kufa Journal for Nursing sciences

Coronary Heart Diseases CHD are a global health problem which strikes millions of people worldwide and causing life time severs disability.
Objective: to determine the impact of smoking behavior on patients with Coronary Artery Diseases.
Method: A descriptive quantitative study is carried out at al sadder medical city from Feb.23, 2012 to April15,2012A simple randomized sample of 60 coronary Artery diseases patients who were admitted to the Al-sadder medical city. The data were collected through the use of semi-constructed questionnaire which consists of two parts; the first part consist(age, gender, educational level, marital status, diagnosis, duration of illness) and second part consist of (smoking behavior of the patients before and after CAD, kind of smoking, number cigarettes smoking, and period of smoking before and after CAD occurrence, source of smoking, reason discourage from quitting smoking, and the source of advice to stop smoking).After gathering the data, the information was statistically analyzed through the application of percentage and frequency by using( SPSS)version 16.0.Results: about(46.7%) of the patients were diagnosed with Angina. About (76.7%) of the patients have duration of illness from (1-10) years.(66.7%)of the patients were current smokers before CAD. And (38.3%) of patients were still persistent in smoking after CAD occurrence.(85%) of the patients were smoking cigarettes only and about(15%) smoke cigarettes and waterpipe. And (40%) of the patients the source in smoking behavior was the friends.
Conclusion: The study concluded that Coronary Artery Disease occurs in people with smoking behavior. Moreover, smoking behavior affected negatively on patients with coronary heart disease.
Recommendations: the enactment from the Parliament to ban smoking in public places and to implement systematic smoking cessation programs to promote CAD patients' motivation to quit smoking, and great a preventive center to improve community awareness about the harms of smoking.

Background: The birth weight of an infant is the single most important determinate of its chances of the survival, health growth and development.
Objectives: Assessment of maternal factors leading to low birth weight babies and Associate it with some demographic variable of the babies.
Methods: Non-experimental exploratory survey research was conducted from Jun 20thto Dec 31st2011 in India. A Non-probability convenient sample consists of 100 postnatal mothers who delivered low birth weight babies were selected from Pune Hospitals. The tool used for data collection is a structured questionnaire consisted from two sections:1-Maternal factors and2-Demographicvariables.Content validity of the tools determined by a panel of experts. Reliability was determined by rational equivalence test. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis.
Results: The results of current study reveals that there were high significant association between medicines taken during pregnancy with gestational age, a significant association between maternal factors like weight gain during pregnancy with gestational age, a significant association between maternal factors like iron and folic acid during pregnancy with gestational age. There is no significant association among other factors.
Conclusion: Researcher concluded that maternal factors (Personal, Biological, Nutritional, History of disease, Psychological and Social factors) can affect the weight of the babies.
Recommendations: Further studies need to be conducted among antenatal and postnatal women

Background: the prevalence of female infertility ranges from 7% to 28% depending on the age of the woman, however ovulatory disorder can be seen in fifths of infertile women. In a healthy body, ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) and antioxidants remain in balance, when the balance is disrupted towards an overabundance of ROS; Oxidative stress (OS)occurs. Oxidative stress markers have been localized in follicular fluid of sub fertile women undergoing assisted reproduction, Low intrafollicular oxygenation has been associated with decreased oocyte developmental potential. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is required for the synthesis of collagen, for the synthesis of steroid and peptide hormones, and it protects tissues from oxidative damage. There is an abundance of ascorbic acid in the ovary, which is consistent with its known roles in hormone synthesis and synergism with neurotransmitters in stimulating hormone secretion.
Objective: The aim of our study is to evaluate the role of Vitamin C in the treatment of female infertility, with outcomes measured by total number of follicles, follicular size, endometrial thickness, and pregnancy outcome.
Method: Randomized, controlled, group-comparative study by taking two groups and observe them to study the effect of adding vitamin C on infertility treatment of half of them.50 women on induction of ovulation prepared for (IUI) with no vitamin C in their treatment and (50 women) prepared for (IUI) with vitamin C of500-1000mg daily in their treatment and follow up them by serial ultrasound measurement for number of ovarian follicles ,follicular diameter and endometrial thickness and pregnancy outcome.
Result: Follicular diameters, follicular numbers, endometrial thickness at day 10 of cycle, and pregnancy rate in group receiving vitamin C were all higher than group that who are not taking vitamin C.
Conclusion: Vitamin C has a role in female reproduction as it can improve the number, diameter of follicles, endometrial thickness and thereby pregnancy outcome

Objective: To assess early detection program for breast cancer by evaluating the structure of the regulatory process (any activities performed by health personnel) and the outcome.
Methodology: descriptive study was conducted for the period from April 15 -May 31/2012. And such a study has selected a random sample (simple) which its frame was (220) and as a result of the different demographics of the sample studied, and their diversity which has the need for the work of three questionnaires distributed as follows: first questionnaire is to study the structure of management and the building that provide the service for tests of early breast cancer to the beneficiaries; and which may include two health central sector of all primary health care in the city of Baghdad and the total count for this sample is (20) centers for primary health care. The second questionnaire is to examine the services; activities performed by health personnel in the field of this program by their units and were answered by officials of this program in primary health care centers. The third questionnaire is to study the segment benefited from the services of the program of early detection of breast cancer which has included the study of the qualities of demographic and social services for them; their review to primary health care center, their satisfaction, their acceptance and their participation in the activities of the health center, beside that attending the awareness seminars and health education so the total of such sample, reaches (200) of the beneficiaries of care. The data analyzed by using of SPSS, and performed the data analysis process through the use of statistical methods of descriptive analysis method (Recurring, and percentages) and the arithmetic mean and standard deviation and deductive analysis (Chi square, sufficiency ratio percentage.
Result: The early detection program for breast cancer has experienced some limitations in its implementation that include the process which is concerned with registration by health personnel and the documentation, The program's outcome indicates that beneficiaries are satisfied with health services; the program is high effective; and most of the beneficiaries is ranging between non-morbid and those who have completed the treatment and moving toward recovery,
Conclusion: The program overall assessment shows that the program has a capacity to achieve less than two third of its anticipated performance.
Recommendations: The follow up for the implementation of the vocabulary of the program by the Ministry of Health officials about the program at the health centers to address the imbalance in this implementation.

Objectives: The aim of this study to evaluate the role of contrast enhanced MRI to distinguish the ring enhancing brain lesions with histological findings and clinical diagnosis as reference standard Patients and
Methods: This prospective study was done from May 2011 to May 2012.20patients with various ring enhancing lesions in the brain detected by MRI with different clinical conditions ,fifteen males and5females between 13-63years age MR imaging was performed with MRI of (Philips-achiva 1.5Tesla 16 channels).Routine sequences of T1, T2 and FLAIR spin echo sequences with IV contrast ,gadolinium were carried out. Statically analysis include sensitivity , specificity and accuracy accounting in this study
Results: Contrast enhanced MRI revealed 4 cases of non-neoplastic and13 cases as neoplastic brain ring lesions compared with histopathology which revealed 5 cases of non-neoplastic and 15 cases of neoplastic brain ring enhancing lesions. Sensitivity of MRI for non-neoplastic lesionswas80% and specificity is 86.6% .Sensitivity of MRI for neoplastic lesionswas86.6% and specificitywas80%.Accuracy of MRI in differentiation of ring enhancing brain lesion either neoplastic or non-neoplastic was 85%. MRI of neoplastic ring lesions revealed 4 cases as metastasis and 9 cases as primary tumor of high grade astrocytoma(globlastoma multiforme ) while histopathology reveal 5 cases metastasis and 10 cases glioblastoma multiform .Sensitivity of MRI for metastatic ring lesionwas80% and specificitywas81.8%.Sensitivity of MRI for primary neoplastic tumor is 81.8% and specificitywas66.6%.MRI for non-neoplastic ring lesionsincluded3 cases as abscess , on case resolving hematoma while histopathology revealed5 cases of non -neoplastic ring lesions , 3 cases pyogenic abscess, one case resolving hematoma and one case radiation necrosis
Conclusion and recommendation: The accuracy of differentiation of the neoplastic from non-neoplastic ring enhancing lesions by MRI is 85%. In doubtful cases diagnosis improved by use of further sequences like diffusion–perfusion studies and nuclear studies.

Background: There is an increasing evidence that vitamin D3improves lung function in respiratory diseased subjects. Higher plasma vitamin D3concentrationsarealso linked to better lung function in several communities. Objectives: To study the effects of single oral vitamin D3supplementation (600 IU) on lung function in healthy non-smoking young Iraqi subjects.
Methodology: Spirometric tests represented by forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in first one second (FEV1) and forced expiratory volume ratio (FEV%) were done for 82 healthy non-smokingyoung Iraqi college students (38 males and 44 females) in two occasions one month apart (first and second visits). They were divided into two main groups: Control group (CRL) and Vitamin D3 group (VTD). CRL group contained 42 subjects (18 males and 24 females) who didn't receive oral vitamin D3supplementation.VTD group contained 40 subjects (20 males and 20 females) who received single oral vitamin D3supplementation(600 IU).The ages of the study population were the same (20 years) and their heights were not significantly different within each sex.
Results: It was found that FVC and FEV1(but not FEV%) were significantly higher (from 80 ml to 130 ml)in the second visit than in the first visit in both groups (VTD and CRL) and in either sex (all p<0.05).
Conclusion: Depending on the results of present research; it is concluded that in healthy non-smoking Iraqi subjects; vitamin D3doesn't seem to have positive effects on Spirometric measurements other than these observed in control subjects.

Objectives: To describe the demographic characteristics of the patients. Describe the samples demographic profile by gender. Estimate the relationship between patient’s socio-demographic (age, gender, education, marital status, kinship, income, employment, and the families expressed emotions.
Methodology: The study carried out on a purposive “non probability” sample of (100) schizophrenic patient were selected from Psychiatric Hospital in Baghdad City. A questionnaire is constructed for the purpose of the present study, which is distributed across 4 main parts. Part one is a covering letter to obtain the agreement of patients and their family members to participate in the present study, part tow included the demographic characteristics of the sample, and part three included the demographic characteristics of the sample concerned family members who provide care and for schizophrenic patients, part four the level of expressed emotion scale. The overall items, which were included in the questionnaire, are 42 items. Validity and reliability of the questionnaire were determined through the review of a panel of experts and the pilot study. Data were collected through the period from September 11th2011 to October 11th2011. It was analyzed through the descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, and mean of score) and inferential statistics.
Results: the results shows that the findings of the present study show that (46%) of the subjects are in the age group of 30-39, years.(62.8%) of the women reported that their income was inadequate compared to33.3% of the men.
Conclusion: The results revealed that were a significant relationship was found in family expressed emotion with schizophrenic patient regarding to their Compliance with medication, family size, and patient income.
Recommendation: Collaboration between family members and mental health professional in the treatment of schizophrenic patient. Family Educational programs about how to deal with schizophrenic patient's behavior should be implemented to increase their knowledge about schizophrenia and accepting to schizophrenic patients.

Objective: The objective of the study is to determine the nutritional status of elderly resident in nursing home through anthropometric measurements (Body Mass Index, mid-upper arm circumference) dietary pattern and food intake and clinical appearance in Baghdad city.
Methodology: A descriptive (cross sectional)design was carried throughout the present study to assess the nutritional status of nursing home residents in Baghdad City. This study started from March 22th ,2010 through July 29th ,2010.Probability" random sample of (50) older adults were selected out of nursing home residents in Baghdad City for the present study. The sample was assigned to the study according to the following inclusive criteria., Older adult age was (60-86) years old, who are on unhealthy Status in Nursing Home Residence. Data were collected through the use of the questionnaire and interview, and analyzed through the application of descriptive and inferential statistical data analysis which reveals: demographic characteristic analysis of the sample concerned.
Results: the majority of the sample age is(70-74)years inferential (30%), the majority of study sample(62%)are male and the remaining are female, relative subjects level of education is that the greater number of them are illiterate and they are accounted for the indication of clinical appearance the majority for easy hair loss and bleaching nails (24%),show that the majority of BMI are within fourth categories groups and accounted for over weight(30%),the majority of MUAC within three groups and accounted for normal (82%).
Conclusion: their current medical problems, are overweight and taking medication. Most of the old age residents are not a customer for vitamins and minerals intake. Most of the old age residents are losing hair easily and bleaching nails.
Recommendations: Work on the coordination between the role of the state and civil society institutions and the Ministry of Social Affairs and the Ministry of Health for the purpose of direct supervision on the needs and problems of residents in the role of the state, the researchers recommend conduct a comparative study on the situation nutrition among the elderly living in nursing homes and the elderly living in the community

Background: Staphylococcus aurous one of the most common pathogen that cause a wide range of infection started by simple skin infection and end by septicemias and high possibility of death .
The study aimed to: present study try to evaluate the sensitivity and resistance pattern of staphylococcus aureus against Gentamycin, Cotrimethoprim, Amoxicillin and Cefalexin .
Methods: A 55 isolates of staphylococcus aureus obtained from urine, pleural fluid, joint aspiration, ear, skin, and pus, of indoor and out door patient in AL-SADER teaching hospital, AL-NAJAF AL-ASHREF, IRAQ. From a period extended between 9-1-2009----8-3-2010.And each isolate was tested for these 4 antibacterial drug.
Results: and results showed that Gentamycin has the highest percentage of sensitivity by staphylococcus aureus (34.83%)while Amoxicillin showed the highest percentage of resistance by staphylococcus aureus (30%).
Conclusion: Gentamycin was the drug of choice in treatment of staphylococcus aureus infection in al-najaf al-ashref.
Recommendation: we recommend further evaluation about antibacterial sensitivity together with college of medicine

Background :Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a very serious disease affecting people of varying age and race allover the world, it is a condition in which the body produces little or none of the hormone insulin. If left untreated, the blood glucose levels can rise to such a point as to cause coma or possibly even death.
Objectives: To assess patient’s attitude and Knowledge with diabetes mellitus in Kirkuk governorate as well as to find out the relationship between patients knowledge and some socio-demographic characteristic such as age and gender
Methodology: A descriptive study of a quantitative design were carried out at Azadi teaching hospital and Kirkuk general hospital in Kirkuk governorate for diabetic Mellitus patients from 5thof October, 2011, up to the 27thof March, 2012.A non-probability (purposive) sample of (100) definitely diagnosed with diabetic mellitus, selected from patients who were attended to Azadi Teaching Hospital and Kirkuk General Hospital in Kirkuk governorate. Developed questionnaire was constructed for the purpose of the study which consisted of three parts: the first part include the demographic data of the respondent, the second part consist six item to measure the attitude of respondent and the third part was contained (23) questions which assess the knowledge of the diabetic patients. The data were collected through the use of interview. They were analyzed through the application of descriptive statistical analysis(frequency and percentage) and inferential statistical data analysis (chi-square).
Results: The findings of the study indicated that (36%)of the sample age group were (50-59) year's old, (51%) were female, (49%) were illiterate, (42%) were house wives, (66%)were married, (47%) were barely sufficient monthly income and (75%) were from urban.
Conclusion: The study concluded that most of the samples had negative attitude about diabetic mellitus, most of the sample have inadequate knowledge about the disease, most of them have inadequate knowledge regarding the treatment of diabetic mellitus. Also the study concluded that there is a highly significant relationship between diabetic patient’s age, gender and their knowledge.

Objective: Assess depressive symptoms in adolescents with diabetes type I.
Methodology: A descriptive study was conducted in two centers for endocrinology and diabetes in Baghdad city(50) of adolescents were selected; with diabetes mellitus type1 incenter for endocrinology and diabetes centers for endocrinology and diabetes in Rusafa and center for endocrinology and diabetes in Karkh) in Baghdad cityfrom18thofJanuary 2012 to1st of May 2012.A questionnaire format was used which consist of (2) parts, the first part includes demographic information of the sample and the second part consists of structured Items concerning adolescents' knowledge toward physical, mental, emotional and behavioral symptoms of depression that suffering from which includes (4) main sections and comprised of (28) Items. Validity of questionnaire was estimated through a pilot study and a panel of expert. The data were analyzed by using descriptive statistical measures which included frequencies, percentages, and standard deviation, as well as the use of inferential statistical measures which includethechi-square test.
Results: The results revealed that most of the adolescent level of depression(47.7%),has moderate scores while (45.5%) was low relative sufficiency and (6.8%) was out of comparison relative sufficiency toward physical, mental, emotional and behavioral symptoms that suffering from.
Conclusions: The results revealed there is no significant association between age, gender, Economic Status and complications years of diagnosis, but there is significant association between levels of education with diabetic adolescent's practices about depression.
Recommendations: Based on the results of research, the study recommends initiating training courses in the field of depression in adolescents with diabetes type I for nurses working in diabetes center

Background: schizophrenia is considered a severe mental illness. People with schizophrenia may experience impairment in their thought process, which influences their behavior.
Objective: To assess the social support among caregivers of patients with schizophrenia, and to examine the effects of social support in the presence of health stressors and to determine the association between determinants of some variable and social support.
Methods: sixty caregivers of 60 patients with schizophrenia were recruited during their relative's hospitalization Caregivers were interviewed and the data were collected by self report questionnaire using the multidimensional social support scale (MSPSS). Then, data was analyzed by descriptive and Linear Regression correlation.
Results: overall social support was perceived at a moderate level. There was significant association between patients’ clinical characteristics and caregivers’ socio-demographic characteristics with family functioning in some variables.
Conclusions: The study concluded that there is an acceptable level of social support for schizophrenic patient family care givers.
Recommendations: The researchers recommend made another research on the role of social support in facilitating recovery and integration into the community those living with mental illness and their families.

The study aim to identify the extent of spread the phenomenon of widespread use of medicines without a prescription.
Methodology: This study surveys was conducted on (204) persons in the province of Najaf.(Sadr Medical City, Al-Hakim General hospital , Hospital of Middle EuphratesandAl-Zahra teaching Hospital).From(31\4\2012)to (1\11\2012)The total sample of study was 204 persons Where 102 ( 50% ) were males, especially young people, and102 ( 50%) was females.Results:`136(66%)of the study samples are in the levels of education (primary schools(42) ,secondary schools(46),Tertiary schools(48), Technical Diploma(16), BSc (28) and illiterate(24).On the basis of geographic distribution, the results showed that (178) 87.3% were from residents of cities and (28) 12.7% was from the rural population. Depending on the basis of the using of prescription medicines or over-the-counter,drugswe found there were(134) 65.7% of the study sample used medicines without prescription, (70) 34.3% using medicines by prescription .80 (59.7%)using correct dose, (72) 53.7% reading the pharmaceutical letter, (80) 59.7%ask about the complications result of medicines. When we investigate the types of medicines which be used without a prescription, the results of this study showed that there are 95 (70.9%) of the study sample was using antibiotics, (13) 9.7% using sexual activator and (26) 39.4% of women using contraceptives .When we asked about the reasons for the spread of this phenomenon.
The results showed that (86) 42.2% laying blame on Ministry of Health, (79) 38.7% related to ignorance of the community and ( 39)19% laying blame on public information circles responsibility in confronting of this phenomenon.
Conclusion: The results showed that the phenomenon of using medicines without a prescription is a common in society of al-Najaf province.
Recommendations: The formation of local committees that included physicians, pharmacists and health personnel, and concocting the training programs to them to teach them how to monitor and improve the use of medicines at all levels in the health system to work periodically in raising awareness about the risks from the indiscriminate use of drugs, especially drugs antibiotics

Objective: The study aims to assess nurse\'s knowledge concerning Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)and to find out the relationship between nurses\' knowledge and their demographical characteristics include educational level and years of experiences.
Methodology: A descriptive study was carried out at three hospitals (Al-ShaheedGahzee Al-Harery for surgical specialties hospital, Neuro Science hospital and Neuro surgical hospital), Starting from 1stJan. 2011to the end of April 2011.Non-probability (purposive) samples of 100 nurses were selected according to special criteria. The finalized questionnaire contained (25) items. The content validity of the instrument was established through penal of (4) experts. Test retest reliability of the item scale was determined as average of(r=0.83).Data was gathered by interview technique and data was analyzed by application of descriptive and inferential statistical methods bySPSSversion10.
Results: The results indicated that all items which consist from (25) items related knowledge\'s nurses concerning Glasgow coma scale was inadequate.
Conclusion: We conclude from the results of the study that nurses have inadequate knowledge about the Glasgow coma scale.
Recommendations: The Study recommended that it is crucial need to education the nurse and to employ more qualified and knowledgeable nurses with high standards oriented competencies to apply through neurological assessment particularly Glasgow coma scale in neuro surgical wards.

Background: Hypertension is a powerful risk factor for fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular disease events, and many randomized trials showed that hypertension control is associated with a decrease in incidence of stroke and coronary heart disease.
Objective: This study was carried out to identify the prevalence of, and factors associated with, uncontrolled hypertension in a group of hypertensive patients in Erbil. Patients and Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out. A convenience sample of 400 hypertensive patients attended out patient clinics at Rizgary teaching hospital in Erbil city was included. This study was extended from 1stApril 2011 through 31stMarch 2012.The data were obtained by a direct interview with the patients using a questionnaire especially designed questionnaire. The statistical package for social sciences(SPSS, version 18.0) was used for data entry and analysis.
Results: The prevalence of uncontrolled hypertension was(58.8%). The prevalence of uncontrolled hypertension among males hypertensive patients were 61.8%.and among females were57.5%.The Logistic regressions analysis of uncontrolled hypertension showed a statistically significant association between uncontrolled hypertension with current smoker (OR=8.77), regularity of treatment (OR=0.296), exercise (OR= 0.414) and type of antihypertensive drugs: diuretics (OR=11.938), ACEI (OR=7.907) beta blockers (OR=7.096), and CCB(OR=7.169).
Conclusions: More than half of the hypertensive patients were uncontrolled. The factors associated with uncontrolled hypertension were smoking, lack of exercise, irregularity of treatment(non adherence to treatment).
Recommendations: There is a need to stimulate researches and further studies, such as complete community-based case ascertainment

Objective: To determine the level of feelings of disabled adolescents toward optimism.
Methodology: A cross-sectional study that used an assessment approach was carried out from November . 1st, 2011 to March 15th, 2012 in order to determine the level feelings of disabled adolescent toward optimism. Presentative sample of (N= 50) adolescences were selected from AL-Amal and AL-Noor centers in AL-Najaf city . A questionnaire was composed of 2 major parts and the overall items included in the questionnaire were30 items. The data were collected through using questionnaire and interview technique with adolescents and their teachers for the purpose of understanding the signals. Frequency , percentage and mean used as descriptive statistical measures and the inferential data analysis approach of correlation coefficient and chi–square.
Results: The findings of the study indicated that half (50%) of adolescents had low level of feelings toward optimism, the majority of the sample was with age ranging (13-16)years old,(78%), about (52%) of them were females. and more than half of them (58%) with a moderate level of socioeconomic status.
Conclusion: Characteristics of adolescents who involved in the study were exactly presented by which the findings can be used on a wide range. Adolescent's feelings toward optimism were low level.
Recommendations: More emphasis must be given to the importance of involving those adolescents in programmes , policies and health services. Participating their teachers and parents in training workshops to improve their understanding about physical and psychosocial aspects of adolescents with a disabilities.

Objective: The study aims to assess quality of life for caregivers who have children with congenial heart disease in Surgical Specialty Hospital-Cardiac Center in Erbil city.
Methods: Descriptive design of study was carried out in Surgical Specialty Hospital-Cardiac Center in Erbil city from first of July 2009 to end of September 2010. A purposive sample of (200) caregivers for children with congenital heart disease were selected. The tool is consisting of three parts questionnaire format (Socio-demographical characteristic and medical data) of caregivers and children, and tool for assessment the quality of life adapted from WHO was used for data collection, (WHO-QOL,1998).A few modifications were done with the tool, The validity of the study questionnaire was determined initially through a panel of (21) experts. Determination of reliability of the total QOL Alpha correlation coefficient was computed and indicated was(0.912).The data were analyzed through using by Excel and SPSS version17 programmed.
Results: The findings of the study indicate that the caregivers had been affected in all domains of quality of life and there is a significant association between socio-demographic characteristics (main caregivers, age, marital status, occupation, residential area, socio-economic and severity of disease) with quality of life domains, but there were no association between level of education and quality of life domains.
Conclusions: Most of the caregivers were mothers and housewives, their age groups were between (26-35)years old, were from urban areas, have≤ 3 years of formal education and from low socio-economical level. And the majority of caregivers were suffering in (physical, psychological, social and spiritual) domains.
Recommendation: The study recommends to establish the psychological unit ،Implementation of an educational program for those caregivers of children with CHD.

Objective: To assess of patient stressor in Intensive care unit (ICU)and find out relationship between patients stressor and some demographic data age and gender.
Methodology: selected sample of occasional (non-probability) for 50 patients in intensive care units and conducted them open-heart surgery in three hospitals for heart surgery in the city of Baghdad in the period from1st December2005 to 1st April 2006.Andto achieve the objectives of the research conducted Different Aspects Related to form consisted of two parts of demographic information and Intensive Care Unit Environment Stressor Scale (ICU ESS)which includes 37 items.
Result: The results of the study; that 38% of the sample aged between (40-49) years and 56% of males and 28%of college graduates. The highest level of rates of mean score of the items are feeling weary bored (2.76) and pain(2.7) and the discomfort of needles (2.68) and the presence of the pipe in the mouth and nose (2.62). Moreover, there were a relationship between the level of patient’s stressors in ICU and gender.
Conclusions: Most of the respondents suffer from physical pressure in the intensive care units of more than items psychological and social pressures.
Recommendations: the study recommends to work on the training of personnel in the intensive care units on patient education and the means to overcome and adapt to the physical and psychological pressures of social and natural and intensive care units.

Objectives: This study aims to detect the active compounds found in ethanolic crude extract of Curcuma long a rhizome and evaluate the cytotoxic effect of ethanolic extract on two malignant cell lines; Human laryngeal Carcinoma (HEP-2) cell line, murine mammary adenocarcinoma (AMN-3) cell line and one transformed cell line of Rat Embryogenic Fibroblast (REF-3).
Material and methodology: Administrative Arrangement: This study was conducted in Iraqi Centre for Cancer and Medical Genetic Research (ICCMGR), Baghdad, Iraq to period(1/1/2011 to 1/1/2012), periods of exposure of cell lines Different concentrations were prepared from ethanolic extract starting from (1 to 10000) μg/ml to were measured at(24 , 48 , and 72) hrs. in a microtitration plate under complete sterile conditions.
Results: Chemical detection of extract appeared that the ethanolic extract contain flavonoid, saponin, phenols ,resins ,volatile oils, tannins , terpins and steroids while glycosids, alkaloids and cumarines gave negative results appeared the ethanolic extract of curcuma longa showed inhibition effect at48 hr. period for all concentration on cancer cell lines. And amount the inhibition percentage of(AMN-3)cell line(88.3%)for treatment concentration(6μg/ml)after(24hr). from exposure time, and inhibition percentage begin in lower concentration on(Hep-2)cancer cell line and gave inhibition percentage(77.1%)aftertreatment in(2000 μg/ml)after(48hr).from exposure time and appeared the ethanolic extract on REF transformed cell line and gave higher inhibition percentage(93%)after treatment in(100μg/ml)from exposure time.
Conclusion: The ethanolic crude extract of Curcuma longa Which contain flavonoid, saponin, phenols, resins, Volatile Oils, tannins, terpins and steroids while alkaloids, glycosids, and cumarines gave negative results, In thein vitro study, The ethanolic crude extract of C. longa has a potent cytotoxic activity against REF transformed cell line, AMN-3 and Hep-2 cell lines in a concentration and time dependent manners (in vitro), The cell lines REF and AMN-3 were the most sensitive to the inhibitory effects of ethanolic extract of C. longa rhizomes, The cell line Hep-2 showed less response at low concentration while the extract had cytotoxic effect at highest concentration after exposure 48 hr.
Recommendations :Using further different cancer cell lines as well as normal cell lines to study the cytotoxicity of Curcuma longa extract such as oral , stomach and colon cell lines. Using the comet test technique to detect the effects of plants extracts on DNA, use different solvent to extract of Curcuma longa for example methanol

Objective: The study aimed to assess the impact of congenital heart disease upon children's physical growth pattern with some variables in Surgical Specialty Hospital/ Cardiac Center in Erbil/Kurdistan Region/Iraq.
Methods: A descriptive correlation study was conducted in Surgical Specialty Hospital/ Cardiac Center in Erbil/Kurdistan Region/Iraq from first of March 2010 to the end of September 2011. A purposive sample of(200) children with congenital heart disease were selected. The tool is consisting of three parts questionnaire format Socio-demographical characteristic, medical data of children, and tool and physical growth measurement questions. The validity of the study questionnaire was determined initially through a panel of (21) experts. Determination. Data were collected by the mothers' interview and the data were analyzed through using by Excel and SPSS version17 programmed.
Results: The present study indicated that the most of children(51.5%) were male, (59%) were coming from urban areas, (39%) were living in Hawler Governorate , (51.5%) were from low socioeconomic status, and(51.5%) was diagnosis before three years. The findings of the study indicate that the Congenital Heart Disease had been affect growth pattern and there is a statistically significant association between socio-demographic characteristics (age, gender, residential area, and severity of disease) and their growth pattern .
Conclusion: The study indicated that there is a high significant association between the children sociodemographic data and growth pattern.
Recommendation: 1- Mass media, TV and radio, lectures in different community associations or in health centers regarding risk factor, prevention of CHD. 2- Nurses should have special training to give effective care to the children. 3- Further studies are necessary to be conducted with large sample size to improve the intervention the disease .

This is a cross-sectional study was conducted in Al-Kufa city/ Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf province to determine the prevalence of pityriasis alba in the children of primary school. Study aims to determine the prevalence of Pityriasis alba in the children of primary schools. The setting of study: The study was conducted in Al-Kufa city /Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf province. Data collection: During the period from 1/4/2011 to 31\4\2012. The study sample: The total number of primary school submitة ted was38 and the number of total pupil were 18356, and founded the number of infected pupil with pityriasis alba was 1935 with percentage(10.54%), number of male was 1067 (55.14%) and number of female was 868(44.86%). Data analysis: The data was analyzed through the application of descriptive statistical analysis that include(Chi-square) , and application of inferential statistical analysis that include (chi-square , P value) .
Results: The results of this study showed that the prevalence of pityriasis alba in the male is more than in the female, the more exposed infected age group was between (6-8 year). The white patches were more clear in dark color, appearance of patches in the face was more clear than other parts of the body. The number of pupil who suffered from anemia was 232 (12%), and 242 (12.5%) suffered from infected with Oxyuris vermicular is, Giardia lamblia, Entamoebahistolytic and other parasites. Conclusion: We conclude in this study that the prevalence of pityriasis alba was acceptable in comparison with other similar studies in many countries, this may reflect some negligence, poor personal hygiene and nutrition in primary schoolchildren, care health provided was inadequate.
Recommendation: Based on the above results, this study recommended that the primary health care sector must examine the children in beginning of study. Periodic skin examination is of a high value. Health education for teachers and parents on sound personal hygiene and clean environment are recommended.

Background: There is growing concern about the issue of cross-infection in dental clinics and laboratories. There are many methods of disinfection for impression material; but these conventional strategies present several disadvantages. In this study we introduce the UV and blue light as effective savable method for the disinfection of the impression.
Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the disinfection potential of UV and blue light on alginate and silicon impression material.
Material and methods: Forty college students were randomly selected from Collage of Dentistry in University of Kufa during the period between 1 December 2011 to 1 October 2011.And40alginateandsiliconimpressions were taken and grouped according to time of exposure (10and20minutes). Each impression was cultured on blood agar and Mackonky agar before treatment with UV light or blue light, the treatment was done after 10 and 20minutes; then cultured for bacterial inspection. The data were analyzed statistically using Chi-square test and P-value 0.05.
Result: The culture showed that all the silicone impressions gave a positive result after treatment with blue light and UV light except a group that treated with UV light for 20minutes, which showed significant reduction in the bacterial growth. All the alginate impressions give positive culture after treatment with UV and blue light after 10 and 20minutes.
Conclusion: From this study, we conclude that the silicon impression can be sterilized with UV light when treated for 20 minutes.

Objective: The aim of study was to assess the obesity in primary school age children in Baghdad City, and find out the relationship between the variables like (age, gender, and economic status, level of education of parent) with obesity
Methodology: A descriptive study conducted in Baghdad City among primary school students of both sexes, in the period from 2ndOctober 2011 to 26thFebruary 2012. Selected sample of 520 students from 12 schools in Baghdad. Sample data collected through the use of questionnaire especially designed for that purpose, and height and weight measurements, which consists of two parts, the part I includes demographic characteristics of the child and the parents part II includes dietary habits to questionnaire reliability was identified through a pilot study and competence. Data analyzed through the use of descriptive statistics (Frequency and percentage).
Results: The results of the study indicated that (31.5%) of children with obesity and the results of the study showed that there is a significant relationship between obesity and child demographic characteristics (age, sex, class, arranged for the child in the family, and children living with one or both, parent function, the monthly income of the household and residence) dietary habits and physical activities. Furthermore, no association aged between childhood obesity and (the number of children in the family and the level of education of parents).
Conclusion: This study reported high prevalence of obesity among school age students in Baghdad city.
Recommendations: application of assessment of children obesity and the preventions particularly at the age of children and to increase community awareness about the risks of epidemic of obesity among primary school children by conducting seminars and educational programmers.

Objective: To assess dietary pattern that may contribute to the occurrence of peptic ulcer as risk factors and find out the relationships between dietary pattern indicators and some demographic characteristics (age groups & gender) of the patients with peptic ulcer.
Methodology: A descriptive study was carried out in liver and digestive disease hospital and Al-Kadhmiya Teaching Hospital in Baghdad city during the period from March/13/2012 to June/10/2012. A purposive(non-probability) sample was selected that consisted of(100) patients with peptic ulcer their age between(20-60) years old. A questionnaire format and observational checklist were used which consist of three parts the first part includes demographic information of the sample, the second part includes risk factors information and the third part includes dietary pattern indicators distributed to(18) items. The data were collected through the utilization of questionnaire and the structure interview technique with peptic ulcer patients, the interview with each patient took approximately( 12-15) minutes. The data were analyzed by using descriptive statistical measures which included frequencies& percentage, as well as the use of inferential statistical measures which include Chi-Square(X2) and p-value.
Results: The results of the study sample have revealed that more than one third of patients with peptic ulcer were with the age group(20-29) years, mostly females, college graduate, married and government employee(officer). However, the greater number of these patients were nonsmoker and not drinking alcohol. Most patients with peptic ulcer were(63%) always eat hot foods.
Conclusions: The study concluded that there was a significant differences between dietary pattern indicators with age and gender.
Recommendations: The study recommended that:1-Educational program should be designed to increase people information toward the disease and to reduce the risk of peptic ulcer.2-A booklet should be prepared and presented to patients with peptic ulcer as guide for the management of the disease.

Background: Thalassemia major is a prevalent hereditary disease in Mediterranean region, so that the assessment of quality of life, especially in those with chronic illnesses such as thalassemia is particularly important.
Objectives: To assess Thalassemic adolescents′ quality of life through it domain of school functioning.
Methodology: A descriptive quantitative study was carried out in order to a achieve the stated objectives. The study begin from November 1st, 2011 to July 15th, 2012 A non-probability purposive (presentative) sample of Seventy (70) patients who seeking a medical care at thalassemia center in Al-Zahra teaching Hospital which included. information was collected through the use of questionnaire designed and consists of three parts, part included sociodemographic characteristics and contain (4) paragraphs and part included clinical characteristics and complications, consisting of (5) vertebrae.
Conclusion: The study concluded that common thalassemia disease occurrence in people living in urban are as those of the inhabitants of rural areas. And thalassemia disease often occurs in men more than women. Study also confirmed that thalassemia affects heavily on the educational level of the individuals. The study also showed decline in the overall evaluation of the quality of life of patients.
Recommendations: The study recommends to provide psychologist in the hematological units and outpatient clinics is a must be present to help in providing a link between patients, school officials, the families, and the physicians and health oriented mass media should be employed for providing the population with a comprehensive information about the thalassemia.

Objective: The study aims to determine the level of vulnerability to stress perceived by students and the sources of stress, identify strategies do students frequently use to relieve their stress, and find out the association between study variables and vulnerability to stress.
Methodology Design: A cross-sectional, descriptive design was applied on present study. Participants: A purposive "non-probability" sample of 335 undergraduate students who were recruited from six colleges at Bab Al-Mu'aadham region which are college of Arts, Languages, Fine Arts, Medicine, Pharmacy and Nursing college.
Results: The mean age of the participants in the study was 21.92 years (SD = 3.7), ranging from 17 to 34years. Female and male students accounted for 68.7% and 31.3% of the study sample, respectively. The results describe that about three quarter of study participants has serious vulnerability to stress, the most stressful items were (I take quiet time for myself during the day, I attend regularly the social activities, I give and receive affection regularly, and I have at least 1 relative within different areas on whom I can rely) relative sufficiency (0.76, 0.76, 0.73) respectively. The result demonstrates that the most used coping strategies were(Develop new hobbies or recreations, Take your mind off unpleasant thoughts, Try other solutions to your problems if your first solutions don’t work, Do something positive for yourself when you are feeling discouraged, and Keep from feeling sad) relative sufficiency (0.80, 0.77, 0.77, 0.76, 0.75) respectively. There were highly significant association between rank among brothers and sister, sex, and coping strategies and vulnerability to stress (p-value=.002), (p-value=.004) (p-value=.019) respectively.
Conclusion: Stress disorders are very widespread among university students. In the process of preparing students for their future professions, a great deal is needed than absolute professional skills and necessary knowledge.
Recommendations: The researcher recommends the following: Initiating university-based psychological counseling services that teach students trying other solutions to problems that students experience and enable them to regulate their times during the day which in turn help students in performing academic tasks and requirements, besides their activities of daily life and provide them the chance to attend regularly the social of religion and non-governmental organizations in allying levels of stress and cope with it.

Aim: The study aim to find out the neonatal mortality rate among the neonates admitted for a period year to the neonatal intensive care unit in Al-Batool Teaching Hospital in Mosul city.
Methodology: A retrospective study, the sample collecting from review the register for neonate intensive care unit in AL-Batool Teaching Hospital through one year 2010 (January–December). It registry (341)deaths of neonate. Were (180) male, and (161) female with duration of stay in Neonate Intensive Care Unit between (1-3) days old. Data collected for period from (1/12/2011) to (25/1/2012).
Results: From the (23198) infant admitted to intensive care unit at Al-Batool Teaching Hospital in Mosul City within one year 2010 (January to December), 341 died. The 4common causative illnesses were respiratory distress syndrome (42 %), prematurity (19%) and congenital abnormality (14%) and low birth weight (11%) .Ninety three percent of deaths of neonate occurred within the first three days of their life. The mortality rate increased with the low in birth weight, as well as gestational age between (29-30Wks). For early-neonatal mortality, odds were observed for birth weight less than 2,500 g or gestation less than 35 weeks.
Conclusion: This study concluded that over a quarter of mother age were (31-35) years old (twenty seven percent),while, the thirty eight percent of neonate were died within three days after born. The predominance of males for death (Fifty three percent) and (twenty nine percent) of them birth weight was (500-999 g). Sixty eight percent were delivered of normal vaginal delivery, with very high case fatality rate (Twenty five) those who were delivered (29th-30th) weeks. Respiratory distress was the commonest primary diagnosis (Forty two percent) among all admitted neonates, followed by premature (Nineteen percent), congenital malformations(Fourteen percent), and low birth weight (Eleven percent).
Recommendation: This study recommended that a need for great efforts to determine and reduce risk factors associated with neonatal mortality, and to adequately evaluate the medical and nursing care provided in neonate intensive care units. A neonatal care for pregnant woman is the key for safe neonatal life.

Objective: It aims to study the prevalence of the Giardia lamblia parasite and identify genotypes of the parasite in patients with diarrhea in the province of Najaf by using the microscopic examination and the polymerase chain reaction( PCR).
Methodology: The Present study was carried out in the Department of Biology-College of Education for Girls-University of Kufa for the period from July 2011 until June 2012.The number of collected samples (100) stool samples from hospitals of Najaf province (Al-Sadr teaching hospital, Al-Hakim general hospital, Al-Zahra for childbirth and children hospital, Manathira general hospital and Al-Sajad general hospital) .The statistical analysis , by using t-test and ANOVA anad calculate the less significant difference (L.S.D) at the level 0.05.Results:The results of the extraction (100) Stool Samples by microscopic examination, presence of the genetic material DNA of the G. lamblia Parasite in (41) Samples and by 41% ,and results of the examination by PCR by using Triose phosphate isomerize (Tpi) Showed that there are significant differences at the level of probability, p˂ 0.05. where the highest percentage infection with the genotype(B) compared with the genotype (A), were 61% and 39.1% respectively. The highest rate of infection with the genotype (B) in the semi-liquid samples was 69.3% compared to of liquid samples, which amounted to 67.9%, while the genotype (A) has the highest rate of infection in the liquid samples, which amounted to 32.2% while it was 30.8% in the semi-liquid samples . As the results showed that the percentage of infected male with the genotype (B) is more than it in females, reaching 62.5% and 58.9%, respectively, and type (A) was incidence of females was higher than in males, 41.2% and 37.5% respectively. As the results show the spread of genotype (B) in the urban area is more than it in the rural, the percentage of infection is,72.8% and 66.7% respectively, while type (A )was more prevalent in rural than in the urban, where the percentage of infection is 33.4% and 27.3% respectively. Conclusion: The highest rate of infection with the genotype (B) in the semi-liquid samples compared to of liquid samples, while the genotype (A) has the highest rate of infection in the liquid samples, compared the semi-liquid samples.
Recommendation: Further study the relationship between the symptoms and the genotypes of Giardia lamblia

Objective: The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of a polymerase chain reaction(PCR)technique for identification and differentiation of the cutaneous Leishmaniasis parasite in clinical sample collected from lesion exudates patients.
Methodology: The (115) sample were examined by smear slid preparation culture on RPMI 1640 and NNN then DNA isolation. The DNA of the promastigote were amplified by PCR including primers selected on repetitive KDNA for identification of leishmania species. The data was analyzed by using frequency and percentage.
Results: The PCR result showed that two species of leishmania (L. majorwith620 bp and L. tropica with 800bp) exist.
Conclusion: It is concluded from the present study that the PCR technique has high specificity and sensitivity during the differentiation between Cutaneous Leishmanial species in comparing with conventional methods.
Recommendation: The PCR technique can be use it to diagnosis and differentiation between different type of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis