Hammurabi journal for studies

After the Justice and Development Party came to power in Turkey in 2002, the Horn of Africa was of strategic importance at the political and economic levels in the directions of Turkish foreign policy. Or regions that are more profound than that to enhance its policy, achieve its goals in terms of its presence in international forums or regional organizations, and at the same time open markets for its growing industry and find outlets that enhance its economic capabilities and give it superiority over its competitors, as well as find a foothold for it on the shores of the Horn of Africa, which It is the point of control for most of the world\\'s trade through the Bab el-Mandeb Strait and the Red Sea, Which gives it a major strategic role that qualifies it to stand in the ranks of emerging countries, thus becoming a force to be reckoned with among the various competing countries in the Horn of Africa.

The concept of state building in general means the process of building state institutions and apparatuses on legal frameworks emanating from reality, to carry out the evolutionary functions of the system from penetration, integration, loyalty, commitment, participation and distribution, and bridging the gap between the ruler and the ruled, leading to achieving political stability. Libya, after the fall of Gaddafi, witnessed essential problem which is how to bridge the gap between the people and the new government that was formed after the toppling of Muammar Gaddafi’s regime, which relied more on the tribe than on state institutions in managing his regime. This led to instability of the political situation in Libya due to the large number of tribal conflicts in the region, which caused the division of Libya into two camps, eastern and western. Despite the success of the transitional government in managing the country's conditions, but it failed to establish an institutional system capable of managing state affairs, thus constituted an obstacle to building an institutional system due to the nature of the country's tribal system.

Governance is consistent and disciplined principles based on guiding the work of institutional management to achieve the greatest possible efficiency and justice. The idea of this research is based on applying the principles of good governance to tax institutions at a time when there is an urgent need to adopt those rules within the framework of taxes to achieve several results, including combating financial and administrative corruption, to achieve as much tax compliance as possible and developing tax administrative cadres according to modern basis.

Populism was born in Russia and the United States in the late nineteenth century. "Populism" originally meant an agricultural movement with socialist overtones, to emancipate the Russian peasants around 1870. In the same period, a protest movement was launched in rural America directed against banks and railroads. This term acquired new qualities in the middle of the twentieth century in Latin America with the Argentine leader Juan Peron and the Brazilian Getulio Vargas, who embodied popular movements with national and sometimes social overtones, without any reference to Marxism, class struggle, or fascist ideology.
One of the main features of populism is the rejection of Intermediate institutions that lie in the distance between the leader or leader at the top of political power and society. The populist leader always imagines the relationship between him and the masses as a direct relationship, without any medium from institutions or civil society. Therefore, the populist view of politics despises parties and institutions, civil society, and even the media and the press that are independent of state authority, where the activities of mass conferences and direct popular referendums spread, and the leader adheres to the people as an alternative to partisan and parliamentary political practice.
It is remarkable that former US President Donald Trump was able to achieve remarkable success as a model for the populist politician, as he presented a specific political vision that sees a pure and harmonious people always standing against immoral, corrupt and parasitic elites, and that these elites do not belong to the people and do not care about them. In this way, Donald Trump was a real populist politician in the sense of (Carl Schmitt), as he was able to identify the enemy represented in the elites, left-wing, and liberal political currents against the real people, to whom Trump came as a leader, savior, and representative to restore his country that had been kidnapped by the enemies. From here, the idea of this research emerged, which is summarized in clarifying the most prominent effects of the phenomenon of populism on the American political decision-making process.

Administrative decentralization is a type of political system, both administratively and regionally, that countries resort to in order to achieve and consolidate democracy by ensuring popular and political participation of the local community in decisions related to their local units. This demonstrates the importance of implementing this form of state administration. Often, countries that have implemented administrative decentralization have achieved political and social stability due to the relative independence this system provides to local units, along with reducing the burden on the central government. It also improves the satisfaction of local community demands due to direct communication between the local population and its representatives. This demonstrates the importance of implementing decentralization in Iraq following the political change, particularly since Iraq attempted to build the foundations of a democratic system after 2003, despite numerous shortcomings and obstacles. One of the pillars of political change was the transition from a highly centralized system to a system of administrative decentralization with broad powers. Hence, we examine the problem of administrative decentralization in light of an evaluation of the experience and an examination of the reasons that led to the suspension of the work of provincial councils by Parliament in 2019. The administrative decentralization experience in Iraq needed to be reviewed due to the accompanying failures, as well as administrative, financial, and political corruption. Indeed, provincial councils and local governments have become another gateway to administrative corruption. This corruption stems from flawed interpretations of several constitutional articles, as well as flawed interpretations of several articles of Law No. 21 of 2008, pertaining to governorates not organized within a region. This corruption has had a profound impact, in one way or another, on the performance of local authorities. The hypothesis stems from the fact that evaluation and review of the administrative decentralization experience in all constitutional, legal, political, and administrative areas leads to correcting the wrong path of action. The absence of evaluation of the administrative decentralization experience is a harbinger of a continuation of the previous context for which it was suspended.

A group of issues and events that have taken place in the international arena recently contributed to opening a new page at the level of international relations, and announced a stage governed by political, economic, and security interests in the first place, as the major powers seek to increase their movements, maximize their forces and influence, and enter into alliances to ensure their presence in the regions and strategy in the world. The United States of America and its allies are trying to confront the Russian-Chinese rapprochement and curb their increasing expansion, at a time when China and Russia are working to deepen the strategic partnership between them. While the European Union countries, led by France, are seeking to achieve their security and strategic independence, which indicates the creation of a new stage governed by different approaches and renewed alliances that affect the balance of power and the structure of the international system as a whole.

UNAMI in Iraq has been headed by few persons among them Jeanine Plasschaert the Special Representative in Iraq of the United Nations Secretary-General .The roles that she has taken arose controversy ,some think that she didn’t work as her predecessors and overpassed what is supposed from her .In reality UNAMI and its head work according to the mandate given to them from the UN and at the request of the Iraqi government itself ,and this mandate is large according to the security council decisions. Besides, the time that he or she is working in should be taken into consideration, and of course his/her personality has a role. The secretary generals of the UN themselves are moved by their personality as well as their mandate. This fact is true for UN’s special representatives.

Consensus requires consensus between blocs and parties constituting and representing the entire society and within the framework of the veto right system. One of the results of the application of democracy to the House of Representatives is that the condition of consensus has become a mechanism that disrupts the political and legislative decision, and disrupts the oversight role, which is the safety valve from the arbitrariness of the executive authority. The decision is done through consensus between the capable blocs and sects, governed by balances and responding to the interests of the social group. Voting is done according to the rule of the majority of representatives of legislative councils which is a vote later for the consensus that takes place outside the parliament.

Although Iraq and Kingdom of Saudi Arabia have many common ties, such as geographical proximity, religious closeness, and economic weight, the relations between them have always been characterized by instability and fluctuation, as they are not at the same pace, they are between push and pull, and interruption. After changing the previous political regime in Iraq in 2003, those relations did not improve. Mr. Haider al-Abadi assuming the presidency of the Council of Ministers in 2014 in Iraq sought, with serious steps, to improve Iraq's relations with the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and with the Arab Gulf countries as a whole. This prompted the Saudi side, coinciding with King Mohammed bin Salman's accession to power in 2015, to take the same steps with the Iraqi side, as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia worked hard to improve and develop its relations with Iraq in the future.

The political instability from which Iraq suffers after 2003 was due to the divergence of regional positions between supporters of the overthrow of the political regime and oppossers, and some states kept silent. The Arab Gulf states, except Sultanate of Oman, were with the occupation of Iraq and the overthrow of the political regime that governs it in the belief that its continuation threatens their regimes, and the same applies to the Islamic Republic of Iran, whose position was clear with the overthrow of the regime. The regional Iraq’s neighboring countries, especially the non-Arab neighbors, play the role of guardian of Iraq’s political stability and protector of the goals and gains of the democratic choice. They see Iraq as containing several constituents so, they take the right to interfere in its internal affairs.

This research tries to provide a hypothesis that emphasizes the existence of a strategy of conjugation between three elements: the state, religion, and political system in general, and gives an example of this strategy, which lies in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
It is believed that the union of these three elements is enough to make a qualitative shift in the interpretation of many of the acts affecting the performance of the political regime in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. But there is a distinction for the benefit of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in that it has provided a union in the adaptation of religion and state in the service of the political regime because of its effect on the nature of society and the social system there.
It is recognized that there is a privacy for each country in adopting the model of a political regime that is a clear reflection of the nature of its social system, as well as expressing its religious and cultural peculiarities. This is an indication and it is observed in the nature of the political regime in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia as well as the effect of the established tribal ties there, which is adapted in a combination that reflects the success of the association strategy mentioned in the research.

It is clear from the foregoing researches، that American think tanks and research centers play an important role in making public policies in the American political system through knowledge and research production، and the proposals and consultations they offer. Through the analysis provided by experts and researchers working in those centers، it is found that they have multiple paths in performing that role، including what concerns defense and national security، what concerns US foreign policy، and some of it concerns the second and fifth tracks of the various diplomatic tracks related to building peace through conflict resolution.

The importance of this study stems from the great interest that the subject of the relationship between religion and democracy, and the relationship of the latter to Islam, receives. The interest of contemporary jurists, researchers and thinkers in the subject of democracy, as well as what politicians are calling for at the present time, has led to the Islamists shedding light on the term democracy and the different concepts and meanings of this phrase that have sparked widespread controversy among the ranks of thinkers. Some of them consider it a Western concept that is foreign to Islamic society.

Parliamentary oversight by the (House of Representatives) over the performance of the Iraqi government represented by the executive authority is one of the distinctive tasks of the democratic political system in Iraq. Oversight using tools including questioning, interrogation, discussion, parliamentary investigation, and withdrawal of confidence from the government, and the oversight carried out by parliament over government performance has purposes and objectives that are achieved by ensuring the implementation of the government program and public policies, and then evaluating that performance in a way that guarantees integrity, transparency, and combating corruption. Of course, the parliamentary oversight carried out by the Iraqi parliament occupies a prominent and influential position within the political system in addition to its legislative function. The research aimed to identify the reality of parliamentary control over the government\'s performance of the executive authority\'s work.

Violence at the present time is a big problem faced by peoples and countries. This requires research into the contradictory political ideas to reveal the solutions and options available to both the individual and the state alike. Because violence is no longer confined to the regular institutions of the state, other political party movements and organizations acquired it which make up a great threat to people's lives, and instability of state. The aim of this research on nonviolence in Tolstoy's political thought is to reveal the types of human relations that he examined in the light of his idea, and its impact on the individual, society, and the state, determining how to deal with violence, if any, and avoiding violence from initiating these relationships. Among the most important conclusions obtained are : religion in general and Christianity in particular with its values and morals, is a measure in determining the nature of human relations in their various types. Because religions have one foundation and stems from divine law, which criminalizes violence and calls for its opposite, peace, love, cooperation, and intimacy among human beings.