AL ARBA'IN

This paper presents a fire detection and localization system designed
to address the increasing incidence of fires in farms and outdoor areas.
The proposed system utilizes a video camera capable of withstanding
environmental changes, such as illuminance and color correlation to fire
smoke and flames, offering a suitable alternative to traditional smoke
sensor-based detection methods, which does not operate in open areas.
By integrating color and motion detection approaches, the proposed fire
detection system achieves accurate results. The input video decomposes
using lifting wavelet transform to reduce the data size and as a result reduce
the data processing time while preserving fire features for detection. The
decomposed video frames are processed for color and motion detection
to identify fire characteristics, with morphological post-processing
eliminating unwanted pixels. The system calculates the detected fire
area and applies threshold conditions for bounding. Fire localization is
achieved through inverse camera parameter calibration and fire position
mapping in pixels. The approach utilizes a projective transformation
matrix to establish the relationship between frame pixels and real-world
positions. Experimental results demonstrate a high accuracy rate for
both offline and online (real-time) tests. The system achieves an average
accuracy of 96% for real-time smoke and flame detection and 98% for
offline flame and smoke detection. Fire localization is achieved with an
error of less than 0.4 meters.

Understanding how people behave in crowded places is an
important endeavor with several uses, like controlling the spread
of COVID-19 and boosting security. In-depth study of crowd scene
analysis methods, including both crowd counting and crowd activity
detection, is included in this survey article. This article fills the gap
by exhaustively examining the spectrum up to contemporary deep
learning techniques, whereas current studies frequently focus primarily
on certain aspects or traditional approaches. Paper proposes the
innovative idea of Crowd Divergence (CD) evaluation as a matrix
for evaluating crowd scene analysis approaches, which was motivated
by information theory. Contrary to conventional measurements, CD
quantifies the agreement between expected and observed crowd count
distributions. This paper makes three key contributions: an examination
of readily available crowd scene datasets, the use of CD for thorough
technique evaluation, and a thorough examination of crowd scene
methodologies. The investigation starts with conventional computer
vision methods, closely examining density estimates, detection, and
regression strategies. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) become
effective tools as deep learning progresses, as seen by new models like
ADCrowdNet and PDANet, which make use of attention mechanisms
and structured feature representation. To evaluate algorithmic
effectiveness, a variety of benchmark datasets including ShanghaiTech,
UCF CC 50, and UCSD are carefully examined. Computer vision\\'s
exciting and challenging topic of \\"crowd scene analysis\\" has numerous applications, from crowd control to security surveillance. This survey
article offers a comprehensive viewpoint on crowd scene analysis,
bringing several approaches under a single heading and presenting the
CD measure to guarantee reliable assessment. This article provides
a complete resource for researchers and practitioners alike through
an elaborate investigation of methods, datasets, and cutting-edge
evaluation approaches, paving the way for improved crowd scene
analysis techniques across a variety of fields.

The spatial alignment of kinetic energies falls within the realm of green smart city technologies, such as smart streetlights and traffic signals. These advancements are among the latest examples of
innovative infrastructure that aim to establish the region as a leading city in smart technology within the country.
Despite pedestrians having individual preferences, goals, and destinations, the dynamics of pedestrian crowds of visitors can surprisingly be predicted. Pedestrians can move freely in sparsely populated areas, but during peak times of million visit and increased crowds, they require self-organization and movement along guided
smart pathways that generate green energy. In such cases, pedestrian pathway systems will evolve, and computer simulations will be valuable tools in developing distinctive pedestrian facilities and road
track systems.This research aims to investigate the management of human crowds of visitors during the annual million-visitor seasons in Iraq, specifically focusing on their organizational role and protection from
the risks of congestion and overcrowding while performing sacred rituals in the holy cities of Karbala surrounding the holy shrines of Imam Hussein and Abbas.The study found that human activities can contribute to generating
electricity through energy-harvesting activities such as walking. When a person walks, energy is dissipated on the surface through impact and vibration, which can be harnessed and converted into electrical energy. Therefore, the study area, represented by the city of Karbala, stands out as a location where large crowds gather, with millions of people from various nationalities congregating inside and around its squares and passageways during the Arbaeen pilgrimage of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) and other religious occasions. This necessitates the provision of substantial amounts of energy to meet the demands of lighting, escalators, air conditioning, and other operational requirements.

The research identified an untapped and essential source of clean energy generation: the kinetic energy resulting from visitors’ movement. This study aims to propose a crowd management system for Ziyarat Al-Arbaeen by accurately assessing pedestrian density through smart applications integrated with a piezoelectric tile system. The research methodology involved the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to determine the routes where the system can be implemented in order to achieve the highest possible energy harvesting efficiency and ensure optimal utilization.

The Middle Euphrates region is considered one of the agricultural
areas in which farms abound and are distributed in places to the
exclusion of others. In general, several factors affect the distribution
of green areas, such as soil, climate, water sources, the availability
of manpower for agricultural purposes, and markets consuming
agricultural products, and for the purpose of understanding the spatial
distribution of green areas in this region These factors were studied,
and the researcher reached the area of ​​green areas in the study area
and its environmental impact in reducing the temperatures of the
neighboring cities In addition to the itineraries that visitors to Imam
Hussein take on foot (Zeyart AL-Arbaeen), by relying on modern
satellite images, geographic information systems, and remote sensing
techniques.

Radio-frequency interference (RFI) in radio telescope observations
refers to the level of radio-frequency noise in the sky at all times,
regardless of any astronomical sources this noise may be coming
from including the Earth’s atmosphere and solar activity as well as all
communications equipment near the areas of interest. Make it radioquiet and reduce or reduce noise pollution in it in order to preserve
people’s health, as well as provide a quiet monitoring area within the
same range of these frequencies.
In this study, we designed two dipole antennas in different
frequency bands to measure the radio noise level. The research can
focus on studying the levels of signals and noise pollution resulting
from interference within the same frequencies during normal days to
compare with the days of religious visits in different regions of Iraq,
especially Karbala Governorate, to study the effect of signals and
noise pollution on public health and the health of visitors in particular
during the performance of the visit due to the presence of gatherings
great humanity. The project may also include a study of the possibility
of media coverage of the event within the same frequencies and an
attempt to reduce the negative impact of radio interference and the
effect of signals and noise pollution during religious visits, as the use
of mobile phones may lead to an increase in noise levels and a decrease
in the sound quality of the coverage. This research can contribute to
identifying the negative effects of signals and noise pollution during
religious events and identifying measures to reduce these effects on visitors With our antenna design, the quality and working performance of the antenna
was measured by measuring the impedance (Z) and the standing wave ratio
(SWR). Our coaxial cable has a characteristic impedance of 80 Ω for LBA
and about 50 for HBA and SWR Range Explanations between (1.0-2.0) for
HBA and about 1.5 for LBA, which is a good match for the bipolar half-wave.
The radio interference ratio was measured during different days and times
to find the amount of variation on normal days, where the morning LBA value
is -76.232±0.7733.and the HBA .0.6814±68.7106, also, in the afternoon the
value is about -77.4956 1.06541 and -72.7847±1.1583 for LBA and HBA,
respectively, as well as the measured nighttime -82.352±0.5066 and -82.7397
0.4997 for LBA I’m HBA, respectively. When comparing these values, note
that they are higher in the morning for both LBA and HBA.
In an actual attempt to determine the percentage of radio noise, we will use
the aforementioned antennas to make the same measurements during Ziyarte
Al-Arbaeen to determine the extent of the impact on the RFI value caused by
the number of visitors and thus its impact on the quality of communications.
Where the radio interference is commensurate with the large number of
radio devices used by the security and service agencies supporting Ziyarte
Al-Arbaeen and studying the possibility of reducing its effects on the health
of visitors first, as well as the extent of its impact on radio monitoring in the
event of installing radio telescopes close to the area.

The aim of this study is to study effects of capabilities resulting
from waste recycling in Iraq. Finding sustainable solutions is essential
because society has dangerous issues in waste production and energy
production by rotating this waste. This study is specifically focused
in Iraq and the technical, financial and environmental aspects of a
number of waste recycling techniques, such as anaerobic digestion,
combustion and reinforcement. In addition, the employment of
these technologies may increase economic opportunities, increase
energy security, and greenhouse gas emissions. The results will
help decision -makers, investors and stakeholders in developing
plans to increase the effectiveness of renewable energy and waste
management in Iraq The current study is looking for waste recycling projects to
energy in Iraq and exploring the feasibility of applying these projects
to address the waste problem and energy lack. The current research
takes into account the financial, technical, organizational and social
aspects of such projects and proposes a framework to successfully
implement them. The study also sheds light on the potential benefits
of energy projects resulting from waste recycling, such as reducing
greenhouse gas emissions, generating renewable energy, and
creating jobs. The results of this study can help decision makers to
make accurate decisions about waste management and renewable
energy strategies in Iraq.

Zeyart AL-Arbaeen is the largest annual religious gathering in the
world, with millions of Shia Muslims visiting Karbala, Iraq, every
year. This study aims to investigate the impact of environmental
collaboration on sustainable Islamic tourism development, Taking
Zeyart AL-Arbaeen as a case study. The research employed a mixedmethod approach, involving both qualitative and quantitative data
collection methods. Data were collected from both primary and
secondary sources, including interviews, surveys, and literature
reviews. The findings indicate that environmental collaboration
can positively impact sustainable Islamic tourism development by
promoting sustainable practices, reducing environmental degradation,
enhancing socio-cultural awareness, and fostering economic growth.
The study also recommends that the Iraqi government, in collaboration
with religious leaders and other stakeholders, develop policies and
strategies to ensure the sustainability of Zeyart AL-Arbaeen

Events, due to the benefits they bring to cities, have become a
matter of concern to managers and urban planners around the world
today. Rather, it can be said that governments were and still consider
holding major events as one of their important tools in improving
their image internally and externally.
The role of local governments and urban managements today in
holding any mega event in their cities is by calculating the benefits
and harms, submission and competition, and planning to compete
with other cities taking into account their competitive advantages.
The presence of mega events in three holy cities in Iraq can be an
opportunity for urban managements to develop their cities, just as other
cities in the world have taken them as a tool for their development.
This is done by urging stakeholders to interact with the city, bring
public participation, finance, urban marketing, and others. Where this
research studied global models for the roles of local governments in
holding mega events and making the most of this global opportunity
and analyzed the roles played by the governments of our holy cities
and what they can and should be

Walking is one of the most important manifestations of sustainable
cities and occupies a large space in modern planning trends, related to
the planning of pedestrian streets many variables that must be taken
into account when planning pedestrian streets such as protection, ease
of access and other important elements, and the elements that add the
aesthetic dimension of the streets are one of the most important aspects
that affect walk ability and encourage towards the use of walking as a
means of transportation within city centers for distances that can be
reached on foot, as Arab cities in general and Iraqi cities in particular
suffer from great neglect of aesthetics aspects due to the general trend in
car planning and underestimating the importance of pedestrian streets,
especially the aesthetic aspects with a direct impact on pedestrians, so
the importance of identifying the elements that provide the aesthetic
aspect in pedestrian streets and the possibility of providing them is very
important We assume the achievement of sustainable pedestrian streets,
including in particular the aesthetic elements that increase walk ability
in cities, as the descriptive analytical approach is applied in research in
determining the elements of pedestrian street aesthetics and studying
the relationship between those elements through the analysis of the
multiple regression of parametric variables and their relationship to
the independent variable (walk ability) for a sample questionnaire The
research to indicate many concepts such as walking and walk ability
and review of literature on pedestrians and the benefits of pedestrian
streets and then extract indicators to achieve the beauty of the pedestrian environment through the elements and the work of a questionnaire to
show the strength of expression and the relationship between indicators
and address the analysis of the Central Library Street in the center of
Karbala city was reached to the absence of indicators of the beauty
of pedestrian streets except for the element of symbolism and control
and recommendations were developed to address the problems in fact
to increase walk ability And the shift towards sustainable pedestrian
streets by focusing on finding elements that add the beauty of the
pedestrian environment to increase walk ability in areas where walking
is the most important means of transportation within the city center,
especially in cities that witness a continuous high turnout such as the
city of Karbala.

The “ Ziyarte Al-Arba’een “, which takes place in the holy city of
Karbala, is one of the most important visits that Muslims from different
countries of the world are keen to perform annually, as a large number of
visitors go to the city of Karbala on foot to commemorate the occasion of
the “Arbaeen” of Imam Hussein (PBUH), the grandson of the Messenger
of God (PBUH), Where the number of visitors in (2014 AD) who entered
the city of Karbala exceeded (21) million visitors. These numbers of
visitors have their own requirements and services that are difficult to
provide in the small area of the city center of Karbala, which does not
exceed (75.67 hectare) and is intended to accommodate (less than 40,000
people) of its local population. Therefore, the research problem was:
the difficulty of providing the requirements and services for visitors
in the city center of Karbala, especially in the “ Ziyarte Al-Arba’een
“. Therefore, it was a legal and ethical duty to think in scientific and
sustainable ways to provide these requirements without the need to build
new service structures in the movement axes that cause a lack of space
for walking and crowding that impedes movement, by adopting the
hypothesis: that relying on the concept of multifunctional urban space
can contribute to finding solutions to provide the necessary services
for visitors. The main objective of the research is to identify the urban
spaces in the center of the holy city of Karbala, in which the elements of
multi-functional urban spaces can be applied, and to identify the services
and the entity responsible for managing them that can be appropriate
for each space

A user-friendly Windows application known as “the Blood
Donation Management System” was created using C# and SQL
Server. The goal of this application is to handle donor information
and blood inventory effectively. It provides a complete solution for
blood banks and donation facilities to organize their processes and
guarantee a steady stream of blood donation activities that could be
utilized during the Arbaeen pilgrimage. By encouraging the crowds
to donate blood, so that the blood banks may have sufficient amounts
of different blood types. Also, in the case of a crisis, there will be an
instant transfusion of blood if needed. The application\'s core feature
include a blood inventory management that enables the blood bank
authorized personnel to keep track of the availability of various blood
types, while the application gives an accurate report of the blood stock.
It offers up to date data on blood types quantities and expiration dates,
ensuring that the blood supply is continuously kept at the best possible
state for blood storage. The donor data management makes it possible
to capture and maintain crucial donor information, including age,
the time since the previous donation or surgery and donor’s contact
information in case of lack of certain blood type, the donors may be
contacted to donate one more time. This information are essential
for preserving a large pool of candidate donors and guaranteeing a
secure process of blood transfusions. Also the application contains
user authentication to assure secure management of donors private
information and preventing blood supplies from being drawn to black
market. Information concerning donors and blood inventories are
kept private and accurate due to the access control mechanism. On
the home interface, the application facilitate navigation through the
application’s modules using dashboard display

The utilization of three-dimensional (3D) technology has led to
significant progress in the analysis and comprehension of geographical
data within geographic information systems (GIS). This study used the
Al-Jadriya area in Baghdad, Iraq, as an example of how 3D GIS may
be used to analyze and manage urban environments. By integrating 3D
models of buildings, landscape, and infrastructure, urban planners and
decision-makers can obtain vital insights into the potential implications
of proposed developments, simulate traffic patterns, and discover
hiding threats. We can strengthen disaster management and emergency
response skills by giving complete insights into the built environment
and possible risks.
This research aims to investigate the benefits of 3D GIS while
emphasizing the need of enhancing urban planning and management
approaches. Stakeholders may improve urban development plans,
increase the safety and efficacy of Zeyart AL-Arbaeen, and much
more by using the potential of 3D GIS technology. Population control,
population movement management, and the security of millions of
people attending this massive event are all advantages of 3D GIS.

The research aims to shed light on the reality of the functional
efficiency of the urban spaces in Karbala city center, due to the fact that
these spaces play a very important role in the movement of millions
of visitors during the large pilgrims, such as Zeyart AL-Arbaeen and
Al-Sha’baniyah visit, and others.
As a general concept in the planning field, spaces are considered as
part of the urban fabric of any city, whether large or small; therefore,
they constitute the natural outlet for the city as well as they are
considered as the most important physical components in the city
that has visual (environmental) and aesthetic effects. Therefore, this
research investigates some international models in this field, through
which a set of functional requirements that can contribute to reaching
a conclusion of functional values for the urban spaces within the city
are identified. They are demonstrated by indicators that are examined
and tested on the study area, and these indicators are (social interaction,
accessibility, spatial organization, and spatial compatibility).
One of the most important conclusions of this research is that
the creation of four new spaces in the study area (Baghdad Square,
Sha’baniyah Square, Martyrs Square, and Al-Alqami Square) was
due to the actual need for places for visitors to gather, especially
after the increase in the large number of visitors during the last years.
Moreover, these Squares represent a meeting point for visitors with
local residents for cross-cultural contact and knowledge exchange.
The area of spaces has increased at the expense of residential use, as
many of the houses close to the area between the two holy shrines
were removed to expand the area. This has led to the creation of
spaces for urban interaction and daily social communication, largely
from all local and foreign groups of people.

The purpose of conducting this study in the city of Karbala, specifically
on the day of the Arbaeen visit, is to determine the effect of increasing the
concentrations of polluting gases on the health of visitors to the city . This
study investigates the changes in the levels of ozone (O3), sulfur dioxide
(SO2), and carbon monoxide (CO) over the city of Karbala. These gases
are considered among the gases that are believed to threaten human health
and cause suffocation and other problems resulting from the increase in
their concentration. The Sentinel-5 tropospheric monitoring instrument
(Sentinel-5P TROPOMI) was used to find SO2, O3 and CO to monitor
local air quality and pollution using relatively high-resolution satellite
data and to investigate the relationship between the pollutants and the
demographic and geographic information of the study area. Geospatial
analyzes were performed using demographics data and numerical elevation
models and vegetation cover for this purpose . The results showed that
the district of Al-Hur showed a greater increase in the concentration
of carbon dioxide gas compared to other regions, while the amount of
ozone gas increased in the center of Karbala region, especially near the
road used by tourists traveling from Najaf to Imam. The shrine, while
the increase in sulfur dioxide is distributed in each of the districts of
AlHusseinah, Al-Hur and the western strip. The overall conclusions of the
study showed that local air quality and pollution levels can be monitored
using Sentinel-5P TROPOMI dataSentinel-5P TROPOMI

The attention of developed countries is turning to the use of
renewable energy sources, especially after the fossil fuel crises and
environmental pollution caused by power plants, solar energy is a
more effective renewable resource for use today, especially in areas
with high solar energy. Solar cells convert solar radiation into an
electrical energy source for domestic and industrial use. In this study
we used remote sensing and Geographic information systems (GIS)
to identify potentially suitable areas for solar power plants in the holy
city of Karbala, Iraq.
After determining the necessary criteria and collecting their data
via the satellite images of Landsat 8 for the year 2022 and analyzing
them by ArcGIS, the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and the MultiCriteria Decision-Making Process (MCDA) were used to determine
the best land for the installation of solar cells
The results showed that the areas that are suitable and very suitable
are (15.41%), equivalent to (775.76607 Km2) of the total area of
Karbala governorate (5033 Km2). As a result, this model is suitable
for setting the selected criteria to identify the most promising sites
in Karbala governorate that can achieve the research objectives, this
study helps urban planners, designers and investors to implement and
develop solar power plants within the governorate.

Zeyart AL-Arbaeen in Karbala is one of the most important events
in Iraq to perform this religious ritual. Zeyart AL-Arbaeen in Karbala
is an opportunity to strengthen the human ties between the masses
participating in this visit.
Zeyart AL-Arbaeen in Karbala is characterized by the fact that it
relies heavily on walking, as millions of visitors walk to Karbala for
distances that reach several kilometers and take days, and the number
of visitors exceeds millions, passing through many Iraqi cities and
villages, through different regions, including the desert and urban areas.
And within different climatic conditions due to the different seasons
(such as cold and rain in winter and high temperatures in summer
Despite the importance of this visit, it faces many challenges.
The research will focus on the most important challenges, which are
providing the visitor’s comfort requirements during his walk towards
Karbala and hiking in Zeyart AL-Arbaeen.
Based on the foregoing, the research assumes that planning and
designing the roads that the visitor takes with a sustainable perspective
contributes to the comfort of the visitor, maintaining fitness and good
health, and avoiding them fatigue and exhaustion, in order to achieve
good preparation for that great religious event.
Accordingly, the research aims to propose a pedestrian road model
for the visit with a sustainable perspective to improve the walking
experience for visitors and ensure comfort and safety by adopting the
concept and indicators of physical comfort. Achieving physical rest
is important for maintaining general health, especially when doing
strenuous physical activities such as hiking, and for improving physical
and mental performance, concentration and endurance.
In order to achieve physical comfort during Zeyart AL-Arbaeen
in Karbala, the following physical comfort indicators were adopted:
• Thermal comfort for the visitor: by providing shaded visit paths using
afforestation, roofing and seating areas, which reduces the exposure
of visitors to extreme heat in the summer. Environmental technology
such as solar cooling systems and natural ventilation can be used to
reduce the temperature.
• Physical comfort for the visitor: through the provision of sustainable
rest stations, which include the most important services that the visitor
needs with high quality and commensurate with the different groups
of society and all age groups.
The analytical descriptive method was adopted in order to determine
physical comfort indicators, and geographical information systems
(GIS) were adopted to analyze the current situation. The results of the
spatial data analysis of the current situation showed that the visitor
paths achieve physical comfort indicators, and accordingly a proposal
was presented for a sustainable pedestrian path model that meets the
needs of visitors in terms of physical and thermal comfort, including
determining the locations of afforestation as well as determining the
locations of the signature of sustainable rest stations with their various
spaces.