Diyala Journal of Human Research

The research aims to study an important population segment, which is people with disabilities, as it is characterized by a set of demographic, social, economic and health characteristics that distinguish them from the rest of the general population groups of society, as they face various challenges in terms of not obtaining sufficient education and not obtaining jobs and job opportunities suitable for them. These challenges make them among the vulnerable groups in society and face marginalization, as their impact is not limited to the disabled person himself, but includes his family and society, and they face cases of poverty to a large extent. The research relied on the descriptive and analytical approach and the use of statistical methods and equations. Maps (visual reading) were also used to show images of spatial variation according to type, environment, age, gender and economic structures, housing ownership, types of disability and its causes, and severity of injuries. This is what the research addressed from indicators for people with disabilities according to Diyala Governorate Districts for the year 2023.
The research reached several results, including:
1- There is a spatial disparity for people with disabilities according to the districts of Diyala Governorate and for all research indicators.
2- The rates of disabled males increased in all districts of the governorate by (52%) compared to a decrease for disabled females by(48%).
3- The urban environment saw an increase in the number of disabled people by (64%) compared to (36%) for disabled people in the countryside.
4- The percentage of disabled people increased within the age group of more than (65) years.
5- Motor disability took the first place for types of disability in the governorate as a whole.
6- Illiteracy topped the educational status of people with disabilities.
7- Diseases and old age took the first place leading to disability cases by(30.4%).

The Ottoman Empire followed all methods of self-restraint in order to stay away from the specter of war and its negative effects, but Greece exerted great pressure in order to drag the Ottoman Empire into the arena of confrontation. The Ottoman Empire was forced to enter the war in 1897 for the sake of its position among the countries and to send a message that the Ottoman Empire is strong and can stop the challenges of Greece. The volunteer forces are the real counterpart to the Ottoman forces and were able to achieve great victories on many fronts and entered many fortified castles that were previously impregnable. The Ottoman Empire honored the volunteers and the families of the martyrs for their great role in defending the Muslims. Despite the victory of the Ottoman Empire, the European countries did not allow it to achieve a diplomatic victory, as all the lands seized by the Ottoman Empire were returned. This confirms that Greece is the spoiled child of Europe that cannot be abandoned even if it makes a mistake.
The research included an introduction, four chapters, and a conclusion. The first chapter dealt with the aftermath of the Ottoman-Russian War in 1877-1878, which led to the outbreak of the Ottoman-Greek War of 1897. The second chapter confirmed the outbreak of the Ottoman-Greek War of 1897. The third chapter discussed the role of Ottoman volunteers in the war. The third chapter was limited to the end of the war and the return of the volunteers

The current research aims to identify:
1- the level of hope among sixth grade students
2- the level of psychological hardiness among sixth grade students.
3- the significance of the differences in the level of hope among sixth grade students according to the gender variable (male, female)
4- the significance of the differences in the level of psychological hardiness among sixth grade students according to the gender variable (male, female).
5- the difference between hope and psychological hardiness among sixth-grade middle school students.
The researcher selected the research sample randomly. the research sample reached (100) male and female students from the sixth grade of middle school, with (50) male and female students from (4) schools in baqubah district. to achieve the research objectives, the researcher adopted the scale (synder 1991). in explaining and clarifying the nature of hope, as for the psychological hardiness scale, the researcher adopted the scale (Al-Saadi 2019), and followed scientific steps after verifying the validity using the apparent validity method and its reliability using the retest method, where the reliability coefficient reach (0.82)
The search results were the following:
1- the research sample has a high level of hope.
2- sixth grade students have psychological hardiness.
3- there are no statistically significant differences depending on the gender variable (male and female) for both variables.
4- there is no relationship between the variables hope and psychological hardiness.

The current research aims to identify the educational problems facing secondary schools from the point of view of educational counselors in Baqubah District / Diyala Governorate. The number of members of the sample was (64) male and female counselors, and for the purpose of measuring this goal, the research tool was constructed, which consisted of (32) items. The psychometric properties were verified by extracting validity, discriminatory power, and reliability After processing the data statistically using the t-test for one sample and two independent samples and the Pearson correlation coefficient, the researcher arrived at the following:
1. Secondary schools face some educational problems from the point of view of educational counselors.
2. There are statistically significant differences in the educational problems facing secondary schools according to the gender variable (males, females) and in favor of males.
3. There are statistically significant differences in the educational problems facing secondary schools depending on the variable type of study (middle school, high school) and in favor of middle school.
To complement the aspects related to the research, the researcher came up with a number of recommendations and proposals.

The manuscript utilizes the rich linguistic material contained in the Arabic lexicographical corpus to address contemporary linguistic challenges by examining the current state of the Arabic language. The lexicon provides valuable scientific content for specialists and those involved in the development of scientific terminology and its meanings.
The authors responsible for proposing modern linguistic terms for contemporary concepts relied on Arabic dictionaries as essential resources. The Arabic lexicon is considered one of the most important sources used to bridge the gap between modern colloquial Arabic terms and Classical Arabic, thereby grounding these terms in the richness of the classical language.

Population dynamics play a crucial role in understanding demographic and urban geography. They are directly linked to how populations concentrate or disperse, as well as their impact on sustainable development, local resources, and regional industries. The world’s population growth is uneven, often exceeding the resources available to support human life. This creates a pressing need for decision-makers to use available data effectively and integrate these insights into urban planning to manage demographic shifts. This process involves both precision and creativity to open new pathways for development This study is part of a broader effort to explore the social landscape of Diyala Governorate and better understand its population characteristics—key factors in various fields of geographic and demographic research. The focus is on Al-Khalis District, an area expected to exhibit significant population changes by 2024. Located in the central region of Diyala, Al-Khalis is an important district with notable demographic traits.
The research examines population distribution within the district, utilizing tools like concentration and dispersion indices to map and analyze spatial patterns. Unlike previous studies that often focus on entire cities, this study narrows its scope to smaller administrative units such as districts and local centers, aiming to provide a deeper and more detailed analysis. By identifying areas of demographic concentration and understanding patterns of dispersion, the study seeks to illustrate the geographic layout of population distribution in Al-Khalis District, with particular attention to its administrative regions. This approach offers fresh insights into the district’s demographic dynamics and their implications for urban planning and regional development.

It is no secet to you that the term has great importance in Arabic sciences , it is the best way to understand the text and the context of its speech , misunderstanding is number of his interpretations and limits his intention .
Intentionality has a role in the communication science of message and communication , in the way , the semantic content is combined with what the speaker intends in the utterance , however , this term does not belong to just one science , but rather to several sciences , including rhetoric , literature and philosophy , governed by neuroticism in intent , meaning and concept . the term remains dependent on the function in belonging to one of the sciences .
Since intentionality arose in multiple cultural environments, which led to the development of its term, and the change in its concept until modern linguistics, one of the rules for controlling and restricting the term was to conduct research in two paths: -
The first: the term and its concept, and the problem of researching it.
Second: Criteria for the term according to its development.
To achieve stability, the term was researched within fields of knowledge that included the following:
* A field for the sciences of the Qur’an, its meanings, miracles, interpretation, and jurisprudence.
* The field of poetry and its criticism.
* The field of Arabic sciences, language, and philosophy.* The field of public rhetoric.

This study explores the intellectual foresight from two key perspectives. The first part addresses the significance of terminology, which we deemed essential to examine. It investigates how early Arab scholars highlighted the importance of terminology, producing significant works and overcoming various intellectual challenges. The study also considers how contemporary scholars have approached these issues and the obstacles they faced.
The second part analyzes Taha Hussein's The Future of Culture in Egypt, examining his ideas and the diverse reactions they provoked, both positive and negative, within the Arab audience. This book is

This research examines the study of correspondence in the art of Tawqi'at (signatures). It highlights syntactic correspondence within nominal sentences and their restrictions, as well as verbal sentences and their constraints. Additionally, the study elucidates the impact of morphological structures in expressing and clarifying meanings, aiming to uncover these elements in one of the genres of prose—namely, Tawqi'at.
The research is divided into an introduction and two main sections. The first section, titled "Syntactic and Morphological correspondence in Nominal Sentences and Their Constraints," includes two subsections: the first addressing "Syntactic and Morphological Correspondence in Nominal Sentences" and the second discussing "Syntactic and Morphological Correspondence in the Constraints of Nominal Sentences."
The second section, titled "Syntactic and Morphological Correspondence in Verbal Sentences and Their Constraints," also comprises two subsections: the first exploring "Syntactic and Morphological Correspondence in Verbal Sentences" and the second focusing on "Syntactic and Morphological Correspondence in the Constraints of Verbal Sentences."
The study concludes with a summary of the key findings, followed by a list of references and sources

Historians consider the study of economic aspects such as agriculture, industry, and trade through historical texts as crucial for understanding these dimensions and comparing them with other sources. This study focuses on the economic aspects in India as documented in "The Journey of Abu Dalaf Al-Khazraji," who lived during the 4th century A.H. / 10th century A.D.
The first section of the study discusses his biography, including his birth, upbringing, era, scholars' opinions about him, his knowledge of poetry, as well as his expertise in geography, geology, and medicine, along with his writings and death.
The second section explores the economic aspects in India as observed during his journey, covering agriculture, industry, trade, and methods of commercial exchange involving currency and measures. These aspects are analyzed through his writings and compared with other historical sources.

The aim of the research is to analyze the daily work movement of the residents of Baqubah city, as it is a type of movement patterns represented by the daily and regular movement of workers from their places of residence to their places of work, by calculating the number of daily trips to work, the means of transportation used, the cost of the trip, the time taken and the distance traveled. The researcher used the descriptive and quantitative approaches to analyze the daily work movement in the study area, and the research reached a set of results, the most important of which is that the study area witnesses a variation in the number of daily work trips between the neighborhoods of Baqubah city, a difference in the amount of the cost of the daily work trip, and a difference in the amount of time taken and the distance traveled for the trip.

This research seeks to explore narrative manifestations that are usually diverse in form and shape, and almost from the idea of the reflective mirror, seeking to include them in a single system through the rhetorical understanding of these manifestations so that they can be interpreted in a mirror. Inspiration from rhetoric here is dependent on the nature of rhetorical arts, especially in the sciences of rhetoric and stylistics, as the mechanism of the formation of rhetorical art is invested to describe the narrative manifestation when it encounters the imaginary world at the level of semantic structure. Understanding the narrative manifestation in a mirror requires that the relationship between the mirror and what it reflects be a relationship of balance in which the two pillars meet, so the process of externalization occurs through its mirror interpretation. This relationship becomes a condition for the narrative manifestation to accept entering into a process of reflection, and this is similar to what happens in the rhetorical style, when one of its pillars is absent or silent, the second pillar present speaks it out or leads to it or hides it. Ultimately, the gains of this treatment are added to the poetics of the novel.

Modern and contemporary critical studies agree on distinguishing between the inside of the text and its outside or what surrounds it, as there is a link between the inside and the outside in the literary text, which is what is called textual thresholds. Wasini Al-A'raj employed in his novel, which is considered a personal autobiography, a group of textual thresholds to the novelistic text, and these textual thresholds contributed to a revealing sign of the secrets of the entire novel. In this study, we will show the importance of these textual thresholds and their impact on shaping the artistic structure in the novel.

This study aims to shed light on the sources that influenced Abbas Ibn al-Ahnaf and their impact on shaping his poetic experience, as he is one of the most prominent poets of chaste love poetry in the Abbasid era. Abbas's poetry is distinguished by its delicacy and sincere emotion, which rendered his poetic output unique within his cultural milieu. The study is structured around three main axes: Literary Sources: These include the pre-Islamic and Islamic Arabic poetic heritage. Al-Abbas was influenced by love poets such as Qays Ibn al-Mulawwah and Jamil Buthaynah, adopting their models to craft emotional imagery imbued with profound sensitivity. Social and Cultural Sources: Abbas's poetry reflects his social environment in Baghdad during the Abbasid era, where cultures intermingled, and literary influences intertwined. Personal Experience: Abbas's sources were not limited to imitation; rather, he added a distinct personal touch to his poetry, drawing inspiration from his own experiences of love and separation

The current research aims to identify moral alertness among university students, and to achieve the research objectives, the researchers adopted the Al-Khafaji scale (2021). This tool is suitable for obtaining the primary data necessary to achieve the objectives of the study. It consists of two sections: the introduction and personal information (gender), and the second section includes the moral alertness scale. It consists of (45) paragraphs
The researchers followed the descriptive approach to suit it for the purposes of the current study
The current research community consists of students of the College of Education for Human Sciences for morning studies at the University of Basra for the academic year 2022/2023, numbering (43190). The research sample was selected randomly, using the statistical package (spss) as a statistical means to reach the following results: The research sample has high moral vigilance compared to the theoretical average, and with a statistically significant difference. There are no statistically significant differences in moral vigilance according to the gender variable (male-female) because the calculated t-value is smaller than the tabular t-value. In light of the results of the current research, the research came out with a number of recommendations and proposals.

This study investigates the level of social intelligence among secondary school students, examining gender differences and the relationship between social intelligence and influential personality. This study employed two instruments: the Social Intelligence Scale Katfi (2015) and a self-developed Influential Personality Scale. The instruments were administered to a stratified random sample of 100 students. Data analysis was conducted using the split-half test, t-test for one sample and two independent samples, and Pearson correlation coefficient.
The findings indicated that participants exhibited higher social intelligence than the societal average. A significant difference was found between the sample and hypothetical means. No gender differences in social intelligence were observed, and a positive correlation between social intelligence and influential personality was found.

The cities of Iraq occupied a distinguished position among the Islamic cities and gained great importance in Islamic history, as Iraq and its scholars had important contributions to enriching the intellectual and scientific movement in the Islamic world, as it produced many scholars and thinkers in various aspects of life, and they had a major role in establishing, developing, spreading and delivering religious and intellectual knowledge and sciences to all countries and cities in the East and West.
This research aims to shed light on the most prominent Iraqi historians in the second and third centuries AH, who made great efforts in forming the distinctive features of Islamic civilization, and had a great influence on a group of famous scholars who came after; with prestigious status and high fame, so we chose this topic (Contributions of Iraqi historians in the second and third centuries AH).

There are many opinions about who wrote it, and this secrecy about its author pushed us to interrogate the text, and through it we found that the body language in it was dominant, so we decided to study it. It also seemed distinctive because it was a maqama that dealt with satire. This study was concerned with researching a maqama mentioned by Fawzi Issa, which was full of body movements, and it was studied from an angle that no one had researched before this time within the limits of the researcher’s knowledge. We divided the research into two sections: the first about the maqama and who its author was, and the second about applying body language in the text of the maqama, supporting that with a conclusion that included the most important results.

Globally, the majority of non-white women encounter various manifestations of subjugation and dictatorship. Many repressive regimes coexist, blend together, and connect in the communities in which they reside. They are frequently the subjects of discrimination due to a combination of traits. Because of their ethnicity and sexual orientation, they are subjected to discriminatory environments where oppression based on race and gender coexist, leading to dual unfair treatment and being excluded living at the intersection of ethnic and gender biases, these women bear both the responsibilities of both. For instance, Arab women fight against racism alongside Arab men in addition to the gender discrimination of Arab men. Most Arab women, particularly writers, understand that different oppressive regimes and forms are interconnected and, as such, reinforce and The majority of Arab women, particularly those who write, are conscious of the interconnectedness of various oppressive systems and how they reinforce and feed one another. They understand that other stereotypes of dominance are closely linked to gender discrimination feed one another

Imperialism has deep roots in the history of mankind. As a malady, it has afflicted many developing countries. Definitely, it has resulted in various severe side effects not just on the colonised people but on the colonizers as well. Thus, foregrounding the pain of the colonised people and its impact on the colonizers is considered the most important issue. This work attempts to highlight the causes that give rise to such problems. Under the title “The Self-Destructive Nature of Empire: The Boomerang Impact of Imperialism in Conrad’s Heart of Darkness” the work examines the reasons behind the reversal of the colonized peoples’ afflictions onto the colonizers. The main cause of the exploitation and enrichment of empowered countries is the suppression of weaker countries, and this weakness is largely due to a lack of science and knowledge. Life is a competition; thus, countries compete against each other. Whoever reaches the facilities of life sooner can overthrow its rivals. This assertion can be confirmed by various historical incidents. The colonialism and imperialism of the British in the last century is an example of how this came to be. Therefore, imperialism is regarded as one of the consequences of competition among countries, a fact that has brought about misery, massacred world wars, and the erasure of nationalism.
There is no doubt that imperialism has many negative impacts on the colonized country and its people. This fact is certain; however, imperialism also affects the colonizers themselves. Therefore, what concerns is foregrounding the boomerang impact of colonization. This idea is clearly observed in Conrad’s Heart of Darkness. Hence, to establish this fact, it is necessary to examine the condition of the agents of imperialism in the colonized country as depicted in the novella. Modern writers convey such a fact to their readers through their fictitious writings. In Heart of Darkness, Conrad elucidates the calamity of imperialism, the causes behind it and its impact upon the colonizers.

Using Arjun Appadurai’s framework of global cultural flows from Modernity at Large (1996), this paper investigates the idea of exile and identity in Samuel Shimon’s An Iraqi in Paris novel. Drawing on the principle of Appadurai’s five 'scapes' (ethnoscapes, mediascapes, ideoscapes, technoscapes and financescapes), this analysis examines how Joey’s journey across borders shapes his identity formation. Joey's hybrid, transnational identity throughout his passage through diverse cultural and ideological terrains develops through a cultural sort of in-betweeness, which is marked by a fascination with Hollywood and interacting with foreign authorities. With a focus on the impact of globalization on identity construction, this paper discusses how experience in exile literature breaks the rigidity of the modern stereotypical conception of an identity and invites the development of complex, fluid identities that transcend national boundaries.