Hammurabi journal for studies

The relationship between the legislative and executive institutions in the United States of America is considered balanced، but the centrality of the president in the foreign political decision-making process may lead to several failures. Especially when it comes to making the decision to go to war; This is what happened when the decision to go to war was taken in (Afghanistan - Iraq - Syria); This negatively affected the US strategic performance internally and externally، This required the Congress to intervene to curtail the role of the president، but the phenomenon of partisan and political division between the two parties hindered this trend، and accordingly، counterproductive results appeared، the features of which were clearly evident at the level of American policy. whether in its domestic decisions، or those related to its foreign relations; It led to a noticeable decline in the American role. Especially in the last decade as a result of the repeated failures in various files at the internal level.

The second Russian military invasion into Ukraine on February 24، 2022 AD، is the beginning of a change in the structure of the international system، as the world has not witnessed a military invasion in this sense since the dissolution of the Soviet Union until now، because of its great effects that were reflected in the features of the global system، and transformed The international system has turned into conflicting international poles on Ukrainian soil، as in this war the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China represented the two great poles in the face of American hegemony and influence، and their relentless pursuit to reshape the international system from a unipolar system led by the United States of America to a multipolar international system، be in The Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China are among the most prominent of these international poles، thus undermining the unipolar world order led by the United States of America and turning it into a multipolar world system.

China's strategy aims to strengthen and strengthen the bonds of economic, military and political cooperation with its regional ally, Pakistan, due to their common interests and borders. China attaches special importance in its strategy to the stability and security of South Asia, especially Pakistan, which provides it with safe access to the Indian Ocean, and with which it shares its western borders. As well as the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor.

Since the beginning of the third millennium, the international system has been in constant flux, witnessing political transformations around the world. With no stable international system and global economic crises looming on the horizon, countries rise and fall, systems collapse, groups form and systems disintegrate. For these reasons and others, the international system is moving towards building new alliances and modern poles.
"A few years ago, an international economic alliance called the BRICS was formed, consisting of Brazil, Russia, India, and China. South Africa later joined the group. This alliance was built on economic foundations with a focus on maintaining global security and peace as well as combating poverty."
With the political dominance of the United States in global financial and monetary institutions, it was reasonable for major economic and political powers like the BRICS countries to consider attempting to break free from economic dependence on the US. Contributing to this international shift was Europe's failure to form an independent model from the United States and its immersion in economic problems, particularly the sovereign debt crisis. The response to the global financial crisis was one of the driving factors behind the formation of BRICS, with initial ideas focusing on economics, finance, and monetary policy, as well as enhancing regulation of the capitalist system. Gradually, interest expanded into how this alliance would engage with events in the international political environment.

This research paper delves into the multifaceted strategies of Russia's soft power، aiming to shed light on how Russia projects its influence globally through cultural diplomacy، media، international alliances، and participation in global governance structures. It critically examines the effectiveness of these strategies in the context of contemporary geopolitical challenges، including sanctions، geopolitical tensions، and internal political dynamics. The study highlights Russia's engagement in the United Nations، BRICS، and the Eurasian Economic Union as key platforms for extending its global influence. Furthermore، it explores Russia's soft power in Eastern Europe، emphasizing historical ties، cultural proximity، and strategic interests. The analysis extends to Russia's involvement in the Middle East، with a particular focus on Syria، showcasing its approach to reasserting itself as a major player in regional affairs. Additionally، the research discusses Russia's expanding influence in Asia and Africa، reflecting on the strategic shift towards these regions as a counterbalance to Western dominance. The paper critically assesses the ethical considerations and allegations of propaganda that challenge the legitimacy of Russia's soft power initiatives. Finally، it provides strategic recommendations for enhancing Russia's soft power efficacy، addressing both internal reforms and international engagement strategies.

The political system in Iraq has witnessed a faltering level in the level of political participation of Iraqi parties and components since the revolution of July 14, 1958, led by Abdul Karim Qasim, and ending with the defunct Baath Party, as this historical stage of rule witnessed the control of a political party or group without allowing the rest of the parties or components to participate in governance. This is what placed the country in the midst of a conflict between these intellectual currents in an unpeaceful way that reached the point of using exclusion, killing, imprisonment, and confiscating all civil and political rights and freedoms, in order to ensure control over the Iraqi state, which continued until 2003, after the Iraqi opposition, with its various components, was able to overthrow the regime. Entering a new phase and a new constitution that allowed everyone to participate in the administration of the Iraqi state, including the Kurds.

Economic and social conditions play a prominent role in the field of education. Education in Iraq since the establishment of the Iraqi state in 1921 until today has gone through many difficulties and fluctuations that made it improve and advance at times, and retreat at other times. After periods of improvement that education went through in the seventies of the twentieth century, it witnessed a great decline affected by wars, conflicts, and political fluctuations which were accompanied by economic and social deterioration causing a decline in education indicators, and this is mainly due to the weakness of the educational policy and its lack of solid foundations. In order to take a look at the reality of education it is necessary to classify that reality according to those conditions that control the effectiveness of the educational system in achieving the desired goals, and providing its requirements that keep pace with the changes of the modern era especially after the change that occurred in the political system in 2003, and the number of crises and difficulties that it faced. The most prominent of which are political and security instability, and sectarian conflicts which made the Iraqi government face a significant challenge. Therefore, this research will address the problem of educational policies in Iraq after 2003 and the impact of the economic and social factor on it.

The crisis of national identity is a global phenomenon، which means the preference and use of sub-identities at the expense of national identity، whether these sub-identities are religious، national، or sectarian. Therefore، this crisis is considered one of the most prominent problems of development، and it may be a cause or result of other crises related to it. This crisis arises on its own. Rather، it has internal causes from which the state suffers، and ends in the presence of external challenges that may be regional or international that contribute to the rift of national identity at a time when technology has the final say on this issue، as it is possible to interfere from miles away in the affairs of states، even The strife represented by sectarianism was ignited with the push of a button. The crisis of national identity has been present since the founding of the Iraqi states، for internal and external reasons. We believe that the latter is the most dangerous because it is the one that caused the first challenges. Therefore، the Iraqi state must pay attention to resolving the crisis and pay attention to both challenges، while giving priority to the last challenge، with a number of solutions، including investing in opportunities to establish friendly relations with neighboring countries and not interfering in internal affairs. Giving priority to border security، and strengthening international cooperation with a strict balance in international relations and putting Iraq’s interests first. This requires searching for national diplomatic cadres who are characterized by skill and intelligence that contribute to Iraq taking the global role it deserves and its historical and geographical status.

Pluralistic societies that witness ethnic divisions need peaceful coexistence between competing ethnic groups، and this requires reconciliation and settlement. These goals، in turn، require the greatest possible involvement of representatives of these groups in the decision-making process. Therefore، the drafters of the constitution in those societies face a difficult choice، which is the form or pattern of the political system. Governance، as the choice must be based on the possibility of this system to share power، and since the Council of Ministers in the parliamentary system is a collective decision-making body، it provides the optimal environment and greater ease for arranging this sharing of power، which is often called consensual democracy as an institutional political mechanism for managing conflicts and achieving stability in those communities.

Minorities and national integration in the Balkans represent a complex subjectencompassing historical, cultural, and political challenges. Studies indicate that Albanian minorities in the Balkans face various challenges regarding nationalintegration, such as language, identity, and political participation. Some researchshows that these minorities strive to preserve their cultural and linguistic identity,while others work towards greater national integration and political participation. Achieving a balance between preserving cultural identity and national integration remains an ongoing challenge in this region.

Cybersecurity is one of the contemporary and sensitive issues related to the national security of any country، especially with the massive spread of the international network of information and the easy and cheapness of its use، as well as its spread in all aspects of life and its transformation into an arena of international competition and conflict. Cooperation between countries in the field of cybersecurity is a vital weapon for regulating the uses of cyberspace and reducing the risks faced by actors of all orientations. Hence the importance of knowing the reasons that hinder reaching common international principles، upon which rules are established to control cyber interactions and avoid their risks، which cost huge losses annually، especially for developed countries that rely on the Internet in all aspects of life. Analyzing the political motives of each party's position will lead us to know the factors behind the impossibility of achieving international cooperation in the field of cybersecurity، and we will find that the value motives play a clear role in each party taking its positions on this issue.