AL-MA’HAD

The Middle East Region has acquired a prominent position in the United States foreign policies since it is a region of geopolitical interest for the US. Therefore, US has sought through its concerned agencies to make and implement a foreign policy aims at achieving a number of strategic Objectives to enhance the principle of dominance and weakening the strong competitive forces. This will enable US to keep its position as a super power in International System. The overall objectives of US foreign policy in the Middle East Region all serve The ultimate goal from the US strategic perspective, which is achieving the highest US interests.

The research discusses the emergence of the principle of separation of powers, which aims to prevent the concentration of the three branches of state authority (legislative, executive, and judicial) in a single hand or body, and how the Iraqi political system adopted this principle after 2003.
The research is divided into three sections. The first section addresses the essence of the principle of separation of powers by explaining its concept, historical emergence and development, and the stance of political thought leaders post-French Revolution on this principle. The second section deals with political systems related to the principle, such as the presidential system, the parliamentary system, and the assembly system. The presidential systems adopt a strict separation of powers, while the parliamentary system relies on cooperation and mutual oversight between the authorities.
In the third section, the research reviews the applications of the principle of separation of powers in Iraq through three stages. The first stage starts from the establishment of the Iraqi state at the beginning of the monarchy until 2003. The research then discusses the application of the principle from 2003 to 2005, and the third stage is dedicated to the application of the principle under the 2005 permanent Iraqi constitution.
keywords: Political systems, the constitution, the parliamentary system, the separation of powers.

Whatthe judiciary aims to achieve is for society to reach a reasonable level of stability, spread the spirit of justice, and embody justice among its members by balancing between the parties to the disputes pending before the courts. These are conditions that cannot be achieved except through the application of legal rules capable of regulating the relationships of individuals among themselves and putting them into practice in a manner that... It is consistent with their legal positions, which require their maintenance and preservation to move towards a just judiciary that works to achieve the requirements of the necessary protection for individuals. The civil judiciary , as is known, does not intervene and undertake its work tasks unless.

Although international humanitarian law has established ethical principles for engaging in armed conflicts, their application in the context of contemporary armed conflicts may raise a problem regarding the extent to which autonomous weapons can respond to the ethical standards and principles contained in the law.Consequently, autonomous weapons have generated widespread concerns, especially with their widespread use in contemporary armed conflicts, and their inability to apply the principles of distinction, proportionality, and feasible precautions. The problem of its non-compliance with ethical and humanitarian standards, and its complete independence in choosing and targeting targets.

Human trafficking has become one of the most heinous and widespread crimes globally. It operates in secrecy and is highly organized across all countries, posing a serious concern for officials tasked with combating corruption. Its illegal activities generate enormous profits, which have direct and detrimental effects on political, economic, and social stability. This crime undermines a state's authority and control over its overall policy, contributing to instability and imbalance—factors that are critical for the well-being, development, and progress of any society. As a result, human trafficking negatively impacts the general interests of the country, particularly from a political standpoint, as it threatens security and political stability. .

The current research aims to identify the determinants of regional energy security after 2003, as energy security and the impact of determinants and challenges on global and national energy strategies. The focus is on the importance of the topic and the diversity of impacts on producing and consuming countries. It highlights the geopolitical and technological changes after 2003, which pose challenges that require improvement in energy technology and diversification of its sources. As for the importance part, it highlights the transformations that occurred in the field of energy security after 2003, with a focus on the impact of geopolitical and technological tensions and changes in the structure of energy demand. In the research problem, the research examines the impact of geopolitical tensions on the stability of global energy supplies, and how to deal with these challenges by diversifying energy sources and enhancing environmental security. The research also highlights the role of technology in improving the security of supply chains and developing sustainable energy sources. In the research hypothesis, it is suggested that the exacerbation of geopolitical and technological challenges after 2003 calls for a review of energy supply strategies and energy technology, with a focus on improving the diversification of energy sources, enhancing environmental security, and developing infrastructure. Finally, the research methods are identified, as the research relies on the historical and analytical approach, in addition to the foresight approach to predict the future prospects of energy security in Iraq. The research limits are temporal and spatial, as it is limited to the period after 2003 and addresses Iraq and the Arabian Gulf.

The The mortgage is one of the precautionary seizures and is like a guarantee for the landlord to collect his rights from the rent debt and the rest of the compensation from the tenant\'s money and his right is like a privileged debt that he collects before other ordinary creditors and other privileged creditors who are behind him in the rank of privilege. This is the core of the subject of our research. Most legislations, including our Iraqi legislation, have clarified the privilege rights and created them in legal articles classified and arranged according to an arranged ladder, in descending order, from the top of the ladder to the bottom, taking into account the reasons for granting this right a privilege over others. Among these rights is the privilege of the property lessor because it is no secret to anyone that the lease contract includes many contractual obstacles, including that the lessor does not obtain the rent and other compensations due to him from the tenant within the period specified in the contract or in the law, so the legislator gave him this privilege in collecting his right before other owners of other rights. Therefore, it has become necessary to clarify this guarantee for the landlord through the mortgage seizure of the tenant\'s movables that he placed in the leased property in order to execute on them and collect his debts due from Its price.

The crimes related to religions represent an assault, desecration, and mockery of the sanctity of religious belief and the spiritual entity of the individual, and insulting the Islamic religion, which represents all the heavenly religions, and specifically insulting the divine being and the Messenger, may God’s prayers be upon him, and his teachings, and accusing the companions and wives of the Messenger, and the imams of the family of the House, peace be upon them. Therefore, insulting religion requires deterrence, confrontation, and preserving it from two basic aspects: the aspect of existence by providing what is valued and proven by Islamic teachings, spreading the call to it and establishing its rituals, and what corresponds to it in law in Islamic jurisprudence is what can be called (preserving interests), penal protection, which is preventing what destroys it or It removes or offends it, and the suppression of crimes related to religions, which will be the subject of our study in this thesis. The Iraqi legislator was keen to protect the freedom of the individual in his religious beliefs, which is considered one of the holiest human freedoms, through the criminal law, which discloses that interest is the subject of legal protection.

Psychological torture is a widespread phenomenon nowadays, used as a means to harm others or to force them to do something or confess to a particular matter. Therefore, there must be accountability for those who commit this crime, whether the responsibility lies with individuals or the state. International criminal responsibility is indeed significant in the field of human rights. The Committee Against Torture of the United Nations, in its General Comment No. 2 of 1997, asserts that states bear full responsibility for the actions of their officials and others, including all agents and private contractors, and anyone acting on behalf of the state, performing actions in its name, or even under its directives and the directives of its officials. Regarding individual responsibility, the concept of individual responsibility has developed legally and judicially in international law after the developments following World War II, where natural persons became criminally responsible, whereas international law previously recognized only the international responsibility of states.There are obstacles to addressing this crime, whether objective or personal. Objective obstacles are among the most significant hindrances to the implementation and application of international criminal responsibility, whether for individuals or states. These obstacles are objective in nature, distinct from the personal aspects of the perpetrator, such as identifying the competent judiciary, the difficulty of proving the commission of psychological torture, and the difficulty of determining the damages resulting from this crime.On the other hand, all national crimes face many personal obstacles that hinder the enforcement and activation of criminal responsibility on the perpetrators. Similarly, this applies to international crimes, including the crime of psychological torture. These personal obstacles include impediments to responsibility, international immunities, and the failure to extradite perpetrators of psychological torture.

The research is based in its general track , on the fact that (Home privacy and the right to adequate housing) are constitutional and international rights, inherent for persons, As well as, its the foundation of proper society. Although man is a social being by nature, this does not mean that he should give up his right to have privacy, that is consistent with the state of the public in which he should live. The right to privacy ,it carries and the resulting preservation of human dignity and respect for his humanity are represented in what a person wants to keep for himself, and what should be surrounded by secrecy and confidentiality. Perhaps one of the most prominent images of this right, is home privacy ,as well as , the right to adequate housing , which constitutes one of the most important basic human needs, which is food - clothing and housing , and being an important dimension for achieving a state of human security principle . Finally, the research reviews the importance of Iraqi housing policies for the right to adequate housing, through plans and strategies, launched by Iraqi government cooperates with ministry of planning, the latest one which was in 2023.

The right to health is considered one of the basic human rights، and the state is responsible for setting the rules related to protecting the health of citizens، and therefore the vaccine is decided for preventive purposes، which is to protect the public health of individuals from infectious diseases، and it may be decided to prevent their spread، and that vaccination operations، regardless of whether they are surrounded by guarantees، are carried out with caution. It is severe، as the matter is not without consequences and damage that may be serious to the person receiving the vaccine، since the person does not have the right to reject the authority of the administration to impose the vaccine، and since the harm that befalls him may be serious and result in a violation of the human right to bodily integrity، given that this The right includes three elements. These are the right to be free from physical pain، the right to preserve the substance of the body، and the right to maintain the level of health in which the body is. Therefore، determining the administration’s responsibility for the harms of compulsory vaccination is a must.

The
The research aims to show the damages arising from artificial intelligence applications, and the adequacy and appropriateness of the general rules stipulated in the Iraqi Civil Code in addressing the effects of achieving civil responsibility for robots, in addition to studying the possibility of granting artificial intelligence legal personality by Iraqi law in the future and recognizing it fully or restricted by some legal restrictions, there is no doubt that the tasks performed by robots at the present time and in the future will constitute The spine to process or enter into many different areas of life. Therefore, the Iraqi legislator must, for urgent necessity, keep pace with technological developments by enacting legislation regulating the work carried out by the robot, whether the robot as an independent or working for its owner or tenant, and a statement of addressing the errors that may occur as a result of the use of the robot, and the damage it causes with appropriate compensation and the compensation is estimated according to the gravity of the error and its rank.

We
may be in private international dispute even its rises from environmental pollution، and the parties are states، as well as this dispute may be raisin when one the parties is normal person، while the other is a state. And the state may be the responsible about the pollution while the ordinary person is the damaged person، and the reverse . The importance of this studying that ،this kind of the disputes for the special nature for these disputes، because the environmental pollution do not directed to specific person but it will injured him in undirected way. This kind of pollution began to spread widely in presents days، and it becomes necessary for the legal studies to face this topic ،to know what are the legislative guaranties provided by the private international law to protect the legal situation for the private persons ، and checking the ability of this rules to support and supply the legal protection against the danger of the pollution . all this to provide the legal certainty as well as the harmonizing between the legal systems to resolve the contrasting between the states. Because these disputes are across borders. What means the difference in legal rules regulation these disputes . this what was the cause that call the state to sign international treaties to regulate these disputes. No doubt this matter will differ from legal system to others and to stand on this problem we will divided this research into two chapters : the first one will be for environmental pollution made by normal persons ، will the second chapter will be the environmental pollution made by the stares.

Homosexuality
is one of the criminal phenomena that are rejected by all divine religions in all their diversity, as well as most countries' legislations on the global level. Due to the negative effects that result from it in many aspects. Therefore, it constitutes one of the types of behaviors that violate public order and general principles on the one hand, and then the constitutions and laws in force in societies, specifically in Arab and Islamic countries, which are still committed to a certain percentage of Islamic legacies that include a certain set of religious and moral values, although this percentage differs from one country to another. The danger of this issue lies in recent years, as it has become practiced in public without punishment in some countries, and has become the basis for many protests and gatherings, and even associations concerned with human rights and others, until it has become the focus of attention of the international community and the United Nations, by trying to legislate it and protect its practitioners, under the guise of individual freedom and human rights. In addition to that, there is the emergence of some new terms such as gender, which has also caused widespread controversy in societies, in terms of considering it one of the forms that the West adopts as a smooth means capable of penetrating those societies to promote homosexuality, on the one hand, or considering it one of the social terms that constitute the container that contains some behaviors of individuals regardless of their connection to homosexuality.

The
judiciary system is a key pillar in the stability of society, and the justice of the judiciary can only be achieved by the independence of the judge from the psychological whims and political pressures that they would be exposed to when issuing their judgements and rulings, which could make the judiciary dishonest when it loses its independence, which then exposes society to chaos when demanding rights by the parties to the dispute. Therefore, the Islamic Shari\'ah paid attention to the position of the judiciary and made the mechanism of choosing a judge one of the important conditions for assuming the judiciary by being of good reputation, purity of birth and obtaining the rank of ijtihad in the legal sciences, as well as establishing clear means of proof that do not accept doubt in the cases that are presented before the judge, and thereby ensured the independence of the judiciary from any political or social authority that interferes with the judiciary\'s rulings. This made the judiciary, by these standards, a place of reassurance for litigants and respect for its judgements and rulings.

The
contract of the agency is a contract by which another person replaces himself in a known permissible act, One of the characteristics of the agency contract is that it is binding on two parties and It is focused on the act of, and which is a consensual contract, a contract based on personal consideration, which is originally a donation contract, but with the development of scientific and economic life, it has become a netting contract, The agency may be public or private, it may be absolute or restricted, and when the conditions of its validity are completed, it obliges its parties to several obligations.
The agency contract ends with the completion of the assigned work or the expiration of the term for it or by termination and the fulfillment of the invalid condition or because of the impossibility of execution, bankruptcy and lack of eligibility, as well as ends with the death of the principal or agent or the dismissal of the principal to the agent or the resignation of.

Irap
relations with the Gulf Coooperation Coouncil countries witnwess A countlss numbre of mutual interactions between them، As they have taken manuy forms، ranging form cooperation، competition، and tension at times، this is due to the many ties that unite them، such religion ،civlization،language،religion، common history، gegraphical location، and common destiny،and tgis is clearly reflected in the interests of both parties، positively or negatively، in the interest of the peoples of both sides of the relationship،the future interactions that these relations may witness have important reprcussions affecting both parties، either positively، either positively or negatively.

International
non-governmental organizations contribute to monitoring and enforcing international humanitarian law by documenting human rights violations, providing assistance to victims, and collaborating with governments and international organizations to promote compliance with humanitarian laws. These organizations collect and present evidence to international courts, organize awareness campaigns, and offer training to armed forces on respecting international humanitarian law.