AL-ADAB JOURNAL

The term "reading" is a basic term in modern and contemporary criticism, and has received great care by researchers in various fields of knowledge, for its importance and efficiency.The critics treated this term so specially that they placed him at the forefront.

This research aims to reveal this term in the work of an active researcher, Abdul Malik Murtad, who was able through scientific research to make his name one of the active names in Arab criticism. Throughout our research we will pause for a long time on the term "reading" as seen by this researcher and used in his research.

The poet depicts an image with words, when the words come in a sequence they represent a poetic imagery of a great amount of artistry and creativity. Daik Al-Jin used a lot of these images in his poetry. The reader notices that the symbol has an important role in the formation of the imagery, and many types of imageries appeared such as the elegy image and the flirtatious image. Among the symbols employed by Daik Al-Jin is the symbol of the antelope, the symbol of the rooster and the symbol of the grave. Various poetic imageries appeared including the winery image which adds for winery a sense, feelings, and clear effects for its drinker as if it were a way to escape from the real world to the fantasy world. In his poetry, a complete imagery appears in a single poem starting from the first verse and ends with its end, which makes it clearly visible.

In the Holy Qur’an, God Almighty told us stories of his prophets and messengers, and what was between them and their people, and in various forms and methods in which the miracle of the Holy Qur’an appears, and among those stories is the story of Moses (peace be upon him) which is the most repeated in the Holy Qur’an, as it appeared in a hundred Thirty-six places distributed over thirty-four surahs of the Holy Qur’an (Meccan and Civil) surahs, beginning with Surah al-Baqara and ending with Surah al-Ula, and the name of a prophet in the Holy Qur’an did not have such an overwhelming share that our master Musa (peace be upon him) enjoyed, which prompted us to stand there And study it according to the analytical inductive method of PIA Mavera of the eloquence of the word, and the words of eloquence, good systems and installation.

Praise be to God, Lord of the worlds, and prayers and peace be upon our master Muhammad and upon the good and pure God. The research is a statement of the method of the modernists in the interpretation of the Qur’anic text, and a statement that this approach is one of the precious approaches in the mind and has great tendencies and inaccuracies as these readings seek to empty the text of its content, and it violates the rules General through which we understand the Holy Quran.

research aims:

Clarify the correct position to deal with the Quranic text.
Criticism of modernist approaches in dealing with texts.
Show that these readings have a negative impact on the nation’s reality.

Humility is assign of the Purity of the soul and safety of the heart from the disease of pride and arrogance. It represents an important side of the formation of man's character and his behavior since it calls for love, intimacy and connection and a means to free the heart from the chains of envy and grudge. The word Humility (humbleness) appeared in the holy bible in many places. A accordingly, Christianity urged for sticking to it by its followers. The study aims at showing the meaning of humbleness, its importance and example of the humbleness of Jesus Christ (Peace be upon him) under the title (humbleness in Christianity/A Descriptions study).

The paper falls into an introduction and three sections. The introduction talks about the meaning of humbleness in language and in terminology. The first section limits islet to the study of humbleness in the bible and the seared shows the importance of humbleness. The third section deals with the humbleness of Jesus Christ (peace be upon him).

Since the Arabic novel was entrusted with the role of the factual record of the struggle of the modern Arab human being, the map of literary fiction has become distributed in new ways, extending beyond the limits of the familiar in formulating thought, feelings and dreams. And because the Arab region is living, in its entirety, a state of changing cultural, value and intellectual constants, topics have emerged in the Arab novel that require a new treatment that attempts to dwell on its most important aspects and the most prominent schemas of its topics, as well as its most present actors.

Hence the semiotic reading of these works, in its cultural form, is an attempt to touch the network of semantics in these works, and to present aspects, such as metaphor, image, and imagination, in a manner different from what was traditionally presented. The narratives selected for the analysis in this article are models that have agreed in aspects of its structure to present the issue of the homeland in a somewhat different way, compatible with the general construction of the supposed reality, not the reality with which they overlap, from time to time.

The paper is an attempt to understand the civilization's dialogue between Islam and Christianity through the travel of Imam Abdulrahman Al-Baghdadi,"Musalyat Algharib fi kuliamren 'Ajib"at the late 19th century, which represented the impact of Ottoman civilization on the South America. The travel was an important source on the beginning of the Brazilian society and the Islamic influence.

This paper explores the circumstances surrounding the emergence and development of the Algerian maritime struggle, often referred to as piracy, in the west of the Mediterranean in modern history. It also studies the conditions that lead to its emergence as the availability of vessels and defence structures. In discussing the existing the conditions during the founding of the Algerian navy during Ottoman rule and the nature of its activities from the religious, political and economic perspectives, the author reviews the political, economic, social, cultural and military roles of the country after its establishment and its effect on its relationship with the outer world. The paper also explores the mechanisms of organizing and equipping the fleet in order to highlight the contributions of the navy to the various sectors of the country and achieving an equilibrium in the nascent country’s international relations.

Thousands of Syrians, especially Christians, immigrated to the United States of America and formed a small Arab community in the states they inhabited (especially in New York, as they established what was known historically as Little Syria). These immigrants have had a good reputation in the United States of America because they were not criminals and did not form gangs specialized in theft or murder, and the courts of the United States of America did not witness crimes committed by the Syrians, whether they were murder, theft or assault on women.

But the good reputation of the Syrian immigrants has become a great threat due to the fact that many of them worked as street vendors who spread in all the states, and they were characterized by their poor clothes and their sympathy for people, especially as they were knocking on the doors and pressing the homeowners to buy the needs they were carrying in their boxes, which constituted a reaction to the Americans and made them look to the immigrant The Syrian as a dirty beggar.

In this research, I try to focus on the work of the Syrians in trade, especially the singular trade, the reason for its spread in the states, how the Syrians worked as itinerant sellers, and what are the reasons that led them to continue this work for several years despite its significant impact on their reputation and diminished their respect and prestige among the other immigrants from other countries

The Russian-Ottoman Relations occupied a great deal of interest in the History of International Relations in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries، due to their logistic importance in the episodes of the conflict within the Eastern Question، which accompanied the diminishing power of the Ottoman Empire and the raised of the European powers greed to divide their possessions in Europe، Asia and Africa. Under the reign of Czar Peter the Great، Russia played a pivotal role in that conflict، in response to the supreme goals of the Romanov Czars، to break the isolation imposed by Geography and Climate on their Country، and to reach the Warm، Navigable waters، To keep up with the wheel of Evolution and Modernization adopted by Peter during his Reign 1682-1725.

History of the ministry as we previously discussed , clarifies us , how had the ministers in more times power over caliphs , control on main positions and offices around Abbasside state , in addition to that become clear more numbers of ministers negatively affected on stability of matters and affairs in all over of the caliphate’s lands

Also we possibly concluded from texts were inherited that position of ministry was sold , bought , such as to pay moneys to obtain them , besides to interfere compromise or relatives or kinship relations without regard occasionally to efficiency and ability to manage matters . We can to say sometimes that princesses made to cancel or not to pay attention to role and powers of the minister . As an example for aforementioned which done by IBN RAEQ who was given position of leadership of the army , treasury and to supervise on councils and media . And even he commanded to address , to announce for him on all tribunes and forums . Where IBN ALATHEER stated : Whereas since that time ( 324 A.H. / 946 A.D. ) the divans were abolished and the minister did not check anything , but IBN RAEQ and his clerk review all cases .And in ( 334 A.H. – 946 A.D. ) the ministry was ended , officially dismissed and clerks do in stead of them , after Bauhinias occupied Baghdad and controlled over authorities .

The first ten years of the French Mandate experiment on Syria and the Greater Lebanon state in 1920 showed that France placed its interest above all other interests, and that its relationship with any political or sectarian class was to the extent that it fit with French supreme interests. France has promised that it is the guardian of the states subject to its mandate. There is no crisis that French capitalism was subjected to but was exporting to its colonies abroad, including Syria and the State of Greater Lebanon. After the economic crisis that struck the world capitalism in 1929, France resorted, in an attempt to alleviate the severity of that crisis, to practicing monopoly on a large scale within Little states monopolized basic commodities, controlled the movement of buying and selling, and did not leave their companies and capital a vital facility except and fully exploited it.This monopolistic policy was the catalyst for all the Syrian and Lebanese social groups, which drove them to become aware of their basic interests, to bring the steps of convergence between them free, largely free of sectarian and regional considerations, and the introduction of their social and economic issues on all other issues.

The Dohuk Basin located in the northern part of Iraq was studied within the range of high folds. The study examined the most important geomorphological factors and processes that contribute to the movement of ground materials over slopes and classification of their types by relying on field study and the use of geographic information systems technology The research concluded that the geomorphological factors and processes represented by the geological formation, the slope, the direction of the slope, the elevation from the sea level and the Gulley erosion processes have the great effect on the occurrence of movement of ground materials in the basin slopes as well as human interventions. The average severity of the landslide constitutes the highest percentage among the other region at a rate of (63.94%) and an area (64.2 km²) of the total basin area of ​​(100.4 km²), while the least dangerous area occupies a percentage (33.67%) with an area of ​​(33.8 km²), and that Rate (2.39%) area (2.4 Km2) of the total area of ​​the aquarium exhibit to the possibility of severe danger of collapse.

This study aims to identify attitudes of university students towards the dimensions of women’s political participation in four Arab societies. It also aims to examine the impact of some socio-demographic and economic variables on those attitudes.

To achieve the aims of the study and answer research questions, a sample of university youth was randomly selected in four Arab universities (UAE, Jordan, Sudan and Algeria) to fill out a questionnaire; a total of 1773 questionnaires were completed. Descriptive statistics (percentages, means, and standard deviations) and analytical statistics (multiple linear regression) were applied in the analysis of the study data.

Descriptive analysis of the data has revealed positive attitudes of university youth towards the political participation of women in Arab societies. However, these results differ in relation to the specific dimensions of political participation: Arab university youth hold more liberal attitudes towards women's participation in civil society compared to their participation in the political process and their political status. Meanwhile, results of the inferential statistical analysis have shown that certain variables, namely country, gender, age, college, mother's educational level, and religiosity have statistically significant relationships with all or some dimensions of political participation of Arab women.

This study aimed at revealing emotional divorce in the UAE family from wife's point of view. Based on the theory of "emotional labour" four dimensions were derived and applied: 1- Emotional divorce indicators 2-Emotional tensions resulting from emotional divorce.3- Women's management of emotional divorce.4- The conditions social requirements that forcing women to keep silent. A purposive sample of 30 women was selected and in deep interview was used. The results showed that there was an emotional divorce among women in the UAE family. This dimension was indicated by the following indicators: absence of husband, lack of family communication, infidelity, lack of emotional touch and romance. These indicators have led to emotional tensions for wives such as: constant screaming and trouble-making, aversion in the relationship in general, the feeling of emotional emptiness and loneliness, the request for divorce and marital infidelity.

Wives have been resorted emotional work to control and deal with the situation through tempering the atmosphere and trying to coax the husband's side with surprises and gifts, complaining to her relatives and relatives. Wives have managed the emotional divorce situation because they are scare to be discredited by social stigma that may results from divorce.

The Scoundar High School is Considered as the last stage of general Education in Iraq. it is transitionally stage to higher Education, therefore it is very important to draw the policy of higher Education for distribution of stadents at higher institutes or Colleges such as College of medicine, Engineering or pure sciences Colleges and Humani lies.

The problem of this research is there are no analytical and evaluation studies for student achievement at final examination of high School in iraq, and there are no Standard norms to Compared with inarder to Know the effectiveness of high School out come.

The Importante of this study is concederd as the first attempt to Study and evaluate high School outcome and to establish standard norms that can be used to compare between the outcome of coming years.

The procedure of this research was to Collect, tabulate and statisically analyze data. Granghes and tables have been arranged to calculate Stadard for Comparison.

The result has shown the student achievement in all the three branches (Bio- Tech- hum) Studies were unacceptable.

The Percentage of Passing Student less than (50%) and the overall meen less the (80) while Students grades were Scattered and dose not fit with normal curve. The Students From those who are above average are less than 40%.

From this result we can conclude that quality and quantity of high School is not acceptable.

The researchers reccomndations are, the staderd norms of this research be used for Comparison in future studies for Ministry of Education should study the Factors that are behind this unacceptable result. This Kind of evaluation Studes Should be performed every year and finaly standard examination Should be Used with machine grading to minimize Humans errors.

The current research examines the effect of Bilbao therapy on reducing polarized thinking among female students in preparatory school, as the researcher adopted the (Al-Saray 2012) scale for polarized thinking. The Psychometric properties were extracted (Reliability and Validity) where counseling program was built according to Beck theory (1990). The validity of the program was extracted through presenting it to a group of experts in psychological counseling, and was applied to the experimental group of (10) female students, while the control group of (10) female students was not exposed to the counseling method. Pearson correlation coefficient, Mann Whitney and Kolmogorov-Smirnov were used as statistical methods, and the results showed that the polarized thinking of female students had increased and the Bilbao therapy had an effect on reducing polarized thinking for the experimental group.

Throw your search calendar school philosophy performance and the psychology of the preparatory phase according efficiencies of effective teacher, and to achieve the goal of research, the researcher note form containing (30) the adequacy of distributed (3) areas, has been to ensure the veracity of the research and persistence tool, where this tool applied Find a sample consisting of (109) as a teacher and a school, and the researcher used appropriate statistical methods to complete his research, the results showed that the level of availability of competencies for effective teacher at the school of philosophy and psychology was considered accrued incredibly good.

In this paper, the use of simple colloquial words by D. robina in hers story "Lubka". The choice of such words has been made so as to be studied, analysed, and distributed into groups in accordance with the appropriate methodology.

By the analysis, we have arrived to the fact that the simple colloquial words used in the story by D. Robina have their own thematic references. The sixty-six words have been distributed into three semantic groups, involving forty-two words of negative meanings. This means that the distribution of simple colloquial words is contingent upon their basic negative meaning.

Using the nominal style in the poetry writing is considered a turning point in the history of French poetry, which has witnessed major changes since the mid-nineteenth century, weather at the level of language and form or at the level of subjects. That this method based on the omission of the verb taken from the name the basic core in expressing the topic of the sentence formed a great controversy for linguists in theory because it raises the issues of the difference between the name and the verb.

In this study, we tried to analyze the nominal style and its most used linguistic methods such as the exclamations noun sentence, presentation methods and isolated vocabulary by having poems known to be poets of modernity such as Baudelaire, Rambo, Apollinaire and others ....

This analysis sheds light on the characteristics of the nominal style addressed at the beginning of the research and reveals to us why poets chose this method as a form of modernity that contributed to the perpetuation of their poems that we are still reading to this day.

The use of authentic and well-chosen documents is an ideal support for the student, a reflection of a different culture. They are also excellent materials that allow, with a relevant pedagogical exploitation, to lead to a socialized final product outside the classroom. The fundamental purpose of using such documents is to make the students understand and interpret the information.

This paper studies the pragmatic meanings of exclamation in both the German and Arabic languages. It is considered an attempt to know all the different pragmatic aspects of the sentence that carries the exclamatory meaning in both languages. It also addresses the multiple grammatical forms of exclamation in both languages. The research seeks to identify similar grammatical structures of the exclamatory sentences ​​in an attempt to reach a clear possibility to translate the style of the different types of sentences under study by analyzing their pragmatic meaning in order to overcome the difficulties that face the translator and the possibility of separating them from the rest of the types of sentences as they overlap with the different types of sentences.

One of the global and crucial concerns of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries is the ecological preservation of the life-supporting system of the earth. It is considered one of the most important current studies that challenge the rapid degradation of the environment and wildlife.

The purpose of this paper is to explore Kathleen Jamie’s (1962) vital ecological vision that she conveys through her ecopoetry and some of her nonfiction writings, arguing that developing ecological consciousness is crucial not merely to rediscover the value of natural world but also to realize that it is another form the human self. The paper also argues that ecological degradation as revealed by Jamie's ecopoetry paradoxically stands as the very reason that would foster the ecology of mind to observe the natural world as a valuable entity in itself. Jamie’s literary output extends to generate citizens of the natural world, a world that is based on comprehending the interconnectedness and interdependence between people and their physical landscape. Otherwise, the contemporary individual would be inclined to live in self-isolation.

To examine Jamie’s portrayal of the relationship between man and his environment, ecocriticism is employed as an interdisciplinary approach that emerged in the 1980s to interrogate man’s patterns of relationships with nature, questioning the common notions of belonging and dwelling. In so doing, ecopoetry is demonstrated as essential in cultivating a new canon of nature poetry that promotes a maneuver beyond the politics of place and the limitation of nationhood.

Jamie is a prominent contemporary Scottish poet who endeavors not only to promote ecological consciousness but also to advocate a breakdown of all the barriers between the human and non-human world, man's individual 'I' and the assumed 'Otherness' of nature. It is the construction of a new poetic and ecological mode towards an ecology of encounter, a path towards empathy between man and nature that would render the former more human and the latter more natural.

It is seen that applying literature in EFL courses and contexts plays an essential role in promoting language skills. Literary stylistic analysis can be used as an effective tool to improve and enhance learner's ability, awareness and, perception in reading and writing. Pedagogical stylistics is a discipline that employs stylistic analysis in teaching written texts to speakers of English as a second language so as to facilitate a better understanding of the meaning of literature and to improve language acquisition.

This study investigates the application of pedagogical stylistics in teaching poetry as a device to improve and enhance students' knowledge of English language learning. Pedagogical activities in the class stimulate students' awareness and competence of how language is structured and used with exposition to the mental processes of comprehension of the meaning. The study aims to answer the following main questions:

1) What is the relationship between style and literature and why literary texts used in language teaching?

2) Is the application of ped+agogical stylistics as a branch of stylistics fruitful and effective in enhancing students' awareness in English language learning?

The study has shown that pedagogical stylistics makes a real contribution to enhance and digest the realization of language learning through literary text. Also, it is revealed that students' intuition, motivation, linguistic and grammatical knowledge are increased with the pedagogical stylistic activities( before, while and after reading) especially when they are given analysis courses of stylistic devices, so they are given more chances and constant encouragement to deepen their performance and skills of learning.

Woman is defined as one of the most important studies of sociolinguistics because it has great impact on all aspects of life including language. Besides, doing research in the field concerned is a priority. The current study is about a translation assessment of the resignation speech of British female politician Teresa May into Arabic. It aims to know how news websites belong to International News Agencies render the speech of the politician mentioned above into Arabic. The researcher analyses the Arabic translations of news websites so as to understand what methods and strategies of translation did they employ and did they render the most important points of her speech? To answer the abovementioned questions, the researcher selected five available Arabic translations of five international news websites and he carried out theoretical and practical parts which include the original speech, the translated versions, methods and strategies of translation, and he created a model of translation assessment of news websites translations.

Writing is not only employs the procedure of a good written text, but depicts and values the coherence as well as the cohesion, too. Composing a lot of sentences without considering the cohesive ties fails to negotiate the inter-related events intended to be decoded by the reader. Then the presence of text markers is a necessary condition to have a smooth and enjoyable written text. Thus, writing a good essay needs the mastery of choosing the suitable pragmatic markers. Pragmatic markers, according to many writers, are a crucial part of learners' strategic competence. However, Pragmatic markers comprise a functional class of linguistic items that do not typically change the propositional meaning of an utterance but are essential for the organization and structuring of discourse, for marking the writer’s attitudes to the proposition being expressed as well as for facilitating processes of pragmatic inferences. Pragmatic markers have been seen as set of syntactically diverse linguistic items (for example, of course, surely, quite frankly, incidentally, thus, well and so on).

Thus, the essence of this study is to examine the students' performance in the use of the pragmatic markers. It also aims to investigate the effects of developing the pragmatic markers on their essay writing abilities. In addition, the present study intends to answer the following questions: How is the performance of the students in essay writing? What is the difference between the experimental group who will achieve the treatment sessions during the present experiment and the control group who will held back to receive such a treatment? What are the significant relationship between developing students' awareness in the use of pragmatic markers and their essay writing ability?