Mustansiriyah Journal of Arts

The philosophy of history is considered one of the most important subjects addressed by the German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder (1744–1803). He combined the study of humans as biological and cultural beings with the study of their development over time within a comprehensive historical context. Herder\'s thought forms a bridge between the Enlightenment and Romanticism, as he addressed various issues related to human nature, culture, language, and history from a holistic perspective aimed at understanding humanity in its entirety. Herder focused on the idea that humans are cultural beings above all else. He believed that human nature cannot be separated from the cultural and social context in which individuals develop. He considered that each society has its own cultural uniqueness, manifested in its language, customs, and traditions, emphasizing the importance of understanding these elements to grasp human essence. In contrast to Enlightenment philosophers who focused on universal concepts of human nature, Herder rejected the idea of a \"unified model\" of humanity. He saw humanity as shaped through a long and complex history of interaction between humans and their environment, leading to a great diversity of cultures

Abstract
The current research aims to identify
1. The relative importance of the motives for human trafficking among inmates (males) in the Iraqi Correctional Department.
2. The relative importance of the motives for human trafficking among inmates (females) in the Iraqi Correctional Department.
The current research is limited to Baghdad Governorate with inmates placed in the prisons of the Ministry of Justice / Iraqi Correctional Department for the year 2024 AD.
Then two theories were mentioned to explain the motives of human behavior in general and employ them in the research
The research community included inmates in the Ministry of Justice / Iraqi Correctional Department prisons, as the research community amounted to (328) inmates (males - females).
The research sample consisted of (90) male and female inmates in eight prisons of the Iraqi Correctional Department (Baghdad Central Prison Section, Taji Central Prison Section, Women's Central Prison Section, Rusafa I Station, Rusafa IV Station, Rusafa V Station, Rusafa VII Station, Justice II Prison Section), with a sample size of (67) males and (23) females in Baghdad Governorate. The researcher prepared a questionnaire on the motives for human trafficking based on a survey questionnaire distributed to inmates sentenced under the provisions of the articles on human trafficking. The questionnaire was validated and verified. The study reached the results, then presented a set of recommendations based on the results and proposals for further research.

The research aims to identify job Crafting in general and across its four dimensions: increasing structural job resources, decreasing hindering job demands, increasing social job resources, and increasing challenging job demands. It also examines whether Are there statistically significant differences in job crafting among the employees of the University of Baghdad according to the variables (gender, educational level, years of service, and age) in general and in each of the four dimensions mentioned above. The research sample consisted of (197) employees at the University of Baghdad, including (62 ) males and (135 ) females, who responded to the Tim et al(2012) job Crafting scale. The results showed that: The sample exhibited a high degree of job Crafting in general and according to its four dimensions mentioned above, and there are no statistically significant differences in job Crafting according to the variables (gender, years of service and age) and their interactions with the exception of the educational level variable, in addition to the interaction between gender and educational level variables, post-test comparisons (Scheffe) revealed significant differences between holders of a diploma and those with higher degree, in favor of a diploma degree, there were also differences between holders of a diploma and a bachelor’s degree, in favor of the bachelor’s degree.The results indicated that there were no statistically significant differences in (increasing structural job resources) according to the variables of educational level, years of service, age and their interactions, with the exception of the gender variable, in favor of males. There were no statistically significant differences in (decreasing hindering job demands) for any of the variables. However there were statistically significant differences in the educational level and the interaction of gender * educational level, as well as the interaction of gender * educational level * number of years of service. No significant differences were found for the other variables. Additionally, There were no statistically significant differences in (increasing challenging job demands) for any of the variables.

Religion is innate nature that humanity has sought since its existence, and it is the system that governs man.In the land of Mesopotamia, this thought was dominated by rituals, including polytheism, the worship of multiple gods, and the deification of humans, as well as concepts of existence and the afterlife.The ancient Iraqi did not believe in the immortality of the soul as other civilizations, such as the Egyptian civilization, did. This indicates the intellectual development of the Mesopotamian individual. Additionally, we find their distinction between good and evil, as well as righteous and unrighteous deeds.

Thisresearchincludesthetopicofdigitaltechnologyandsocialtransformationswithintheprocessofdigitization, whichisconsideredthecornerstoneofthemodernconceptoftechnologyanditsdigitaltechniques, whileexplaining a veryadvancedformulafortechnologicaldevelopmentsthatundoubtedlyhavehistoricalroots, butinthisparticulareratherehavebeenmajortransformationsandchangesas a resultoftheuseofmoderntechnologiesofallkinds. Anditsforms, suchthatthisledtoitsoccurrenceinallareasofthesocial, economic, culturalandpoliticalsystems, uptothehealthsystemsinthelifeoftheindividualandsociety.

The current research aims to compare the estimation of Item parameters and the ability of individuals according to the estimation method and the logistic model using the bias indices (BAIS) and (Akaiki), as indicators of bias estimates. Therefore, the researcher used the experimental method according to the repeated measurements design, where he applied the research tool consisting of Robert Thorndike's abstract intelligence test based on the ability to process words and symbols and how to deal with them. The test was applied to a sample of (1072) adults, male and female, obtained from students at the University of Salahaddin/Erbil. In order to analyze the data obtained, the researcher resorted to three of the binary gradual models of the Item response theory. After ensuring that the data generated from the three logistic models (Rasch, Lord, Birnbaum) matched, the (Bilog–MG3) program was used to estimate the Item parameters (difficulty, discrimination, guessing) according to the aforementioned models.
The researcher used both the joint maximum likelihood and marginal likelihood methods to estimate the Item parameters. After that, the researcher made a comparison in estimating the Item parameters according to the estimation method and the logistic model using the bias index (BAIS). It became clear to him that estimating the Item parameters according to the joint maximum likelihood method is less deviant from the average of the parameters, which indicates that this method is less biased than estimating the parameters according to the marginal maximum likelihood method. This indicates that the joint likelihood method is more accurate in estimating the difficulty, discrimination and estimation parameters according to the Birnbaum model, followed by the Lord model, then the Rasch model, and according to the specificity of the model in estimating the parameters, compared to the marginal likelihood method. After estimating the ability parameters according to the three logistic models, a comparison was made to estimate the ability according to the bias index for the joint maximum and marginal odds methods according to the Birnbaum model, which was less than the arithmetic mean values for the Lord model as well as for the Rasch model, which indicates the superiority of the Birnbaum model over the other two models in reducing the bias in estimating the ability of individuals, followed by the Lord model and then the Rasch model.The results of calculating bias according to Akaike Information Criterion were consistent with the results obtained according to the bias index (BAIS). Based on the results reached by the current research, the researcher recommended using the Birnbaum model and according to the joint maximum likelihood method in estimating the Item parameters and the ability of individuals, in order to avoid bias in the estimates and obtain more accurate results in the estimation. The researcher also suggested conducting more studies such as comparing the graded models of the Item response theory in revealing the most accurate and least biased model in estimating the Item parameters and individuals.

The study aimed to clarify the positive role of legislative texts on the efficiency of the media in carrying out its social responsibility, and to show the negative effects of legislative texts on the commitment of the Iraqi media to its social responsibilities, and to determine the degree of commitment of the Iraqi media to its social responsibilities according to the Iraqi media professionals’ estimation, and to show the legislative difficulties that limit the ability of the Iraqi media to commit to its social responsibilities. The present study adopted the descriptive analytical approach by using the sample survey method through a random sample of Iraqi media professionals consisting of (120) media professionals. The study concluded that: Legislative texts leave positive effects on the work of Iraqi media institutions according to the estimates of Iraqi media professionals, and that framing media work with a legal framework represents the positive role of legislative texts regulating the work of the media most appreciated by Iraqi media professionals

Governance is a set of policies and actions aimed at regulating and guiding intra-institutional relationships, both governmental and private, with a view to achieving efficiency, transparency and accountability. is the process of decision-making and implementation within a framework of responsibility, including resource management and actions that ensure sustained growth and innovation, while preserving the interest of all stakeholders. Good governance is a key factor in reducing corruption when there are transparent policies and a high level of accountability, it becomes difficult for individuals to leverage power for personal gain. Conversely, weak governance, oversight and accountability contribute to increased corruption
. In this study, we tried to link governance and corruption as closely related concepts, significantly affecting the social and economic stability of an institution, and thus governance standards become effective tools for that institution's success, as well as presenting obstacles to governance in application: human, organizational, administrative and legislative.

The present study aims to analyse the role of the new media in Iraq, specifically its role in shaping public opinion about the government's performance in the face of economic crises, focussing on the US dollar exchange rate crisis as a case. The study is based on the hypothesis that new media constitutes an influential tool in shaping public opinion on economic conditions, as it contributes to the transmission, interpretation and evaluation of information, and thus influences individuals' perceptions about the crisis and proposed solutions.
The study seeks to answer the following questions:
• How do the new media contribute to shaping the mental image of citizens about the economic crises in Iraq?
• What are the most prominent economic issues covered by the new media during crises?
• What are the motivations that drive users to follow economic news through new media?
• What is the impact of the new media on the behaviour of individuals towards government economic decisions?
This study is expected to contribute to a deeper understanding of the role of new media in the context of economic crises, and to make recommendations for improving media performance and raising economic public awarenes

Objectives: The main objective of studying coins is to see how the Islamic state managed its economic and financial affairs in that era and benefit from them.
Methodology: The study adopted a purely historical methodology through an objective study of time and place.
Results: The results showed that coins and paper transactions are official documents that can be relied upon to know the economic and administrative affairs of the country.
Conclusion: Coins played an important role in life and are an important and essential source of Islamic history, and left very important effects in the political, social and economic fields in the Arab Islamic state.

In view of the widespread use of social media and its occupation of a large space in the acquisition of knowledge of all kinds, especially after relying mainly on it during the period of the Corona epidemic, and the government's trend to use the wide range of electronic applications in various fields, which led to the emergence of the phenomenon of electronic extortion as one of the negative manifestations in society.
The study mainly aims to show the trends of electronic extortion with the development of many treatments that would reduce the phenomenon of electronic extortion on the one hand and increase social ties between segments of society on the other hand.
The study used the method of pairing the theoretical side with the practical side through a questionnaire prepared mainly for this purpose consisting of (200) faculty members were distributed electronically, and the use of statistical methods in the classification and analysis of the results of the survey.
The study reached a set of conclusions and recommendations that would contribute to identifying trends in electronic extortion, and the most important conclusions are (privacy and confidentiality were the highest awareness area among respondents), and (females showed a higher level of awareness compared to males), and the study also reached a set of recommendations, the most important of which are (enhancing legal awareness about the rights of individuals in the digital world and the legal consequences of digital threats), as well as (developing awareness programs directed to different age and gender groups to promote digital awareness in all categories).

Since the Zionist settlement ideology represents the most comprehensive framework for the entire political behavior of the Zionist entity at the internal and external levels, identifying the content of this ideology enables the concerned Arabs to sense the trends of (Israeli) policy towards them, and to limit its danger to their national and national security.
This research came as an attempt to sense aspects of the danger posed by the contemporary Zionist settlement ideology and its applications on the Arab countries of Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, and Egypt, after this ideology and its applications caused the erosion of the land of Palestine and other Arab lands. There is no doubt that delving into a subject of this kind has its justifications, which can be diagnosed as follows:
1- The traditional danger posed by the Zionist settlement ideology that drives Israeli policy on the Arab surrounding countries.
2- This traditional danger is accompanied by new political data, perhaps foremost of which is the crystallization of a new international system that was founded on the ruins of the disintegration of the Soviet Union.
3- The influx of waves of Soviet Jews to the Zionist entity, which is expected to reach about one million immigrants by the end of the twentieth century, which may threaten the safety and territorial integrity of the Arab border states in the foreseeable future.
4- The start of the Arab-Israeli settlement negotiations since 1992 and what resulted from some Arab governments reaching treaties with the Zionist entity, which raises the issue again, in terms of whether these negotiations and treaties end the danger posed by the Zionist settlement ideology to the Arab border states.
In order to grasp the dimensions of the problem at hand, the research was divided into three main sections:
The first section is the beginnings of the Zionist settlement idea
The second section is the role of settlement ideology and its applications in the emergence of the Zionist state at the expense of the Palestinian territories
The third section is the role of Zionist settlement ideology and its applications in expansion at the expense of the major Arab regional states.

There is no doubt that the most prominent features of the nation are its identity which distinguishes it from other nations, and this identity constitutes its features, characteristics which seen as a backbone that support everything related to it, which in its dimensions means human awareness and sense of belonging to a society, nation or group within the framework of general human belonging. The current study attempts to examine national identity in terms of all its fields, as national identity can be defined as belonging and loyalty to the land known as the motherland, and is represented in a set of beliefs, morals and behaviors that support peace, defense, commitment to order and respect for the laws of the motherland. National identity also refers to the arrangement of social relations within a unified social structure that supports moral principles based on love, cooperation, respect for family, environment, customs and traditions. It is equally important to respect conflicting viewpoints, beliefs and opinions, as well as loyalty to popular religious ideals, provided that they do not conflict with national sovereignty, public order or values. After the invasion of Iraq in 2003, Iraq's infrastructure was destroyed, and the country's unity faced many dangers, including attempts to eliminate national identity, in addition to various factors and events.

This research examines Iraqi public attitudes towards media coverage of doping issues in national sports teams. The study employed a descriptive-analytical approach, using a field media survey methodology through a questionnaire administered to a random sample of 100 participants in Baghdad governorate.
Results showed males dominated (70%) in following doping issues, with concentration among young age groups (75%) and university degree holders (60%). Online websites led as information sources (70%), followed by print newspapers (60%), with "Al-Sabah Sports" emerging as a primary information source (65%).
The evaluation of press coverage showed significant interest in doping issues, with 65% of respondents perceiving a high level of attention. Coverage forms varied between reports (65%), news (60%), and investigations (50%). The coverage succeeded in achieving important cognitive effects, particularly in understanding doping impacts (75%) and knowledge of prohibited substances (65%).
Statistical analysis results indicated strong correlations between coverage variables and public attitudes, with the regression model explaining 52% of variance in attitudes. The study recommended enhancing information accuracy, increasing expert consultation, and developing continuous monitoring mechanisms.

The Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) was founded in Turkey to establish a unified, independent, socialist Kurdistan state, which would include the Kurdish territories in Iraq, Iran, Syria, and Turkey. Its operations began in the form of guerrilla warfare in the mountainous regions in 1984, as the only means of resisting the Turkish state.
The PKK began its insurgency in 1984, and successive Turkish governments have waged a war that has lasted nearly thirty years, killing nearly 40,000 people, destroying thousands of villages, displacing millions of people, and consuming hundreds of billions of dollars. The PKK problem has become endemic, and a destabilizing factor in the region due to its impact on Turkey’s neighbors. The Kurdish problem has hindered Turkey’s democratic transition, negatively affected economic development, preserved the military’s role as a powerful actor in politics, and damaged Turkey’s international standing.

The researcher used the insightful knowledge model (KIM) in his study, which is considered one of the rare and modern models, and an indication of the problem of organizations in not applying knowledge models that necessitated the need to use it, as it determined its importance in organizations. The descriptive analysis method was used to determine the extent of the impact and association between the model and human resources in the Iraqi Ministry of Finance. A random sample of (86) individuals in different locations was identified, and important results were reached, including that while the individuals’ answers to the sample focused on the second variable (insightful knowledge), the measures were completely agreed upon and agreed upon as being the most frequently repeated items of the variable. It also reached a set of recommendations, the most important of which is the necessity of using the knowledge management model called insightful knowledge in organizations and institutions, as it is one of the strategies compatible with sustainable development programs.

The aim of the research is to study the reality of information technology and competitive advantage in the central government university libraries in Baghdad and measure it, and analyze and measure the strength of the association and influence between information technology and competitive advantage in the central government university libraries. The research relied on the descriptive analytical approach, The questionnaire was designed to include the dimensions of the independent variable (information technology) with (26) questions, and the dimensions of the dependent variable (competitive advantage) with (28) questions. The research community included four central university libraries in Baghdad Governorate, namely (the General Secretariat of the Central Library/University of Baghdad, the Central Library and the Library/Al-Mustansiriya University, the General Secretariat of the Central Library/Nahrain University, the General Secretariat of the Central Library/Technological University). A random sample of (60) individuals was selected, and the most important results of the research are: There is a strong, positive and significant correlation between information technology and competitive advantage in central libraries, with a correlation coefficient of (0.76). There is a positive impact of information technology on the competitive advantage in central libraries, with an impact of (0.68). The most important recommendations of the research are the necessity of developing the information technology used in government university central libraries by providing them with computers and modern technological devices and providing them in sufficient numbers that are commensurate with the workers in the libraries and the tasks assigned to them, which contributes to improving the level of performance and quality of services provided and encouraging creativity in them.

The current study dealt with the meaning of fasting in the era of the Fatimid Ismailis throughout their rule on its most prominent social manifestations, and clarifies the methods of calculating the month of Ramadan which was proved as a complete number that does not increase or decrease, which can’t be subjected to weighting or sighting of the crescent moon, and the inference thatRamadan is fasting from speech and food, and that the Imam Al-Qaim is one of the hidden reasons for fasting, and how they relied on the apparent and hidden knowledge of interpretation to support their opinions.According to the hadiths of the Messenger (may God’s prayers and peace be upon him and his family) and his family, and how they relied on his calculation with philosophy and extrapolation for the purpose of deduction and analysis, within their intellectual approach, they made the month of Ramadan thirty days, within their own data that they derived from their faith, and they confirmed thatthe vision are seen two types, natural vision and vision. Psychologically, relying on the ability to persuade and influence the publicthrough reason.

The Present Study dealt with two concepts in Sufi Beliefs; Solitude and isolation , examining their similarities and differences according to linguistic, terminological, and practical aspects. The sudy starts to define both terms linguistically and conceptually. Then,present clear historical explanation of their earliest practices as well as the psychological and intellectual benefits they offer. Following that, each concept is analyzed separately in detail, covering various aspects such as conditions, etiquettes, and other related factors. Finally, the study concludes with a summary and a set of findings regarding these two Sufi concepts.

This study, entitled (Critical Turns in the Criticism of Scientific Knowledge in the Twentieth Century: A Study in the Philosophy of Gaston Bachelard, Karl Popper, and Thomas Kuhn), aims to present the fundamental transformations "turns" that occurred in the philosophy of science during the twentieth century, such as: the transition from traditional science based on cognitive accumulation to the modern understanding that focuses on the "epistemological rupture" that changed old concepts with new concepts through revolutionary discoveries, as in Bachelard's ideas, and the transition from traditional science based on verification to the modern understanding that focuses on falsifiability, as in Popper's ideas, and on "scientific revolutions", as in Thomas Kuhn's ideas, where he sees that science advances through changes in models or "paradigms" and not gradually; that is, in a cumulative manner.

تشكل قبائل البلوش جزءا حيويا من البنية الاجتماعية في إيران، إذ تتميز بعادات وتقاليد خاصة بهم تمتد لعدة قرون،ويمارس أفراد هذه القبيلة أنشطة اقتصادية متنوعة يتضمن الزرعة والصناعات المحلية ،فضلًا عن الرعي وتربية المواشي ،ممّا يساهم ذلك في دعم الاقتصاد الإيراني وتعزيز التنمية المحلية، قسم البحث على مقدمة وثلاثة محاور وخاتمة، احتوى المحور الأوّل حمل عنوان (لمحة تأريخية عن البلوش) تضمن نسبهم وأماكن تواجدهم وتوزيعهم الجغرافي في إيران، أما المحور الثاني الذي حمل عنوان (النشاط الاقتصادي للبلوش في إيران)، سلط الضوء على طبيعة نشاطهم الاقتصادي وأبرز المهن والحرف التي مارسها البلوش في إيران، أما المحور الثالث الذي حمل عنوان (النشاط الاجتماعي للبلوش في إيران) على عاداتهم وتقاليدهم الاجتماعية ، واحتوت الخاتمة على أهم النتائج التي توصل إليها البحث.

This research is about an important issue in contemporary Arab ideology, i.e. the problem of heritage and modernity according to both Zaki Nageeb Mahmoud and Fouad Zakaria. On this basis, we clarified both thinkers’ ideas and the most important positions of the Arab thinkers who tackled this problem in terms of several aspects. Some of them resorted to heritage, as a basic pillar for understanding the present. Others conveyed the Salafist position in heritage, yet others tried to reconcile heritage and modernity to solve this problem.

The present research aims to identify the level of pessimism felt by the Iraqi public regarding the political television programs they watch. The study was conducted on a sample of 492 respondents from the audiences of Baghdad, Maysan, and Anbar provinces, using a random sampling method. The researcher employed a survey methodology through questionnaires and scales to collect data and information from the respondents. The statistical results of the respondents' data revealed that the sample exhibits higher levels of pessimism compared to the general population. One of the primary reasons the public watches political television programs is to stay informed about local, Arab, and international events. They primarily prefer watching news bulletins, followed by political talk shows. The public also believes that political parties in Iraq blatantly control the interests and resources of the Iraqi people, and there is a lack—or complete absence—of genuine accountability for corrupt individuals in Iraq. Corruption is visibly rampant across most institutions, leading citizens to feel pessimistic and distrustful of governmental policies and reform measures. Additionally, the public sees no hope for real solutions to the country’s deteriorating situation. The rapidly escalating political and security events in the Arab region further contribute to the Iraqi public’s pessimism about the near future and the crises it may hold.

The study aimed to define the concept of national bibliography.and its importance in preserving cultural and scientific heritage, review the history and development of the Iraqi national bibliography, study and analyze the Iraqi national bibliography, and evaluate the extent to which the Iraqi national bibliography adheres to the established standards for bibliography preparation. The research findings are as follows:
1. The study showed that the Iraqi national bibliography has witnessed gradual development since the early twentieth century, as Iraq began to attempt to collect and document scientific and cultural sources. Initially, there was reliance on manual indexing of sources, and over time, Iraqi academic institutions and libraries began to use modern methods such as automated indexing. Despite the efforts made, the documentation infrastructure was weak at many stages, which affected the organization and management of the national bibliography.
2. The study confirmed that the national bibliography isconsidered an essential tool in preserving cultural and scientific heritage, as it plays a pivotal role in organizing and documenting cultural and scientific knowledge. It wasshown that the national bibliography in Iraq contributes to the preservation of ancient manuscripts and rare books that represent a significant part of Iraqi cultural heritage. Furthermore, documenting Iraqi references helps provide access to these materials for researchers in various fields.
The research has come up with several proposals, the most important of which are:
1. The necessity of expanding and updating the national bibliography: It is recommended to expand the scope of the Iraqi national bibliography to include all types of publications, including non-traditional works such as recent scientific research and electronic articles, and to continuously update it to reflect the latest intellectual and cultural achievements.
2. The necessity of applying specific international standards in preparing bibliographies leads to improving the quality of the bibliography in accordance with local needs.

The theory of constraints to improve the indicators of informetrics in the work of the Department of Administrative Affairs at the Ministry of Culture, Tourism, and Antiquities/Applied study, Prpf.Inaam Ali Tawfiq Alshahrabl, Wedyan Abbas Helawe.
The aim of the research is to applying the theory of constraints to improve the indicators of informatics in the Department of Administrative Affairs at the Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Antiquities by measuring the reality of the indicators of informatics in the department, the field of study, and identifying the constraints facing those indicators, these indicators were measured through two dimensions the first dimension through the use of mathematical methods, and the second dimension through building a measure to collect data related to the reality of the state of indicators in the form of a questionnaire consisting of: three axes are divided into (15) These indicators include (17) applications that were distributed to the study sample consisting of (150) employees ,Descriptive analysis and data distribution were used to analyze the sample’s answers to the questionnaire items. The limitations were diagnosed by identifying the strengths and weaknesses of the indicators. Accordingly, a model was prepared to improve the indicators based on the facilities available in the department, and it was redistributed to the same sample to determine the amount of improvement achieved if applying the paragraphs of the improvement model.