is no doubt that strategy looks for ways to achieve goals. Although the concept of strategy originated in the military sector, it has been used in all aspects of life and all sectors. This made it part of different strategies that are used to achieve the desired goals in the field in which they are found. Thus, the concept is divided into several types and patterns: Such as political, economic, social, cultural, media, diplomatic and military strategy. Each of these types of strategies aims to achieve the greatest number of goals in the country in which they are implemented. It is important that these strategies support the policies pursued by the state in war and peace. The success of strategies and their support for policies depends on the clarity and logical coherence of the objectives, their non-contradictory nature, and their realism. This helps to use the strategy in an effective and cost-effective way to achieve these goals. Therefore, resistances (material and moral) must be available and try to integrate them and employ them properly to achieve the required goals.

The topic of political upbringing is one of the general topics in the modern era being the only means of influencing political values and orientations for the citizen especially in the political systems that emerged as result of the liberation movements from colonialism. In addition to the importance of political upbringing li building legitimacy and achieving political stability as it is basic subject in political sciences.
This research paper came to shed light on political parties as a source and that the party has a role in teaching citizen the concept of (citizen ship).
The research raises question, is it possible for political parties to teach the citizen of the state moderate thought or are the extremist ideas held by some of the citizens hot affected by the educational and cultural practiced by the concerned institutions.
The research relied on the hypothesis that the parties carry out the process of political upbringing and its educational programs toward individuals, but there are obstacles that stand in front of them in the face of extremism.

The existence of scientific pieces is necessary for the existence of patent knowledge and modern scientific thought. There must be good knowledge, new inventions, and a critical spirit, and science and the scientific method should be pushed forward with the spread of science and civilization in reason, logic, and facts. It will enable mastery of knowledge in the world that requires necessary scientific development to the Arabs of today and tomorrow.

The article aimed at studying and analyzing the nature of the bilateral relationship between the United States of America and China in the post-Cold War period, where the analytical approach was relied on to address the study and analysis of relations between the two countries characterized by complexity and contradiction, and to monitor aspects of competition and cooperation between the two countries in their political, diplomatic and economic dimensions. the article focuses more on the controversial issues between the two countries to identify the causes and causes of the conflict situation and the ongoing competition between the two countries. The research concluded that relations between the two countries are tainted by concern and caution on the part of the United States of America for fear of losing its leadership position at the top of the global system, a concern matched by China's ambition and its quest to position itself in leadership and impose a fait accompli policy based on its strategic location, human capital, economic and military power to implement its expansion plans in the region and limit the American presence .
They also touched upon the containment policy pursued by the United States of America, which aims to achieve a kind of rapprochement and cooperation with China by promoting common interests between the two countries, as China is a huge consumer market for American products, in return, China benefits from investments and the transfer of American technology to it . The article concluded by looking at the future of US-China relations and the possibility of moving from a unipolar to a bipolar world order.

Energy is the lifeline and the main engine of the Chinese economy, which drives economic growth toward greater rates of rise and sustainable development in the country. Chinese energy security represents a very sensitive strategic issue, that is always raises the fear and anxiety of the Chinese decision-maker. From his perspective, any shortages in energy supplies represent major threats to the state. There is no doubt that a country like China, with such huge population growth, volume of energy consumed, and the amount of energy imported from abroad, disregarding its sources and transportation methods. In addition to the state of equalitarianism and competition, that China is experiencing with world leading countries regionally and globally. All of this has generated many obstacles and challenges for China, in the way of achieving its energy security, internally, regionally, and internationally. To overcome these challenges China has taken a number of procedures and measures, and developed many initiatives and strategies on both local and international levels, to ensure affordable and reliable energy supplies away from market fluctuations, threats and risks as possible.