AL-Mostansiriyah journal for arabic and international studies

Abstract :
The aim of this study is to discuss the issue of religiosity in the era of globalization, and to search for mechanisms to overcome violence resulting from religious difference. First, by exploring the underlying causes of the prevalent violence in many regions worldwide, particularly in Arab Islamic countries. Second, by emphasising the necessity to distinguish between religion as a human need to achieve psychological balance, serenity and happiness, and some forms of religiosity linked to certain groups that would resort to various forms of violence to achieve their purposes. and serve the interests of their ideologies.
Accordingly, the current paper seeks to address this issue: if religiosity is a legitimate right and a human necessity, how can positive coexistence be ensured among people belonging to different religions and sects? What are the mechanisms that would establish a culture of peace and tolerance instead of a culture of exclusion and violence, especially in the current global context dominated by globalization where human values are absent?
Key words: Religion, Globalisation, Violence, Authority.

The religious discourse، which is represented in the honorable prophetic sayings and the Quranic texts، is considered an essential pillar of the educational process for building the individual and society because of the meanings، original and sublime values it carries، and divine directives targeting those who are considered the focus of the guidance process، especially the youth group who are the pillar of the nation and the symbol of its strength and giving and the beacon of its civilization. A position is deduced from the Qur’anic texts and the noble hadiths of the Prophet to achieve the objectives of what Islam brought Al-Hanif، in order to build a personality whose role model is the greatest Prophet Muhammad bin Abdullah (PBUH)، to raise a righteous and upright generation so that the youth who are the builders of the future live in security and tranquility، to realize his message in this life، a conscious and enlightened realization to carry out his message with strength and honesty، as the youth are always the target group more than others in the discourse The religious discourse today is to build their personality and stand with their problems، as it is an educational discourse directed to it with its goals، objectives، methods and characteristics، and there are many factors that influence and influenced the discourse Religious ones are negative and others are positive، including school curricula، globalization and the information revolution (artificial intelligence)، which our current era is witnessing and which gave the era its own features that have a clear impact on all aspects of life. Therefore، it has become necessary to keep pace with these changes، control them and benefit from them، and increase the gap between our era. The process of civilized advancement is its main fuel Developed knowledge، and this development cannot be achieved except by correcting the course of its movement، by building sound foundations، building the societal mind، and coexisting with the other for its own sake and qualities in order to serve religion and society at the same time without favoritism، while developing the creative and critical thinking skills of preachers.
Keywords:(religious discourse - social development).

This research aims to discover the phenomenon of women's empowerment and provide her with enough social freedom, this would enable her to show her talents, social effectiveness, creative abilities, and direct her to serve her country and society to imposing the international peace during the history. So the position of woman was so obvious, and differs during the historical eras according to the granted social empowerment to woman. In addition to her family duties, there exist many various social volunteering works (for free or not). For that, many names were flourished and worked with her brother (the man) hand-by-hand for more stability, construction, civilization building and prosperity.
Key words: social environment , empowerment, volunteer, volunteering works.

This research presents intertwined perceptions of the nature of the conflict between religion and thought on the one hand, and religion and politics on the other hand, and for a historical period that extended for several centuries in the Islamic and Christian Middle Ages, resulting in many and serious repercussions that affected the role of religion as a pure religion in spreading love, peace, and stability among peoples throughout history.
The truth is that the nature of society in a country is what determines ideas and is what gives them acertain content, and is what allows or does not allow them to form on the ground, whether related to religion, thought, or politics and the dialectic of the relationship that exists between them. Religion, in its general sense, is the sum of beliefs based on certain axioms and contained in books, some of which are sacred, as is the case with the Torah, the Bible, and the Holy Qur’an.
Keywords: Religion, thought, politics, belief, power (authority. (

Abstract:The history of religions is full of manifestations of tolerance, understanding, and dialogue between civilizations since ancient times, and it is known that all religions derive their principles from a single source. Therefore, one of the most important principles of each religion is respect for the culture of others and openness to the other. This is through the convergence of ideas and visions between each religion through basic and ideological foundations that connectAmong each other, tolerance in its true sense means true official recognition of the social and political rights of others.
The doctrine of monotheism is one of the most important bonds of convergence between the divine religions, and one of the most important bridges of communication and the auxiliary tool for openness to the other, knowing that the basis of that openness is the principle of tolerance, which aims to respect beliefs and religions and acceptance of the other. This belief represents the main pillar of a life of tolerance and openness to the other.It is the source of peaceful coexistence between religions This research paper sheds light on the role of the doctrine of monotheism in the interdependence of the components of Iraqi society with all its spectrums, and to this day it represents the sacred artery between the heavenly sects, religions and beliefs.
Keywords: Iraq, tolerance, monotheism, belief

Religion in itself is considered an innate need for man in terms of his being a human being , hence, religious scholars define man as a religious being , because he is the only being among all beings who tends to be religious by nature, so religiosity is a particular characteristic of man, and therefore it is an inherent right that is concerned with Islamic law. The human right to religion should not be neglected, undermined, or fragmented by man-made laws, or by the influence of slogans of coexistence, peace, clash of civilizations, or dialogue with them, or the rapprochement of religions, and other slogans that abound in contemporary reality. True religion is a necessary interest for people, because it regulates man’s relationship with his God, man’s relationship with himself, and man’s relationship with his fellow man and his society. True religion gives a rational conception of the creator, the universe, life, and man, it is the source of truth, justice, uprightness, and guidance. The original spiritual tendency of man is represented by religiosity, which is a spiritual relationship between God and man . God wanted man to persevere , in not forgetting this spiritual connection, so sent prophets and messengers to mankind throughout history , to remind them of this connection that requires a person to thank God and commit to obeying .
Keywords:- Religions , world peace , extremism .

The relationship between philosophy and ideology constitutes one of the most important basic axes of human thinking ,and the intellectual efforts made to comprehend that relationship within a comprehensive concept are still facing many difficulties, There is a strong need to avoid contradictory currents and begin establishment a modern theatrical orientation that frames the connections,
When one begins to talk about the process of cultural development from the Middle Ages to the modern era, one automatically comes to mind: England, which has preserved this wonderful characteristic until new,in conjunction with an effective presence of the aristocracy in the field of reform, so that modern and secular society takes its place. with the dismantling of the fuddle system, and replacing it with a constitutional monarchy.
John Locke (1632-1704) is considered the most prominent philosopher of the modern era, and the most important philosopher of the seventeenth century, He is considered the founder of the empiricist doctrine, and he is also considered the founder of the concept of modern liberalism on the political and economic levels, His theory of the social contract paved the way for public political participation, His views on the concept of ownership also contributed to laying the foundation for the principles of the free economy.
Key Words : John Locke, Philosophy, reformist thought, Britain, Seventeenth century

The similarity and closeness between the Chinese religons and lslam is. In fact. A given and cannot be denied. As it is noted that many terms. Have been taken to explan lslamic ideas from the Holy Quran and the Sunnah of the prophet. In addition to that. In many cases, Confucian ideas have been reconciled. And lslmic ideas to bear the responsibility of lslam and spreading its culture through exchange and reconciliation and presenting valuable ideas in systematic manner about lslamic development in China. The home of Muslims and others
Keywords; China- lslam- Religions- Dialogue- Quran

Many researchers have been busy shedding light on many of the issues and concerns that affect Muslims in the West, in an attempt to learn more about the conditions of Muslims in the East and the obstacles they face in all aspects, specifically in Japan, given that Japan is one of the countries with a very small Islamic population, and that Islam's relationship with Japan is somewhat recent compared to Islam's relationship with the rest of the world.
Since the emergence of the light of Islam and the rising of the sun of the global Islamic call through the text of the Qur’an and the Sunnah of the Prophet, and the religious necessity, starting from the Arabian Peninsula and extending to Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, the Indian subcontinent, then Malaysia and Indonesia, and even China and the Philippines, this spread took time and extended over space, such that the arrival of Islam in Japan was delayed until In the late nineteenth century, Islam did not spread as widely and rapidly as it did in Southeast Asia, with the exception of the Ottoman era, which witnessed many attempts on its part to spread Islam throughout Japan. This is also indicated by studies and research in their discussion of Islam in Japan, which stated that the arrival of Islam to Japan was through various means and methods, the most important of which is the contact of the Japanese armies with the Islamic community located in the northern part of China when Japan occupied it before World War I, where some converted to Islam. Japanese army personnel as a result of this friction. The beginnings of the relationship between Japan and the Ottoman Empire were friendly in the beginning, then it was followed by ways to seek cooperation in the commercial and political fields, and formal and informal mutual increases, which prompted officials and intellectuals to want to learn about Islam, which ultimately led to the emergence of an effective role. They got to know each other, and then the Japanese got to know Islam and Muslims. In order to highlight this relationship between them, several influences contributed to the Japanese becoming acquainted with Islam, which were represented by visits, contacts, missions and military contacts, then the incident of the sinking of the Ottoman ship (Ertugul), which had a great impact on the Japanese’s sympathy for them, and then its impact on highlighting the role of Islam. And its importance on its lands.
Keywords: religions, Japan, the Ottoman Empire, Abdul Hamid II, Islam

Social peace is one of the first goals that nations, peoples, societies and governments seek to achieve. It brings together the elements of society and increases its cohesion.
Islam has paid great attention theoretically and practically to the issue of social peace and preserving the security and unity of society. It considered this an essential part of faith in God Almighty, and called for everything that would achieve this goal, such as rejecting racism, discrimination, fanaticism, and violence, guaranteeing the rights of religious and ethnic minorities, preserving personal freedoms, achieving justice and equality, and raising Injustice is one of the most prominent components of social peace.
This research is an attempt to identify a phenomenon and a problem facing the achievement of peace and peace, which is the temptation of difference and division, which no society has been free of throughout its historical eras. Through this topic, the research attempts to explain the causes of this phenomenon and its impact on social peace, how to avoid it, what should be done during temptations, and how to deal with it. If it happened, according to the Islamic perspective and in light of what the two main sources of Islamic legislation have provided us with, the Book of God and the Sunnah of His Messenger, may God bless him and grant him peace, in terms of warnings, guidance, solutions, and an explanation of the dangers in this aspect.
Keywords: strife - difference - social peace - separation.

Abstract
Tribal fanaticism is one of the saddest situations experienced by any people in the world, especially what we will discuss about what Muslims have experienced throughout the ages of Islamic history. The Arab Caliphate was suffering from tribal fanaticism that tore apart the unity of the Arab Islamic state and allowed their enemies to establish violence even among one people. This, in turn, weakens the strength of the Arab state, in addition to causing damage to the infrastructure of the Arab Islamic state.
Tribal nervousness in the language: It is a word derived from the nerve, which is folding and tightening, and the nerve of something is nerved by nerves, that is, in the sense of folding and twisting it, and it is said that there is severity, fanaticism, advocacy, and defense. Tribal fanaticism in terminology: It is supporting blood relatives if they are subjected to injustice and oppression from others, and this, in their view and belief, compels them to support them.
Some of them are based on the hadith of Anas, may God be pleased with him, who said: Then the Messenger of Muhammad, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him and his family, said: “Support your brother, whether he is an oppressor or an oppressed person.” A man said: O Messenger of God, support him if he is oppressed. Have you seen, if he is an oppressor, how can I support him? He said: Detain him or You prevent him from injustice, for that is his victory) But he interprets it according to what the one who wants victory for his relatives desire .There are major negative effects on the countries affected by tribal fanaticism, especially in the days of the Arab Islamic state, and the reason for moving towards eliminating the violations caused by tribal fanaticism or the so-called revolutions against the caliphate is to weaken the caliphate and stop opening European countries to spread Islam. Just as happened in Baghdad, the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate, and also what happened in Andalusia, the Muslims lost the countries they conquered and in which they paid pure blood in order to spread Islam, even though they were only several kilometers away from Europe. This was all due to the tribal tribal disputes that occurred. All the privileges they enjoyed were lost.
Opening words: “Sectarianism, tribalism, history, and reality”.”

Since ancient times, religion has occupied human thought within the system of life (the environment) that has enriched its history. Experience in forming a religious system that matures its practices into a law that governs its society, even if this society was at its lowest representation as a small group, whatever its number, or a small village that codifies daily practices and organizes village life in unified efforts, And the distribution of work to frame a tradition that society follows towards the development of all aspects of life and leads to reconciliation with the forces surrounding it (the gods) so that its life moves in a consistent manner towards the development of society to move from a small village to a small city, and then these small cities turn into large cities, then a state, then city states, until it reaches A large state and an empire at other times, and all of this would not have been possible without religion, which led this development and raised The affairs of man and society.
Religion was the influential force that organized society, and man led its development through understanding the relationship between the forces that govern his environment and creating a system that interacts with these forces so that his life runs easily and provides societal peace that necessarily led to the unification of the ideas of its inhabitants towards creating a process of life in which there is order and influential forces if they combine. With his efforts and satisfaction with him, it will provide him with powerful elements through which he can create his history and civilization, and this is what happened in society in the civilizations of Mesopotamia and the Nile Valley, which were the oldest and greatest civilizations that emerged after religious thought developed to create a civilization that led to a great and complex development in finding a mechanism that leads towards development.
Keywords: religion, societal peace, Mesopotamian civilization, Pantheon, philosophy of religious thought

The mechanism for resolving international conflicts under public international law is divided into negotiations, which gained paramount importance as stipulated in Article 33 of the United Nations Charter, followed by good offices, which involve friendly efforts by a state that is not a party to the conflict between two states to reconcile their perspectives. Mediation, where a third party participates in the negotiations for conflict resolution, investigation, involving procedures aimed at settling international disputes through a committee that neutrally investigates facts and circumstances without proposing any suggestions, conciliation, where an international committee facilitates communication between the conflicting states and presents proposals for a suitable and acceptable settlement, either accepted or rejected by the involved states. Lastly, arbitration involves finding an exit for disputes between states through judges selected by them, and the decision of the arbitration body is binding.
Islamic theory in international relations encompasses all these concepts and terms. Negotiations were practiced by Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) since the beginning of his mission, and their foundations and principles continuously solidified since then. Scholars laid the foundations for negotiators, outlining the characteristics they must possess to be successful in their tasks. Similarly, reconciliation and its conditions, without which it is not considered valid according to Islamic law, were established. Islam also recognized mediation, defined by scholars as "intervening among people in disputes by offering what satisfies them." An outstanding example is the Charter of Medina after the Prophet's migration to it. Islam also acknowledged arbitration, and while international law aligns with Islam in the principle of peaceful resolution of conflicts, Islam conditions it with its own regulations. In conclusion, good offices, mediation, conciliation, and investigation fall within the framework of negotiations, arbitration, and judicial proceedings in Islamic law. The Quran has pointed to these methods for resolving international conflicts.
Keywords: Islam, International Relations, Conflict Resolution, Peaceful Means, Public International Law.

Praise be to God، Lord of the Worlds، and prayers and peace be upon our Prophet Muhammad، his good and pure family، and his chosen and good companions. The topic of my research is (the tolerance of the Fatimid caliphs with the people of Dhimmah on religious holidays and occasions).
Since the establishment of the Fatimid state in Egypt in the year (358 AH / 969 AD)، society was composed of many social elements and groups، including Turks and Saqlabis. Perhaps the most prominent of these elements were the Dhimmah، represented by Jews and Christians. The Fatimid caliphs، whether in Morocco or in Egypt، enjoyed tolerance. And luxury and wealth، and they carried all of that with them to the Egyptian lands، and under this tolerance the Egyptian people lived a life of luxury and freedom، especially the dhimmis. The Fatimid era represented a golden age for them، and they rose to the highest ranks. The Fatimids gave them the freedom to practice all their holidays and occasions without... Pressure.
In this study، I addressed three demands. The first requirement is an introductory introduction to defining tolerance linguistically and terminologically. The second requirement is an explanation of the tolerance of the Fatimid rulers with the people of the Dhimmah. It includes tolerance with the Christians in Fatimid Egypt. It first guarantees tolerance in the establishment of rituals and the construction of churches، as it includes a statement of the conditions of these people during their reign. How were the restrictions lifted on them، and how did they give them complete freedom to worship، work، and deal with them on their own holidays and occasions? And secondly، the Fatimid tolerance for Christian holidays and occasions...

Religious extremism, its causes, its manifestations, its victims .Extremism is one of the serious scourges in society, as it contradicts the values and principles of the authentic Islamic religion, which prohibits extremism and extremism. It also contradicts what was stated in the national laws, the Iraqi Penal Code No. 111 of 1969, the Iraqi constitution and human rights charters, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and one of its reasons is ignorance of the teachings of religion purebre
Among the causes of extremism are ignorance and the weakness of scientific information, including economic reasons, as well as the technological development in the speed of transferring information.
One of the scourges of extremism is self-conceit. The major scourge is takfir, the persecution of the weak components, including what is reflected on the young child and young adult.
Keywords: religious extremism, human rights, international agreements, takfir, religious values, extremism, fanaticism, peaceful coexistence.

The behavior of tolerance towards others is considered one of the most important human demands in the modern era, especially in societies with different identities, because tolerance carries social and civilizational advantages and characteristics that guarantee society’s progress and growth in light of cultural pluralism.
Rather, it makes pluralism a strength that enriches the human experience and expands... His intellectual insights and cultural contributions Tolerance toward others never requires giving up one's own convictions, but rather it means abstaining from using means of violence and insult against those who differ culturally, ethnically, or intellectually, while guaranteeing the full right to maintain one's own convictions and opinions.Based on the above, tolerance is a positive and understanding attitude towards beliefs, ideas and practices, which allows different visions and trends to coexist in security and peace in one society.
What increases the importance of applying the concept of tolerance, especially in human societies today, is that the world has become like one village, where one society contains a mixture of disparate cultures, where safe coexistence between them is not possible except by enabling tolerance And its values in society..
It requires strengthening the concept of human tolerance in society. A number of practical applications, including: rejecting violence and defamation in speech and behavior when dealing with others. One of the pivotal applications in this context is the principle of not tyrannizing one’s opinion, no matter how convincing or rational one’s ideas are. In addition to enhancing communication between different segments of society, focusing on the common origin of all human beings, and dealing with others on this basis, as all human beings are from Adam and Adam is from dust. Consolidating the foundations of tolerance in society clearly reflects an accurate understanding of the requirements of the historical stage that humanity is going through today, the goodness, happiness, and civilizational development that it seeks.Human beings can only exist in the shadow of tolerance and complete harmony between all sectors of society.
Keywords: religions, tolerance, culture, religious tolerance, tolerance in the Islamic religion.

In order to promote human rights in Iraq, whose social fabric is characterized by diversity across the masses, sectarian, ethnic, and cultural, freedom of belief was chosen as the subject of our research, because exercising this freedom is a natural right for every human being, and because of the multiple importance of belief in building his being, and even in his life and existence, especially Religious belief represents an important pillar in human life, elevating it to the individual’s talent to sacrifice his life for it. Therefore, no person or society accepts that his belief be moderated by those with different beliefs, and throughout history many movements have arisen whose basis was to combat the belief.
The need for belief or religion is necessary for all human beings, while for the believer it is considered (the confirmed truth), for it does not come through organs and guidance from God, nor through pressure and coercion.
Freedom to choose is the basic environment in which truth grows and is nurtured. There is no meaning to choosing and proving the truth without freedom. Freedom of belief is to give a person the right to choose his religion or religion, which he can reach with his conviction and complete freedom, without minor coercion.
To expand the meanings of freedom of belief. The ambiguity about this sensitive topic is for the sake of the richness and depth of information about it, and to spread the spirit of tolerance between those who differ religiously and in leadership, and to try to raise awareness, promote openness, peaceful coexistence, and avoid fanaticism, extremism, and isolationism.
key words :
Freedom of belief, stability, belief, belief, globalization, secularism, religion, religious tolerance, personal status, Sharia, religious rights, civil rights, school curricula, respect for pluralism, societal cohesion, reform.

The concept of moderate intellectual discourse within Islamic thought and the movement of religious authority consists six elements that qualify it to impose itself within the axes of ongoing intellectual transformations, including the ability to combine what is disputed, and what is desired and rejected. More precisely, the concept of moderate intellectual discourse of the religious authority carries progressive tendencies in dealing with many dualities, and rejects a clearly defined reformist vision that aims to consolidate the reality of society, its becoming, formation, unity, structure, and social peace.

Religious extremism is considered a social and political phenomenon, in all countries of the world, and it has contributed to the spread of phenomena and behavioes that indicate hostility and hatred, which in turn confirms an unhealthy social, political and religious upbringing, and has been employed for self-interested purposes, which has led to a loss of confidence in the religious institution that used religion as a cover to spread Hatred is sometimes considered, as religious extremism, is one of the most dangerous challengesfacing peaceful coexistence, as it is based on a set of foundations that in turn work to combat coexistence and hinder it is on incitement - denigration – which works to degrade an individual or group of individuals towards another group, Carrying a race, religion, set, political opinion, or social class, all of these generate hatred and resentment, which in turn works to divide society, Religious extremism is one of the extremely sensitive topics, and a matter that is discussed and discussed in various countries of the world, and hardly any country or is devoid of it, Society, but it varies from one place to another, seek to reject the other
Keywords; hate speech, intellectual extremism, religious extremism, society, upbringing

Islam appeared in the Arabian Peninsula at the beginning of the seventh century AD, and it was divided, divided, and warring, with no connection between it. It was torn apart by wars, disputes, and tribal customs, traditions, and customs, which made it dominate humanity in general, until it regressed into pitfalls.It was beset by and afflicted by so much injustice, humiliation, and decadence that it almost made it forget its origin and destination... its ancient origin, and its noble destination... until God entrusted all of humanity with His Messenger (Muhammad), peace and blessings be upon him, to lead virtue, guide the path, inform people of His greatest constitution, and give them good tidings of their religion, Islam. . Islam is the last and most comprehensive of the heavenly religions - God combined in it all the rights and duties contained in the previous books of God Almighty for His creation, as God abrogated with it all the laws that preceded it to be general and comprehensive of all aspects of life, and made it the true religion that does not accept anything other than it before God.In light of this, we find that Islam came with guaranteeing teachings that guarantee humans a stable life
He came with a complete conception of rights on the one hand - and a methodology for implementing them on the other hand.
Keywords: man, Islam, conflict, justice, rights

The study of the history of religions and civilizations and their reflection on societal peace is considered one of the most important historical and social studies in the contemporary era, due to its fundamental impact in sustaining peaceful coexistence among human complexes, and its direct impact on the acceptance of its rulings. The heavenly religions, with the sacred texts they possess, become a basic control in influencing the society that It is impossible to deny its sacred texts, so the topic “Dialogue between religions and civilizations and its impact on peaceful coexistence in the school of Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them), an analytical study” was chosen to shed light on one of the Islamic schools of thought that has influenced and continues to influence the human societies to which it is indebted. With many positions of unity and rejection of hatred between human societies of different beliefs.
On this basis, the school of Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon him) represented one of the schools of thought that worked to maintain societal peace, which is not specific to the Muslim person’s dealings with other divine religions. Rather, it went further than that when it established rules and foundations for dealing with societies that do not It believes in the three main monotheistic religions, “Judaism, Christianity, and Islam,” whose primary goal is to maintain peaceful coexistence and avoid conflicts and wars.
key words: (Ahl al-Bayt, thought, human societies, peaceful coexistence, Islam)