Athar al-rafedain

This research sheds light on four new cuneiform texts from Ur III period (2112-2002 BC), which are confiscated texts that entered the Iraqi Museum in 2020-2021.
They are classified as economic texts related to tools made of (copper, bronze) and jewelry inlaid with gold to be given as gifts. And the four cuneiform texts dated to the reigns of King Šulgi (2094-2047 BC) second king of dynasty

Women had and still have a great role in social life because they are the nucleus of society as a mother and educator for children and working in several fields. They are the basis for building and forming a family. Despite the status of women, they were sometimes subjected to physical attacks. The Iraqi legislator has put in place many legal articles to repel attacks and protect women. In this research, we touched on the material harm against women. Briefly, it is the use of material force against women with the intention of harming, subjugating and exploiting them. It would leave a visible and tangible impact on women. The forms of this violence are beating, murder and sexual harassment, as well as rape and adultery, and the legal texts are the main source of the study

The research attempted to address the knowledge of foreign communities in India, identifying them and studying their conditions, as well as knowing their locations and stability in one city without another, and did these communities meet with factors that encouraged them to settle and practice life in the country of India? What is the position of the ruling authorities on those communities

Egypt, during the rule of the Eighteenth Dynasty in the fourteenth century BC, was a major political force in the ancient Near East, and most of the other powers in the region were keen to have good relations with it, and therefore its kings corresponded with it expressing the desire to consolidate relations, while sending appropriate gifts. The archive of correspondence discovered at Tell El-Amarna provides us with abundant information about what was happening at the time in this context and provides us with historical material that illustrates the movement of messengers who were moving between the kings of Egypt, Mittanni, Babylon, Assyria, Khatti, Arzawa, and Alashia.
This research aims to introduce those messengers, explain their work and tasks, and illuminate their position and role in strengthening the network of relations between Egypt and those kingdoms

The emergence of the political system was closely related to the nature of the Greek individual, and there is no doubt that the environment had an effective role in strengthening that political system and its importance to the regimes in its various stages, so that the individual would obtain his freedom to own land and thus the influence of government expanded throughout Greece, and strengthened the presence of the political character of the country Greece Despite the difficult topography of the Greek lands and regions, it was able to develop it with a special character.

The subject of this research is related to trilateral verb classes and their meaning. Studying a topic like this is of great importance in linguistic research , especially what is related to the verb in terms of controlling their arrangement, knowing their origins the changes that have occurred in them and knowing the most important meanings of these classes in a Arabits (Semitic) languages, their arrangement knowing their origins, the changes that have occurred in them and knowing the most important meanings of these classes as well as moreover the research showed the connections that exist between Arabits languages and the changes and the changes that occurred in these classes we also counted these verb classes, and provided evidence for each of them

The study of texts from the most important historical sources deals with knowledge of the real economic, political and cultural life of the people of Mesopotamia. The research we have is an important aspect of those influences, which is the economic aspect. The research includes four unpublished cuneiform texts dating back to Ur III period and preserved in the Iraqi Museum. After reading and analyzing it, we found that it had diverse economic implications, including numbers of clothes distributed to a number of people as taxes, areas of fields in which the number of furrows completed was determined, the remaining days of work for a group of female workers, as well as quantities of barley that were allocated to a number of people.
The texts of the study did not reach the Iraqi Museum through scientific archaeological excavations, but rather serve through important discoveries that have an unknown relationship. It also identified texts devoid of historical formulas, except for the third text, which was dated to the first year of the reign of King Abi-Suen. Also, the texts did not mention in them the name of any of the months that they used according to the calendar followed by the city in which these texts were dated, which makes it difficult for the researcher to determine The location of the geography or city from which the texts are covered, but we were able to determine the origin of those texts through the personal names that follow them in the following texts, as well as names, professions, and different names, in addition to the comparisons that were made with many texts dating back to Ur III period, so it became clear that the texts The first three of the research refer to the city of Umma, while the fourth text is of great interest to be from the three Sumerian cities of GARšana, Iri-sagrig, and Umma

The cultural heritage occupied the thought of the kings of Mesopotamia, and based on the textual data and artistic productions, they made great efforts to preserve that heritage, because they saw in it the identity of a nation and a people with a very great civilization, as well as the pride that those kings had while they appeared to be conservatives on the legacy of their ancestors The cultural heritage, and the diversity of that heritage and included multiple aspects, and perhaps the most prominent of its types is the natural heritage, which also received the attention of those kings, and this is what we infer through the royal writings and artistic productions that documented that interest. Including the animal gardens, which represented a kind of bragging and pride in the psyche of those kings as well as their recreational aspect, and the botanical gardens to which various trees were added brought from neighboring countries and placed there. The king's policy, in addition to that, the kings deliberately documented that natural heritage in their various artistic productions, and this also embodies a kind of interest and preservation of that heritage as The passage of time, which we will also address in the topic of this research.

This article presents the transliteration and translation of eight unpublished texts (Tablets-Bullae) of Iri-sag̃rig/Al-Šarrakī archive from Ur III period which they were kepted in Iraq Museum and dated from the 7th year of Amar-Suena’s til the 2nd year of Ibbi-Suen’s reign. Iri-sag̃rig is located about 4 days travel by boat from Umma in the south of Mesopotamia. Its texts dealing with receiving barley and wool as well as expenditures of meet and bread and other objects