Hammurabi journal for studies

Sanctions are among the most important tools employed by the foreign policies of countries since ancient times and developed from the development of international، regional and internal conditions surrounding the decision-making process. They are multiple and varied aimed at forcing other countries either to comply with the will of countries imposing sanctions or at least to discourage them from undesirable behavior. However، it has become، for some time now، leading to bad and destructive effects on the humanitarian level for the peoples of the targeted countries، and it provokes clear international political opposition، which prompted countries to think in another way that specifically targets the political systems and tries to avoid inflicting direct harm on the peoples. This type of punishment is called smart penalties based on its distinction between political systems and among the population، ، Although the application of these sanctions does not indicate that clear separation between the political system and the population on the ground، but it represents a more advanced step in the field of minimizing the damage that could be caused to the population while preserving the goal of imposing these sanctions.

The value system is one of the basic pillars on which societies are built, and it is a factor intertwined with all aspects of human life. In every aspect of the activities of the individuals of any society, there must be fundamentally moral social controls, without which the most important ties of invisible societies, which are organized outside the framework, break down. The law, but it does not violate it, constitutes in turn a deterrent and prevents members of society from committing anything that disrupts the order of their public life, and directs their daily actions in a way that allows them to achieve their interests, provided that they do not prejudice the interests of others. They differ in their foundations from one country to another and from one society to another according to the methods of acquiring them, and their determinants according to the common culture. According to the factors influencing their social inculcation, we therefore find multiple patterns of values.

It has become known that the foreign policies of countries are embodied in their positions and roles, and British policy towards Iran was embodied in its position on files related to Iranian affairs, such as the nuclear file and the human rights file, in addition to its position on its regional aspirations, and on Iranian support in the Russian-Ukrainian war, and it is worth noting. Britain worked to internationalize all of these files and referred them to the United Nations, in order to issue international resolutions that put Iran under international sanctions.

During his communication research، the researcher sought objective and scientific answers to a group of questions related to the research problem، represented in the following: What are the obstacles to the social integration of the displaced، what is meant by (social integration) and what is the relationship with the displaced? What is the role of the local and central government in the process of social integration of the displaced? What are the negative and positive effects of displacement on the host communities? And many of the questions that the researcher addressed the problem of his research. The current research has reached a set of results، the most important of which are:
1. The results of the study showed that the largest percentage are young people who are qualified in the labor market and public services.
2. The majority of the sample members confirmed that there are no programs that enable them to integrate with the host society.
3. A large percentage of the respondents answered that the local central government has no role in the process of social integration

The media, in general, plays a major role in spreading social and cultural values and political awareness in society, due to its ability to reach the largest possible number of individuals and its wide spread in society, in addition to its role in disseminating information about important issues and events, as it constitutes an important source of human knowledge. Through its discourses, the media works to form intellectual trends and behavioral attitudes by spreading ideas and opinions, imposing their control and influence on public opinion, and establishing social and cultural values and customs.

Iraq's relations with the European Union countries are among the oldest and most solid of Iraq's foreign relations, and although these relations were damaged during some periods of time, and sometimes deteriorated due to many considerations, they quickly returned to their normal status, due to Iraq's strategic importance to European countries on the one hand, and Iraq's interest in its European relations. On the other hand. The European Union had an important role in Iraq in the post-2003 era, through important political relations with the Iraqi government, and an attempt to achieve a true partnership in the political, economic, and cultural fields. The European Union was interested in the areas of human rights, civil society organizations, and strengthening Iraqi security capabilities.

تبدو حركة طالبان بعد خروجها من طور الحرب والمفاوضات الى حكم الدولة في مأزق حقيقي خاصة مع الشكوك إزاء تغيير سياساتها والتناقض بينه وبين ما يحدث في أرض الواقع، كما تُعد دوافع التغيير حتمية أمام حركة طالبان وذلك نتيجة التحولات في محيطها الإقليمي والدولي، فضلاً عن وجود جيل جديد من الشباب ولد بعد سقوط الحركة ونشأوا في وسط نظام مختلف وأكثر انفتاحاً، وبالرغم من المرونة التي تبديها الحركة في تصريحاتها لكن الواقع لا يتوافق معها مما يضع حركة طالبان أمام تحديات عدة داخلية وخارجية، لابد لها من تجاوزها لكي تستطيع كسب الاعتراف الدولي بها وإعادة تأهيلها وخروجها من العزلة.

Knowledge diversity is an approach of scientific and technological studies to seek and obtain knowledge based on the consensus and diversity of opinions involved in the political community and the political environment in particular and other sciences in general. Intellectual that pushes towards opening the door of international capacities and diversity of capabilities among active states and others in the international community, which will allow the generation of ideas and immediate and future solutions to the nature of international relations, especially through the theory of balance of power, key words (knowledge, thinking,governanceو knowledge diversity, balance of power)

Japanese-Chinese relations are characterized by difficulty and complexity, each with its policies and strategy that it seeks to achieve, and each of them has goals and interests that contradict and differ from the goals of the other. Japan struggles to maintain regional balance, while China seeks regional and global leadership, which puts it in competition with Japan for leadership in Asia and with the United States The US is on world leadership, which called on the Japanese government to confront the rise of China through a strategy followed by the late Prime Minister Shinzo Abe that contributed to the elimination of differences, the improvement of relations between the two countries, the exchange of official visits and the development of economic relations. Thus, Abe was able to implement his strategy smoothly, which was represented by strengthening security and defense Japan, establishing regional alliances that empower Japan in the political and security field, as well as strengthening the bonds of the US-Japanese alliance.

The international system has witnessed the digitization revolution represented by active digital intelligence, and an explosion in the amount of digital data available throughout the world, which is being produced, stored, and made available from multiple locations. Scholars and specialists refer to it as a flood of data called “digital big data” and its emergence is as a science with its own new conceptual tools and models. They cannot be ignored. The world is now in front of: Digital political economy, digital diplomacy, smart wars, electronic piracy, cyberspace that does not recognize borders and operates outside the control of states and governments, including algorithms, automation, big data analyses, new cyber weapons, their reconnaissance and electromagnetic tools, and other advanced concepts.

The current study aimed to identify the public opinion of citizens about holding elections for the provincial councils, which are scheduled to take place on 12/18/2023. The study sample included (15) governorates, excluding the governorates of the Kurdistan region, and a sample of (1256) respondents, including (1014) males and (242) females. For an extended application period between 11/19/29/2023 and for the requirements of the study, a tool was prepared that consisted of (19) items, and after processing the data statistically, the study preparation team reached a number of results, the most prominent of which is that the study sample has a clear positive orientation towards holding the governorate council elections for the year 2023, which confirms and reinforces The validity of this result is the sample’s desire to go to the elections on the scheduled day, as was shown by the result of another question directed to the sample. It also turned out that the study sample had an understanding and awareness of the nature of the provincial councils. It also became clear that the research sample’s expectations regarding the size of participation in the upcoming elections would be Average and the study came out with a set of conclusions.

حظى التنافس الدولي على مصادر الطاقة في العلاقات الدولية مكانة هامة أثرت بشكل ديناميكي على حالة التنافس والنزاع والمواجهة كما أثرت على صعيد العلاقات الدبلوماسية، لم تكن منطقة شرق البحر المتوسط بعيده عن تلك المواجهة وذلك التنافس، حيث شهدت المطقة نزاعاً سياسياً وامنياً واقتصادياً بين تركيا واليونان على مصادر الطاقة وعموم الموارد الطبيعية، ومحاولة كل منهما كسب نقاط في مواجهة الأخرى والتفوق على الصعيد الأمني والعسكري والسياسي والاقتصادي بدرجة أكبر، بحكم طبيعة الموارد التي يسعيان للحصول عليها.
مما خلق ذلك النزاع حالة من عدم الاستقرار النسبي في المنطقة والعالم، وكاد أن يكون نزاعاً على المستوى الاقليمي كما الدولي، وليس على المستوى التركي واليوناني لوحده، وكانت طبيعة ذلك النزاع قائمة على المناوبة في المواجهة، والتواتر في المواجهة تارة تأخذ طابع الركون وتارة أخرى تنحو طابع التهديد والتلويح بالمواجهة العسكرية دون الوصول الى الحد الذي لا رجعة، ومنها فقد شكل النزاع مكانة هامة في الفكر الجيو – ستراتيجي على مستوى الدولتين تركيا واليونان، ومن بعدهما المنطقة والعالم بأسر.

Ce document de recherche traite du problème de considérer la gouvernance comme un projet pratique qui a un impact sur le terrain, en particulier avec la critique croissante qui considère ce projet comme de simples mécanismes. Les grandes puissances dominent les pays et les sociétés qui sont faibles ou fragiles, car ce sujet met en évidence les différents courants qui soutiennent esopposent à cette idée et recherchent Ses aspects réels, et cest en recherchant les mécanismes de sa mise en œuvre à travers les institutions internationales internationales, en plus d’essayer de découvrir la seconde face qui la rejette en présentant son soutien à la corruption et en servant les puissances dominantes dans la réalisation de leurs intérêts et en généralisant un modèle culturel mondialisé au détriment des particularités du peuple. B autre et sa culture.