journal mustansiriyah of sports science

This study aims at identifying the extent of the effect of employing mental training on developing the free throw in basketball. The study sample consisted of (10) students from the players of the school (Ahwaz middle school for boys). The sample was randomly divided into two groups: the first experimental group (n=5) used the mental training program that includes relaxation, watching the video, mental visualization, attention, and concentration, in addition to skill training. The control group (n=5) which used the skill training program that includes (sprinting then shooting, zigzag running then shooting, bending the arms from the prone position then shooting, shooting with the eyes closed, and shooting from a stationary position). Both groups received physical and skill exercises at the same time. To answer the study hypotheses, arithmetic means, standard deviations, and the (T- test) were used for the pre- and post-tests of both groups. The results showed that there were statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-measurements of the experimental group members in favor of the post-measurement, and that there were statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-measurements of the control group members in the first test (the fast running and then shooting test) in favor of the post-test, and that there were no statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-measurements of the same group members in the remaining tests. The results also showed that the members of the experimental group that used (mental training accompanying skill training) achieved a noticeable development in the development of the free throw and outperformed the members of the control group in all free throw tests, as the results indicated the existence of statistically significant differences between the two groups in favor of the experimental group

Through the experience in administrative work within sports federations and the Paralympic Committee, the researcher found that administrative and technical work complement each other in achieving sports accomplishments. He also observed that the work environment within the Paralympic federations is somewhat ambiguous, as there are no comprehensive studies exploring this environment. Administrative work often suffers from unplanned, spontaneous decision-making.


The aim of this research is to analyze the administrative work environment using the SWOT analysis to identify internal factors (strengths and weaknesses) and external factors (opportunities and threats). The researcher adopted the descriptive analytical method due to its suitability for the nature of the study. The sample consisted of 50 federation members, with 42 respondents completing the SWOT analysis questionnaire.


After sorting and categorizing the responses into four sections—strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats—the researcher concluded that there are several strengths within the Paralympic federations. This indicates that the work environment is reasonably conducive to ensuring the continuity of operations within the federations. However, the federations also suffer from various weaknesses, some beyond their control, such as the lack of infrastructure and facilities that meet the requirements for hosting championships. Other weaknesses are attributed to the management of the federations themselves.


Furthermore, the research identified numerous opportunities that have not been fully utilized to enhance administrative performance, along with several threats that may hinder the federations' operations if not addressed.

The importance of this research lies in highlighting the development of athletic performance
among national javelin throw team athletes in the CB33 category, a category that requires
training programs specifically designed to meet their physical and technical needs. The study
aims to provide scientific solutions based on specialized exercises to improve launch variables
and performance, two key factors in enhancing efficiency and achieving optimal results in
competitions, Furthermore, research focusing on the performance development of athletes with
special needs is limited. This study seeks to design specialized exercises for the research sample
and investigate the impact of these exercises on improving launch variables and performance for
national javelin throw team athletes in the CB33 category, The researcher adopted the
experimental approach using a one-group pre-test and post-test design, as it is suitable for
addressing the research problem. The research sample was purposefully selected and consisted of
three athletes from the national javelin throw team of the Paralympic Committee, classified
under CB33, Fieldwork involved conducting experiments, video recording, and extracting
variables such as (launch angle, direction angle, attack angle, and launch velocity). The training
program commenced on Saturday, September 5, 2024, and concluded on Monday, November 4,
2024. The training sessions were conducted at 3:00 PM and were included as part of the main
section of the training units. The training duration ranged from 35 to 40 minutes, with three
training sessions per week over eight weeks, Results and Recommendations, Based on the results
obtained, the study demonstrated that the training program based on specialized exercises had a
significant positive impact on improving launch variables (launch velocity, throwing angles) and
performance among CB33 category national team athletes. The results indicated that precisely
designed exercises contributed to developing technical aspects, such as the optimal launch angle
and proper movement timing, which positively reflected on overall performance quality, The
researcher recommends developing and implementing training programs that focus on enhancing
launch variables and performance while considering the physical and psychological
characteristics of the CB33 category to meet their athletic needs effectively.
Keywords: Specialized Exercises, Launch Variables, Javelin Throw Performance, CB33
Category

The current research aims to identify the effect of the constructivist learning strategy in learning and retaining the skill of shooting basketball peacefully for female students in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. The researcher used the experimental method to suit the nature of the research, as the number of individuals in the research sample reached (44). A female student after excluding several female students because of non-compliance with the paragraphs of implementing the educational program. Parity was achieved between the two experimental groups in the variables (age, mass, and height), in addition to achieving parity between them in influential physical tests (explosive strength of the legs, explosive strength of the arms, Strength distinguished by speed for the legs, strength distinguished by speed for the torso, transitional speed, flexibility) and the skill of shooting basketball peacefully. After that, the educational curriculum began to be implemented on the experimental group on Tuesday, 10/1/2024, with two educational units per week, for the first academic year in college. Education for Girls / Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, and the implementation of the educational curriculum for the two research groups was completed on Tuesday, 12/17/2024. The researcher used the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, percentage, and T-Test as statistical means to reach the results. The researcher reached the conclusion that the effectiveness of the educational program in learning the skill of peaceful shooting for the experimental group that used the constructivist learning strategy.


The researcher recommends the necessity of using the constructivist learning strategy with modern teaching models to contribute to developing the level of female students in the physical education lesson.

The objectives of the research are: - Preparing rubber ropes exercises in rehabilitation for males with simple fractures of the elbow joint aged (15-17) years. And to identify the effect of rubber rope exercises in improving the muscle strength and range of motion of males with a simple fracture of the elbow joint, aged 15-17 years, and to identify the differences between the control and experimental groups in the post-tests in the muscle strength and range of motion of those with a simple fracture of the elbow joint, aged 15-17 years. The researcher hypothesized that there were no statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-tests in muscle strength and range of motion, for the control and experimental groups, and in favor of the post-test.


There are no statistically significant differences between the post-tests in muscular strength and range for the two research groups and in favor of the experimental

The aim of the current research is to know the extent to which strategic vigilance is applied to the work of the administrative bodies in the sports federations, organizational performance, and the correlation between them on a sample of the administrative bodies in the (26) sports federations of the Iraqi National Olympic Committee on a sample of (170) members with a percentage of (81.73). The researcher relied on building the two measures of strategic vigilance by (4) axes and (24) phrases, and the measure of organizational performance by (4) axes and (20) phrases, using the questionnaire in presenting it to the research sample. The results were processed within the (spss) system with all statistical requirements that achieve the research objectives. The researcher reached several conclusions, the most important one is that the research sample has strategic vigilance and organizational performance. The research concluded that strategic vigilance is considered one of the main pillars of information collection to determine and guide the work of the administrative bodies in the sports federations in advance. Organizational performance is the main driver of spreading the culture of continuous improvement and a catalyst towards achieving satisfaction, commitment, and creative thinking for the work of sports federations. The researcher recommends spreading the culture of strategic vigilance more widely in all its types and dimensions and the extent of its positive impact in improving aspects of sports management. Studying the internal and external environment according to specific criteria as it is responsible for the future success of the work of sports federations.

Powerlifting is a modern individual sport that relies heavily on muscle strength for success. This activity has distinguished Iraqi club players at both Arab and continental levels. Therefore, it is essential for specialists and researchers to work towards the development of this sport through precise scientific research into the methods and means adopted in training. This effort will enable us to keep pace with advancements in the field and achieve the highest accomplishments that enhance athletic careers. The objective of this research is to create a training curriculum aimed at developing maximum muscle strength through the eccentric contraction of the leg muscles in powerlifting athletes. Additionally, it seeks to investigate the impact of this training curriculum on the maximum muscle strength of powerlifting players. The research sample consisted of six players from the national youth powerlifting team, divided into two groups, each weighing 74 kg and aged between 19 and 21 years. The researcher applied a training curriculum designed for them, which lasted for eight weeks, with a frequency of three training sessions per week. The findings indicated a positive development in muscle strength, with varying degrees of improvement between the groups. Furthermore, there was a significant enhancement in the maximum muscle strength of the players’ legs following the implementation of the training program. The research recommendations emphasize the importance of utilizing the results of this study when developing training methods for powerlifting athletes. It is also crucial to consider the appropriate motor performance pathways related to technical execution when designing training programs.

considered an effective weapon for scoring points. It should be characterized by strength, speed, and accuracy if the team wants to win the point and the match. Therefore, a player who masters this skill can have a significant impact on their team’s results. This is why all professionals in this field, including coaches, players, and academics, are focused on developing this skill, as it has a high contribution rate to winning. The aim of the research was to prepare coordination exercises and to identify the impact of these exercises on developing some kinematic variables and the accuracy of the rapid smash skill for youth in volleyball. The research hypothesized that there would be statistically significant differences between the pre-test and post-test for these variables as well as accuracy. The sample consisted of one group of (5) players, through which the researcher reached positive results after applying the experiment.

Any development in the areas of life that a person seeks to reach must invest all the possibilities and capabilities that are specific to that field to reach that development. The research problem is that the methods used in education do not reach the learner to an advanced level. Identifying the effect of Daniel’s model in developing reflective thinking and teaching some basic basketball skills to first-stage female students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences for Girls, Al-Mustansiriya University.


Therefore, the researcher used the experimental method using the two-group equivalent method to suit the nature of the research problem. The sample of the main experiment was chosen randomly, and its number was (40) female students who were divided into two groups (control and experimental). The researcher concluded that Daniel’s model contributed positively to the post-tests in the reflective thinking scale and the development of the level of skill performance in basketball. Daniel’s model is the best type that can be used in the reflective thinking and skill performance scale in basketball.

This research aims to identify the effect of educational units based on the Burkart adaptable learning model on learning the overhead serve skill in volleyball, as well as to determine the superiority of the study groups (control and experimental) in learning this skill. The researcher employed an experimental research design with two groups: a control group and an experimental group. The sample was drawn from the original population, consisting of second-year students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Al-Nasour University for the academic year 2024-2025, totaling 78 students. A random selection method was used to choose a sample of 24 students, divided into two equal groups by lottery, with each group consisting of 12 students. This sample represents 37.5% of the original research population, which is considered an adequate percentage for true and valid representation. Subsequently, a pre-test for the research variables was conducted, followed by the implementation of the educational units prepared by the researcher, totaling 16 units based on the Burkart adaptable learning model, each lasting 90 minutes, with two units per week. After the intervention, a post-test was performed, and the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyze the results, leading the researcher to significant conclusions. One of the key findings indicates that the Burkart adaptable learning model enhances students’ competencies during the lesson through its three phases, improving their physical abilities and learning skills in volleyball. The model contributed to developing students’ independence and self-sufficiency. The researcher recommended that emphasizing the application of the Burkart adaptable learning model in teaching the overhead serve skill in volleyball to enhance lesson effectiveness through its three phases and focusing on developing the students’ self-sufficiency during skill acquisition by implementing self-regulated learning models

This research aimed at designing educational planned exercises to develop certain attacking skills in volleyball and to determine the effectiveness of these exercises in improving the attacking skills of female volleyball players, The researcher employed the experimental method with a single experimental group, as it is the most appropriate approach to address the research problem. The research population was intentionally selected and consisted of 12 female volleyball players from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at University of Diyala for the academic year 2023/2024, representing 100% of the population. The results revealed a significant improvement in the performance of attacking skills—spiking, attacking passing, and attacking coverage—after applying the educational planned exercises. This confirms their effectiveness in enhancing both the technical and tactical performance of the players. Additionally, the planned exercises facilitated the integration of individual skills within a team context, which improved the players’ ability to make accurate decisions during complex attacking situations. Recommendations:The researcher recommends incorporating educational planned exercises into standard training programs aimed at developing attacking volleyball skills, particularly for university-level players and those at intermediate skill levels.


Furthermore, it is suggested to design diverse instructional units that simulate real-game scenarios, focusing on quick decision-making and team interaction during attacking plays. Special attention should also be given to teaching attacking coverage alongside developing passing and spiking skills to ensure an effective attacking integration and improve the team’s overall performance

The purpose of this study is to investigate the research on artificial intelligence algorithms in football, specifically in relation to player performance prediction and injury prevention. To accomplish this goal, scholarly resources including Google Scholar, ResearchGate, Springer, and Scopus were used to provide a systematic examination of research done during the last ten years (2015–2025). Through a systematic procedure that included data collection, study selection based on predetermined criteria, categorisation based on AI applications in football, and assessment of major research problems, trends, and prospects, almost fifty papers were found and analysed. Summarising AI applications in football for performance and injury predictions, predicting injuries and analysing related risks, and evaluating player performance using AI models are the three main topics highlighted in the study. This study highlights the use of AI algorithms in the sports field to predict injuries and predict team or player performance, especially in football.

The importance of this research lies in highlighting a new mechanism for selecting young middle-distance runners by using relative time measurement for endurance testing as an effective tool. This topic carries great significance, as the research contributes to developing more accurate and effective methods for selecting middle-distance runners. It helps identify athletes with the potential for optimal performance in this type of race. Additionally, by providing objective and measurable criteria, it helps reduce randomness in the selection process, decreasing reliance on subjective evaluations or arbitrary judgments in choosing athletes, thus enhancing the fairness of the process.


Measuring relative time in endurance testing aids in determining the level of physical ability and endurance of young athletes, allowing coaches to focus on developing those capacities that directly impact performance in middle-distance races. This importance reflects the value of the research in advancing the field of selecting young athletes and providing innovative tools based on scientific measurements to improve the accuracy of predicting athletic performance. The study aimed to examine the effectiveness of relative time measurement in endurance testing as a tool for predicting readiness and selecting young middle-distance runners.


By analyzing the relationship between endurance test results and relative time, the research seeks to provide reliable information that helps improve athlete selection mechanisms and enhance their abilities to achieve optimal performance in races. The researcher adopted the descriptive method for its suitability to the nature of the problem being addressed. The research population consisted of students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences for the academic year 2023-2024. The research sample included players from specialized schools within the national centers in Diyala province, specifically from the track and field school, focusing on middle-distance runners within a single age group (14-16 years), totaling eight athletes.


The field research procedures included conducting (the endurance test with relative time, the 800-meter run performance test, and the 100-meter run performance test). Based on the results obtained, the researcher concluded that measuring relative time is an effective test for predicting athletes’ capabilities. The study found that using relative time measurement in endurance testing is an accurate and effective tool for evaluating the abilities of young middle-distance runners, as it helps predict their future performance in these distances. The results showed a strong correlation between relative time results in the endurance test and the athletes’ actual performance in middle distances.


The researcher recommends using relative time as a fundamental criterion in selecting athletes and suggests adopting the relative time test as a core component of sports selection programs for middle-distance runners. Additionally, it is recommended to regularly integrate the relative time test into training plans to monitor physical progress and adaptation to training loads.

Football imposes on the player a series of mental processes, starting with attention, then concentration, then focusing attention, then mental visualization... all the way to motor response to solve the motor tasks required of the player. Mental processes play a major role in the player’s motor behavior, emotions, and responses, and are among the most important factors influencing the process of learning motor skills for players. The importance of the research lies in studying and analyzing the player’s mental processes, which in turn leads to the development of skill performance during competitive matches, as they are like the state of play. The study aimed to identify the level of some mental processes and skill performance of players in the Premier League football teams for the 2023/2024 sports season. To achieve this, the study was conducted on (40) players representing two teams from Baghdad, (40) players representing two teams from southern clubs, and (40) representing two teams from northern clubs, bringing the total to (120) players. The pilot experiment was conducted on (10) players from Baghdad teams. After the experiment was completed, they were excluded from the main experiment. The researcher used the statistical package (SPSS) to process the data. Defining mental processes and their tests after presenting them to a group of experts, there is a discrepancy in the level of some mental processes and the skill performance of the Premier League players of the research sample. The most important recommendations are to focus on mental training and conducting mental process tests on a regular basis, in addition to the physical and skill preparation of junior and youth teams, as they have an impact on players in the future in Iraq.

The researcher aimed to identify the effect of engaging in physical activities following the high-intensity interval training (HIIT) method, with or without the use of Metformin XR (500 mg), on fasting, random, and HbA1c blood glucose levels in individuals at risk of developing diabetes type 2. The study included 30 participants, with the mean and standard deviation values for their age, body mass, height, and glucose levels as follows: (42.27 ± 1.72) years, (89.33 ± 8.82) kg, (171.67 ± 4.68) cm, and (117.87 ± 4.40) mg/100 mL, respectively. The researcher employed an experimental research methodology using an equivalent group design, dividing the research sample into three groups (control and two experimental groups), each consisting of 10 individuals. Pre-tests were conducted for all three groups, including measurements of fasting, random, and HbA1c blood glucose levels. The main experiment was applied over a period of three months, after which the researcher re-conducted the mentioned tests. The statistical values (Sig) of the Wilcoxon test for the pre- and post-test results of fasting, random, and HbA1c blood glucose levels showed P ≤ 0.05, indicating the effectiveness of engaging in physical activities using the HIIT method, with or without the use of Metformin XR (500 mg), in reducing blood glucose levels.

The research aims at recognizing the impact of multiple-height barriers by continuously replicating the development of certain muscle strengths of the two men and the digital level of the 100m race in an effort by researchers to reduce the problem of the weakness or stability of the numbers achieved by the college players and contribute to find a scientific solution to them by identifying the causes of that weakness. In order to apply the research procedures, researchers selected the sample of research in a deliberate manner from the players of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences team of the University of Anbar for a race run of 100 m (7) runners during the academic year (2024/2025), (1) runner was excluded because wasn’t being regular in the trial due to injury and thus the number of sample personnel (6) players. The main conclusions reached are that the proposed exercises using multi-height barriers with continuous repetition have a positive effect on the development of most of the muscle strengths of the two men (in question) and the digital level of 100m running runners (search sample personnel), as well as that the muscle strength of the two men has an effect on the length of the hostility step and its frequency rate, which is reflected in its speed.

The research aims at developing a set of specific exercises to develop maximum lower limb strength and accuracy of some crushing attack techniques in volleyball, and to identify the differences between the results of pre- and post-tests in developing maximum lower limb strength and accuracy of some crushing attack techniques in volleyball. The researcher assumes the existence of differences between the results of pre- and post-tests in developing maximum lower limb strength and accuracy of some crushing attack techniques in volleyball. The researcher used the experimental method with a single-group design with pre- and post-tests to suit the nature of the problem. The researcher deliberately selected the research community (stratified), which comprised (120) advanced volleyball club players, at a rate of (12) players per club for the 2024 sports season. The research sample included the Taq Club. The sports method and the number of sample members was (12) players and the coefficients of reliability, validity and objectivity of the tests were found. Pre-tests (for physical abilities) were conducted, and the researcher prepared special exercises within the framework of the training curriculum for the special preparation stage and the post-tests were conducted after completing the application of the special exercises. The researcher used the statistical program (SPSS) to process the data statistically and after presenting, analyzing, and discussing the results, the researcher reached the following conclusions: The training curriculum used contributed to the development of the maximum strength of the lower extremities. The maximum strength is related to the accuracy of performing the smash skill in volleyball. Also, the special exercises used within the framework of the training curriculum have a positive impact on developing the maximum strength of the lower extremities and the accuracy of some smash attack methods in volleyball.

The research aims at developing a set of specific exercises to develop maximum lower limb strength and accuracy of some crushing attack techniques in volleyball, and to identify the differences between the results of pre- and post-tests in developing maximum lower limb strength and accuracy of some crushing attack techniques in volleyball. The researcher assumes the existence of differences between the results of pre- and post-tests in developing maximum lower limb strength and accuracy of some crushing attack techniques in volleyball. The researcher used the experimental method with a single-group design with pre- and post-tests to suit the nature of the problem. The researcher deliberately selected the research community (stratified), which comprised (120) advanced volleyball club players, at a rate of (12) players per club for the 2024 sports season. The research sample included the Taq Club. The sports method and the number of sample members was (12) players and the coefficients of reliability, validity and objectivity of the tests were found. Pre-tests (for physical abilities) were conducted, and the researcher prepared special exercises within the framework of the training curriculum for the special preparation stage and the post-tests were conducted after completing the application of the special exercises. The researcher used the statistical program (SPSS) to process the data statistically and after presenting, analyzing, and discussing the results, the researcher reached the following conclusions: The training curriculum used contributed to the development of the maximum strength of the lower extremities. The maximum strength is related to the accuracy of performing the smash skill in volleyball. Also, the special exercises used within the framework of the training curriculum have a positive impact on developing the maximum strength of the lower extremities and the accuracy of some smash attack methods in volleyball.

The research aim at identifying the effect of exercises using Viper and its effect on explosive power and speed and the level of performance of the smash and blocking skills for volleyball players. Which, when emphasized in training, benefits the players through special exercises that work to develop explosive power and speed and thus obtain optimal and accurate performance as it is closely related to the skills of the game. In light of these goals, the researcher developed the following hypothesis: There are no statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-test of the research group. The research community was determined by volleyball players under the age of 16. The researcher chose her sample from the players of Al-Sinaa Club. They underwent skill tests (accuracy of straight smash and accuracy of blocking wall). The physical tests included (strength characterized by speed and explosive ability). The researcher used the statistical bag to process the data. The research results showed that there were significant differences between the pre- and post-tests in the research variables. Considering discussing the results, she reached several conclusions that achieved the research objectives and hypotheses, including that Viper exercises positively affect the physical and skill variables under study in the game of volleyball. This was evident from the players achieving high accuracy in their performance of the skills studied. The researcher recommended the necessity of using training programs that focus on developing special physical abilities through Viper and their reflection on the skill aspect of the players.

elements of football for boys and girls aged 7-9 years. The researcher adopted an experimental method with two experimental groups and a control group, where the study population was represented by the students of Asmayi Boys Primary School, one of the schools in the Baguba district of Diyala Governorate, and the study sample consisted of (30 students in the experimental group and 30 students in the control group. The training program was applied to the study sample and based on the results obtained, there was a statistically significant difference in favor of the experimental group in the post-test, which the researcher attributed to the importance of the training program applied to the sample and suggested the need for a training program for the students in order to improve the physical elements football, which are compatible with the characteristics of the growth stage due to their importance in creating the foundations and rules for developing those elements in the future. And taking into account following the foundations and principles of developing the physical elements of football when developing physical preparation programs for the cubs of the research sample.

The research aimed to prepare exercises like the movements and exercises of tennis players to develop the lateral movement of assistant referees, while giving them exposure to the field of play during the match for the longest possible period, as well as helping in passing the Coda and readiness tests in the annual tests and tournament tests.


The researcher used the experimental method (with one group), and the sample was selected intentionally among the first-class referees (Baghdad), who numbered (20) assistant referees.


The prepared exercises were applied for two months (8 weeks), 3 days a week, with (24) training units. After completing the curriculum, the results were treated statistically, and the following conclusions emerged. The effect of the exercises used has proven effective in the speed and agility of the lateral movements of the assistant referees and the readiness choices (selection of the hall referees) of the assistant referees. As for the most important directions It is necessary to pay attention to these exercises for groups other than assistants, especially hall referees, because their lateral movement is similar to assistant referees.

This research aims to investigate the relationship between the application of Total Quality Management (TQM) standards and the level of self-efficacy among the professors of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Al-Mustansiriya University. The researchers adopted a descriptive methodology as it suits the nature of the study, with a randomly selected sample of 100 professors. Two main tools were used: a Total Quality Standards Scale and a Self-Efficacy Scale, both developed based on scientific principles to ensure validity and reliability. Statistical analysis revealed that TQM standards are highly implemented among the college professors, as all domains — leadership, strategic planning, continuous improvement, operations management, and beneficiary satisfaction — showed levels above the hypothetical mean. Additionally, results of the self-efficacy scale indicated that professors possess a high level of self-efficacy in areas such as self-confidence, achievement ability, dealing with challenges, emotional regulation, and decision-making. The findings confirmed a strong positive correlation between the application of TQM standards and self-efficacy, with a Pearson correlation coefficient of (0.72). This suggests that applying TQM standards significantly contributes to enhancing professors’ self-efficacy. Based on these findings, the study recommends continuing the systematic application of TQM practices and providing ongoing professional development programs to boost professors competencies and create a supportive and motivating work environment.