AL-MA’HAD

Many
agreements have been concluded at the regional level for the purpose of participating in suppressing and combating related and associated terrorist acts. The most important of these agreements are the European Union Agreement, the African Union Agreements, and the Arab Agreements, all of which seek to establish appropriate means to combat terrorism. The main regional organizations for combating this phenomenon have continued to conclude many conferences and seminars that were introduced within the scope of their regions, which resulted in the issuance of special statements regarding international terrorism and the means that countries should adopt to confront it. Some countries have reformed their legal system, and reformed texts and provisions that criminalize terrorism and specify the penalties specified therein, while other countries have enacted special laws related to terrorist crimes in order to align their legislative system with the international criminal policy for combating terrorism.

The
The issue of the electronic consumer has begun to emerge in this era due to the large number of electronic contracts that created between the two parties to the electronic contract through the Internet and other means of communication. The electronic consumer, who often characterized by a lack of legal and technical knowledge, may lead to being a victim of the other contractor, which is the electronic provider or electronic seller. The latter is more knowledgeable, professional and legal about the contracts he concludes with his clients. Therefore, the available methods and modern legislation that can provide possible and modern mechanisms to protect the electronic consumer highlighted.

The
The areas of democratic participation of citizens vary, And one of the most important areas of democratic practice is the political parties, Including the political Opposition parties, It is represented by the broad political participation of citizens in it and the pursuit of power or participation of action programs in the social, economic and political fields related to the administration of power in the state, The role of the Opposition is synonymous with power and an democratic principles and their sponsorship from the existing political syste, In this research, we present the nature of the relationship between political opposition and democracy and their impact on the other, is the The presence of the opposition within its institutional structure is a political necessity

Every
legal system in any society is based on a set of legal rules that differ depending on the nature of the issues that regulate them. These rules regulate the relationship between individuals and institutions, regulate the behavior of the individual and determine his rights and duties. The legislator also chooses a set of these rules that have special importance, and stipulates: It is necessary to respect it by all individuals, by imposing an appropriate penalty on those who violate it, and that the rule in determining and protecting these interests is due to society’s need for them and their importance to it, and seized objects are subject to de facto assault through their exposure to crimes of forgery, theft, breach of trust, destruction and alteration. Loss, replacement, etc. It may also be exposed to the evidence of the crime that is seized in the criminal case by policemen and others, as well as the seals that are placed on the things that are seized. Crime is a tangible physical existence and a realistic entity that the law has previously stipulated in a formula to embody its existence. It is in a form In general, every act or omission is criminalized by the law and a punishment is prescribed for it, and every crime, regardless of the subject of the assault, and whatever its subject, requires the presence of its elements for its establishment. If those elements are fulfilled, the perpetrator deserves punishment. In order to understand the substantive provisions for crimes of assault on seized objects, we decided that We discuss some of these crimes that affect the course of criminal justice.

The
world is still living in the shadow of the Russian-Ukrainian war that began in 2022 and is still ongoing to this day. Given Ukraine’s geostrategic importance, the United States has adopted strategic approaches represented by (risk management) through economic aid, diplomatic support, and providing intelligence information, in addition to the economic boycott of the Russian Federation, in order to achieve its interests represented by protecting allies and the liberal order, as well as preventing Russia from dominating Ukraine.

Globalization
as a dynamic process has witnessed transformations during the previous decade that has encouraged economists to assume that it is in a stage of decline after years of success in achieving international cooperation in terms of freedom of trade and building economic integration. The 2008 global financial crisis was the turning point in the context of globalization, after which the growth rates of world trade began to be slower than the growth of world GDP, as well as trade barriers between countries began to increase and the severity of geopolitical disputes between major powers escalated. In the face of globalization decline theories, counter-theories emerged that adopted the idea that globalization slowed down in its traditional forms as a result of structural changes that occurred to the global trading system, which allowed globalization to flourish, such as the dissolution of supply chains and the restructuring of trade, but it, on the other hand, began to acquire new traits benefited from technological advances to maintain the continuity of global connections.

The
The theory of the regional security complex is based on a fundamental principle that considers the regional level or security as a primary strategic unit of analysis in understanding international security relations, which means that it is impossible for any country to achieve its security away from its regional environment. However, emphasizing this level does not mean that it is isolated from other secondary levels such as the local and international levels. Since the capabilities of developing countries to compete globally are very weak, many of these countries have sought to adopt a form of regional cooperation in order to enhance their economic capacity in the face of non-traditional strategic security threats. In this context, the experience of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, known in short as ASEAN, as a regional security complex represents a distinguished model in this regard that can be emulated by developing countries in their quest to maximize their gains within the contemporary international reality. Hence, the research aims to demonstrate the role of regional blocs as regional security components, foremost among which is the ASEAN bloc, in achieving non-traditional regional security for its member states. The research is based on the problem of: How were regional security components able to confront non-traditional strategic security threats in the Southeast Asia region, specifically the ASEAN bloc? Among the conclusions reached by the research are that combating poverty, transnational health threats, transnational crimes, and achieving sustainable development are among the most prominent non-traditional strategic threats facing the ASEAN bloc in the Southeast Asia region, and it has begun to work to confront them.

Leading
the authorship movement under the contract in preparing scientific, artistic, and literary works plays a vital role on which the research hypothesis is based, due to its constructive impact on the advancement of the scientific, artistic, and literary authorship movement and the effective contribution to improving the state’s resources through investment in intellectual property. Therefore, the idea came for the Ministry to practice the authorship movement, and accordingly, in order to establish legal frameworks for this active pioneering role, the goal of which is to advance the reality of the state. Through programmed writing. Given that the texts of this law need to be reformulated in line with this trend, our research therefore came in order to improve the legislative drafting and clarify the legislative ambiguity in the texts related to copyright resulting from contracts concluded in order for the Ministry to exercise a leadership role in the authorship movement, which contributes to the development of studies. Academy and scientific research.

is
that the requirements of speed in commercial work raised fears of exposing private interests to danger, so the importance of having controls also emerged, which take into account at the same time the necessities of speed and preserving the interests of others. From here came the idea of balance between the parties to a commercial transaction, and this applies to the morphological rules for commercial papers or what is expressed as (the exchange law), which regulates the provisions of commercial papers, as the Iraqi legislator made special rules regulating the provisions of commercial papers and everything related to them, in Articles (39-184), and these rules are governed, in addition to the principles referred to above, by other principles, including formality, independence of signatures, strictness on the debtor to fulfill the amount of the commercial paper, and the principle of self-sufficiency. These last principles, in their entirety, are considered a departure from the general rules in civil law. The importance of the research lies in clarifying the legislative rules that enable knowing the rules of balance between the parties to the morphological relationship, in the face of the strictness of the rules against some of the parties to this relationship, as we found it necessary to clarify these rules and what is decided in the interest of any party of the morphological obligation, and at any stage of the process. Commitment stages can be applied. Our research also contributed to clarifying the concept and specificity of morphological rules, the legal basis of the morphological obligation and what are the most important characteristics that characterize this obligation, and finally explaining the morphological rules established for the benefit of each party to the morphological obligation.

This
study aimed to highlight the pivotal role of public relations in building and enhancing corporate reputation through analyzing the tools and strategies employed. The study population consisted of employees working in public relations within Iraqi telecommunications companies, using simple random sampling methods. The sample size reached 390 individuals who responded to the questionnaire. The results revealed a high level of public relations with a mean score of 4.122 and a standard deviation of 0.770, and a very high level of corporate reputation with a mean of 4.249 and a standard deviation of 0.676. The study also demonstrated a statistical impact of public relations, indicating that a 1% increase in the level of public relations contributes to a 0.725% increase in building corporate reputation, with internal public relations impacting it by 1.924%, and external public relations by 1.350%. The findings underscored the importance of both internal and external public relations in fostering trust and organizational loyalty. Recommendations were made to enhance public relations programs and improve internal and external communication, contributing to the enhancement of corporate reputation. The study utilized data collection and analysis from employees in Iraqi telecommunications companies, providing a theoretical and practical framework for companies to improve their public relations strategies.

The
use of international sport and peacebuilding has become an important subject of study in the 21st century, as the links between sport, conflict resolution and peacebuilding have grown significantly in recent years. With international sporting organizations such as the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) increasingly integrating sport as a tool for peacebuilding, cohesion and conflict resolution through their political and humanitarian roles, sport is embraced as a noble movement as well as a means of expressing high moral and physical ideals. Football has the power to connect, foster rapprochement and mobilize the public around broad-based action, sometimes primarily in the face of inexplicable circumstances. This study explores the historical background of international sporting organizations and the development of sport for development and peace as a social intervention strategy and as an academic field. Drawing on existing peacebuilding theories, this study aims to demonstrate the role of the IOC and FIFA in peacebuilding through sport and to illustrate the humanitarian and political ways in which sport can support peacebuilding and conflict resolution processes through the work of these organizations.

University
students are the most important group in society, as they play a major role in the development and prosperity of society. They are responsible for adhering to a set of duties stipulated in the student discipline instructions in the institutions of the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, otherwise they will be subject to disciplinary punishment as a result of the violation. The law has granted them the right to object to the disciplinary punishment imposed on them before the Administrative Court, which is one of the important legal guarantees for the punished student, as activating judicial oversight of the administration’s disciplinary decisions is a matter of utmost importance, as the judiciary has the authority to cancel or amend the administrative decision or reject the appeal. We will discuss this in two sections using a scientific and analytical research method.

In
research, we discuss the effects resulting from the occurrence of annulment and the issuance of the annulment ruling, which has the authority of a res judicata like any judicial ruling. This authority is not limited to the two parties to the annulment case, i.e. the contracting parties, but extends to those who dealt with the contracting parties and the effect of the annulment ruling applies to them. We will discuss the first requirement: annulment of the contract and commitment. With compensation, and in the second requirement, the effect of annulling the contract for the contracting parties and third parties.

Studying
the topic of [electronic transport record data and images] is important because it determines the type of data it contains. Multiple data are included in this register showing the details of (the contract for the maritime carriage of goods). These data prove the contract and are useful in determining the description, quantity and type of the goods transported. This data also specifies the names and addresses of the parties to the contractual relationship. The name and address of the carrier must be included, as he is the main party in the transportation process. The name of the shipper and the name of the addressee must also be mentioned in this record.
In addition, there are data specifying the time and place of receipt of the goods by the carrier, and this data also specifies the means of transport prepared for this. This topic specifies the images that contain the [electronic transfer record]. Which in some forms is negotiable and in other forms it is non-negotiable.

The
Fatima al-Zahra, the daughter of the Prophet Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him, is an influential and important figure in the history of Islam. Her influence was not limited to the religious and spiritual dimension, but extended to include Islamic political thought and her role in developing civil society. Fatima al-Zahra is considered a role model and a source of inspiration for women and men alike, and represents a symbol of strength, justice and sacrifice. She played a decisive role in the advancement of Islamic political thought through her effective contribution to issues of governance and leadership. She also had a profound impact on the historical events that followed her marriage to Imam Ali bin Abi Talib. Al-Zahra presented a strong model of just political leadership and demonstrated her ability to influence decision-making and direct public affairs. In addition to political thought, Fatima al-Zahras role had a great impact on the development of civil society, as Fatima grew up in the house of prophecy and witnessed the founding of Islam. From this standpoint, she had a unique role in promoting human and moral values in society. She taught people tolerance, justice and gender equality, and encouraged giving and charity in society. Despite her short life, her cultural and social influence has continued through the ages .

The
caretaker government is considered one of the temporary governments that arise as a result of certain circumstances that the state is going through. Therefore, we find most constitutions specifying the duration of that government due to the wide powers that the caretaker government enjoys during its term of office, in addition to the fact that oversight over it is different from what it is for the elected government in order to prevent... Without that government arbitrarily exercising its powers.

There
is no doubt that this type of crime is more dangerous and widespread than traditional publishing crimes, as countries have sought in their legislation to provide criminal protection for society from these dangerous behaviors resulting from a huge and advanced technological revolution in all fields, because society has the right to enjoy a safe and quiet life away from chaos, as the misuse of technological development may turn against the interests of society, causing general harm in the short or long term, and no individual in society remains without being harmed, whether the harm is material affecting his physical entity or moral affecting his feelings and emotions. Therefore, this study comes as a serious attempt to present the subject of offensive content from a legal perspective in terms of explaining its concept and the legal basis for criminalizing it, and then explaining the objective provisions for how to commit it and how to confront it in Iraqi law.

The
The research examines the alignment of criminal evidence rules between Iraqi legislation and the International Criminal Court by comparing the rules of criminal evidence in Iraqi law with those established by the International Criminal Court, while highlighting the constraints imposed by international judicial conviction. The focus is on how principles like the presumption of innocence and the burden of proof are applied within both local and international frameworks, as well as the impact of the principle of doubt in safeguarding the rights of the accused. The study aims to propose practical solutions to enhance the integration of national legislation with international standards, ensuring a balance between Iraqi legal sovereignty and the requirements of international justice.

The
offensive content circulating on the Internet has a significant impact on the values and morals of society and leads to the disintegration of the family as a result of the indecency and language that is offensive to modesty and public taste contained in these contents. It also incites hatred and provokes strife among members of the same people. It also urges teenagers to commit acts that are contrary to customs and values. Iraqi society, Therefore, through this research, we shed light on the concept of offensive content by searching for a definition of it at the level of jurisprudence and legislation. We also showed some images of offensive content that is widely circulated on the Internet. We also investigated the difficulties that the legal organization presents in defining offensive content. Which is evident through the use by the owners of offensive content of fictitious and pseudonyms when broadcasting their offensive content or through hidden access to the network. We also demonstrated the legislative deficiency in determining the content of offensive content on the Internet. In this research, we concluded with a number of results and recommendations that we reached: Most notably, the term offensive content is very variable and unstable from one country to another, as what is considered offensive content in one country may not be considered offensive in another country, as it is linked to unstable and flexible concepts such as morals, traditions, and customs prevailing in society, public order, and literature.

This
research dealt with the study of special criminal courts, with a focus on the “Internal Security Forces Court” as a model. The research aims to shed light on the role of these courts in the judicial system, especially with regard to violations committed by members of the Internal Security Forces, using this On the procedural legislation that organized these courts in terms of formation and jurisdiction, indicating their types contained in the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Internal Security Force. No. 17 of 2008, as well as the Internal Security Forces Penal Code, where these courts were summarized into three types (arrest courts, Internal Security Forces courts, and the Internal Security Forces Court of Cassation), as these courts were distinguished by special features that set them apart from the rest of the regular courts in terms of trial procedures and jurisdiction. We also explained, through the research topics, the trial procedures in the special criminal laws, taking the Internal Security Forces Court as a practical application and model for it, by explaining the trial procedures in each type of court referred to previously, whether in the courts of the warrant officer or the trial in the Internal Security Forces courts and the rules. Which must be taken into account in that trial, such as the need for court sessions to be public, the management of trial sessions, and the obligatory resignation of the judge in the event that legal conditions are available, The necessity of appointing a lawyer for the accused during the trial up to the stage of issuing the ruling by the court, and the necessary contents of this ruling, from the preamble to the ruling and its reasons, as well as the operative word leading up to the pronouncement of the ruling. The research ends by presenting recommendations to develop the work of the special criminal courts, specifically the Internal Security Forces Court, to ensure the achievement of Justice is better and faster, while preserving the rights of individuals and ensuring the independence of the judiciary.

The
concept of international criminal responsibility has undergone significant transformation throughout history. Its development has been a complex and multifaceted process, shaped by various historical, political, and legal factors, This research explores the development of this concept, tracing its development from rudimentary notions of accountability in warfare to establishing international tribunals for prosecuting core international crimes. The paper examines early efforts to hold individuals liable for grave violations of international law, highlighting the challenges associated with enforcing such accountability. It then analyses the watershed moment of the Nuremberg and Tokyo Tribunals, which established the principle of individual criminal responsibility for war crimes and crimes against humanity. The research further explores the codification of these crimes in international treaties and the subsequent creation of permanent international criminal courts like the International Criminal Court (ICC). Finally, the paper discusses contemporary trends in international criminal justice, including expanding the scope of international crimes and the ongoing pursuit of accountability for atrocities committed in various regions worldwide, This research contributes to a deeper understanding of the ongoing development of international criminal law and its efforts to ensure accountability for grave violations of international law.