Alustath Journal for Human and Social Sciences

The aim of the research is to understand citizenship values and to show their effectiveness among the components of the Algerian society. Citizenship values are necessary concepts for the consolidation of social cohesion nowadays. The research is based on descriptive approach by using documentary studies. The research emphasized that the citizenship values play a major role in the development of societies through awareness of individuals, and recognition of their rights and duties in society. As well as their role in stabilizing community structure

Although all human groups have a language in the narrow sense, it is possible to visualize and confirm the ability of human beings to learn each language from thousands of languages via understanding it from speakers of other languages. Anthropologist shares the perception and understanding with linguists in the idea that human language is sufficiently distinct, complex and extensive to require academic study per se, but this does not mean that anthropologists and linguists agree on what constitutes the nature of the language and how it should be studied, but for anthropology it occupies a wide range of human's activity, thinking, and his activities with the surroundings, and it represents an important tool in the detection of the nature of the human being and the elements of its existence, as well as, they have a broad view of linguistic structures and words and perceptions of intellectual result of their work and stay involved with the culture of people under study. The objective of the research is to highlight the most important linguistic contributions in the field of anthropological study, while showing the importance in the discussion of the founding literature, which focused on the subject of language, especially the contributions of Professor F. Boas and the descriptive orientation at the level of American school and the contributions of Professor B. Malinowviski and contextual orientation at the level of British school.

In this research, we discussed the intellectual life of the city of shayzar with the mention of its most prominent scientists. Our aim was to show the contributions of the city in a period of time characterized by jihad against the Byzantine and French state, with the instability of the region due to this military friction and the resulting migration of many scientists to safer areas. And stability, as well as the role of scientists in providing scientific and literary life in various works, books and sciences, which they excelled in the sciences of Quran and Hadith, jurisprudence, literature and poetry.

The current study aims to have the geography department teachers functionalize the non-verbal educational communication skills in teaching Geography . For fulfilling this goal, the researcher has used the descriptive method. The research 's society includes all students of geography department ( morning study) basic education college , al-Mustansiriyah University for the academic year 2017-2018. The researcher has prepared questionnaire as a tool for his research as to verify its reliability and its consistence, then it became consisting of 50 items.
The researcher has used statistic collection including standard deviation, average , T-Test for two independent samples
The research has concluded with a set of results , the third axe including body movement , head movement , hands has got the 1st rank. While the connection axe including voice and its types has got the final rank with low degree
After using T-test for two independent samples , it has been indicated that there are statistic differences at level 0.05 between the questionnaire axes in respect to the coefficient sex . The results have indicated that there are statistic differences at level 0.05 for the benefit of males
The research has concluded with set of recommendations including establishing courses for the teachers boards in the Ministry of Higher education and scientific research to know skills of non-verbal educational media .
The researcher has suggested a set of suggestions including making study similar to the current one on other studying stages.

Speakers in cradle summary this paper talks about six people who spoke while they are in cradle newly born . these six people were mentioned by the prophet (pbuh) I showed the prophet,s saying and meanwhile I showed the aesthetic side of these sayings . moreover I tackled the structural and expressive points which added much to the aesthetic side of these sayings . I concluded my paper with artistic view about the stories of these six kids which contributed in painting a fantastic image about these stories .

The Noble Prophetic Traditions provide a very important knowledge of the history of nations, groups and religions, while emphasizing the lesson, the exhortation and the significance of the facts and events that they deal with.
The Hadiths of the Prophet, peace and blessings of God be upon him, were narrated by the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) as a way of telling the story, the media and the news. It is a clear indication that all that is stated in it is true, so it is necessary to believe in it, because there is no room for inventing it.
Therefore, I have dealt in this study with the news of former and previous nations, which were mentioned in the Noble Prophetic Hadiths, and adopted in this research the saheehahaadeeth that were narrated in Saheeh al-Bukhari, with a number of the hadiths that are chosen from others according to the need. From the issue of the need to judge the degree of modernity, I have seen that I make research in one chapter divided into several disciplines, with an introduction and a conclusion..

The topic of the present research focuses on a critical issue that analyzes the content of (the complaint in the poetry of Abu Ishaq Al-Ghazi: an artistic-subjective study). Where he was able to be stronger to that load. Yes! There was complaint to difficulty of life, and his ignorance with human values to find out that time is the best advisor for him. He also complained about alienation, meanness, and poverty which were forced on him by life circumstances of that time. This research also addresses other complaints connected with social characteristics that featured the life of his time. Therefore, he complained about people estrangement, their harshness and their severe hypocrisy. Additionally, he complained the recession of poetry during that age, and being underestimated by his audience including: the kings, ministers and rulers. As a result of that, he wasn’t given the place he really deserved in their literary gatherings, and he was neither allowed to be close to them nor be given their gifts.
The research also records the most remarkable artistic features of Al-Ghazi's poetry. It has been noted that he was just as competent as ..... His language was eloquent regarding both the words and the meanings, and he drew his poetic metaphors and images creatively. Also he used religious intertextuality as he cited many times from the Holy Quran. Besides that, he was inspired by the literary inheritance of the formers' poetry which was significantly noticed in his poems. He also employed traditional proverbs with its connotations and structure. In fact, one thing that distinguishes his works is the overuse of his poetic descriptions and his complex artistic similes.

This paper considers the translator’s problems in translating the slang and informal speech and dialogues from Farsi into Arabic. There are many accents in Arabic language and it different from one country to another one and from one region to the other one. Also there are many different ideas in Arabic world about the usage of informal language in the writing. Many people prefer the formal language because of its beauty and activity in all issues. This paper choose the Persian tales and first we show the development of contemporary Persian story and its usage of informal language. Then we describe the meaning of informal language and the different ideas about it. At last we show some examples for translating informal speech and dialogue from Farsi into Arabic which translated by MonirBalbaaki.

One of the orators, who appeared in the Arabic literature, but never khown as a poet, is Hosein Ibn shibl of Baghdaad and he lived nearly seventy years after Fardosi.Otherwise Ibn shibl, Fardosi is one of the greatest and most famous poets in Persian literature and his name always join with wisdom and he recognized as a sage. In this paper, without criticism of the concepts which are coming, we try to show the nearness and similarity between these two poets with comparison of their thoughts and eloquent and wisely beliefs.In this opportunity we consider the concepts like: role of sky in existence, useless of wisdom, death and pessimism, occurrence of evil, relationship between human and his constraint and authority, in point of views of these two poets.Both of them feel himself as a prison of Zervan( god of time).They look to the life as a very old and subjective.Both of them were pessimistic and saw the torture and death the end of life.

Ethiopia sought to adopt an expansionary policy in the Horn of Africa, and its objectives were fitted with the aims of European colonialism. After Berlin Conference held on 1884-1885, it succeeded in extracting the territory of Western Somalia and included it within its territory for the region has mineral wealth such as silver, copper and iron, as well as its fertile land for grazing, which led to the entry of the two countries in two wars during the years 1964 and 1978 .It did not achieve either of their political and military objectives, on the contrary, they have deteriorated the political situation in both countries and have destabilized the Horn of Africa, by allowing regional and international powers to intervene in order to put an end to the political differences between the two countries which were clarified during the rule of presidents who came after each other in both countries.

The research attempts to identify or identify Iraqi national identity in the social curricula and compare it with some international models such as the People's Republic of China, Japan and the United States of America. To achieve the objective of the study, the researcher applied the developmental survey method, which is the most suitable method for this type of research. The study population consists of (70) school teachers in the year 2017/2018. The study sample consisted of (200) teachers and schools selected by The method of measurement is composed of seven main dimensions: educational curricula, teaching staff, student movements, school administration, social curricula, cultural globalization and technological progress, and the promotion of national identity. The researcher used the tool on a sample of 30 teachers and students from outside the study sample at a time interval of two weeks between the two applications. The stability coefficient was calculated using the half-separator. The second method is to calculate the degrees of stability of each of the dimensions of the study and its axes. Where the researcher found that the areas of the faculty and school administration contain a few stability coefficients in both ways.

The present research is a stylistic attempt to study the unified sidesof stream of consciousness and interior monologueinselected extracts from Faulkner's and Ginsberg’s: Absalom, Absalom!and“Howl”. Its relevance is to thesophisticated techniques that help unify the two sides in theworks. These techniques are linguistic techniques, narrative techniques and metaleptic ones.The purpose of this study is to analyze them in Faulkner's and Ginsberg’sAbsalom, Absalom and“Howl”.The problematic case of the two aforementionedworks lies in the reader’s involvement inresolving their ambiguity. Theirrigorous style drives the reader into an involvement in understanding its ambiguity. Hence, the significance of the study lies in its being the first attempt at analysingthis problematic style. The study concludes that the three techniques point out the hidden dark side of the American life through the employment of ambiguous problematic style.

Phonaesthemes are a set of sound-inspired meanings in a language. They represent words, nouns, adjectives, or verbs whose general meaning is related. The present paper sheds light on this area by investigating phonaesthemes in Standard Arabic through a broader consideration of all the possible syllables and sound sequences which are expressive of phonaesthemes. There exist in Standard Arabic certain sound syllables, mainly initial ones, that manifest a noticeable similarity in meaning and this paper attempts at investigating this area. Firstly, phonaesthemes are introduced as to definition, history, and cross-linguistic familiarity. Then, phonaesthemes in Standard Arabic are listed along with a broader discussion. Finally, a few conclusions, results, and implications are proposed at the end of the research.

In the novel “reeds and mud”, when all events were in a small village of Valencia called Albufera, social conflict was the difference in views on reality and ambition in one family consisting of three generations. From the other side we discussed the case of internal conflict (psychological) among the younger generation, where they live with disgruntled and refusing to reality and traditions and they feel frustrated and despair, as a result of the miserable reality and complex life which does not allow the man to be free of his actions and his thoughts.

This research is devoted to study the performance of Iraqi EFL learners with reference to idiomatic expressions in modern Standard English.By definition , an idiom is a linguistic unit in which the meaning of a given construction cannot be understood from the words that compose it. Evidence shows that English idiomatic expressions represent a rather problematic area for EFL learners . Thus , this study aims at theoretically investigating the English idiomatic expressions and practically studying the Iraqi EFL learners' performance in dealing with these expressions by means of a specialized test designed for this purpose . It is hypothesized that Iraqi EFL learners face difficulties in dealing with idiomatic expressions in both recognition and production levels . The test includes two questions , each with 25 items. Results show that , at the recognition level ( question 1) , most Iraqi EFL learners fail in recognizing the idiomatic expressions , whereas at the recognition level the percentage of learners unable to employ the given idiomatic expressions increased including the avoided items , which are considered as incorrect in both first and second questions . The findings arrived at support the above mentioned hypothesis . The study ends with some of the recommendations for EFL teachers and learners and the way they encounter such expressions in spoken and written English .
The present study falls into fivesections. The first section includes general definitions of idiomatic expressions in English from scholars’ and linguists’ points of view. The second section deals with the idiomatic expressions in modern Standard English with reference to the definitions , characteristics and types of idiomatic expressions. The third section is devoted to investigate the predicted Arabic counterparts to the English idiomatic expressions and the aspects of similarities and differences of these constructions in both languages . Sectionfour includes the test which is made for the students from the third stage of the College of Basic Education to measure their total performance at the recognition and production levels with a discussion of the main types of errors which are committed by them. Finally , the fifth section summarizes the main conclusions and findings of the present study.

Monsters throughout history are always explained in terms of abjection, horror and something to be avoided in order that the system and regulation of society to be restored. Following the dynamic conception of contemporary utopia, the present paper aims at analyzing the monster or the violence in Ahmed Saadawi’s Frankenstein in Baghdad (FB) 2014 in terms of utopian site of hope, freedom and justice. It intends to show in what ways the issue of the “neo-Utopianism” or a desire for grand narratives is addressed in contemporary Iraqi fiction and why this issue is significant in post- postmodern thought. The paper revolves around post-traditional thinking of monster through investigating how a monster is related to a collective desire of hope for better roles in relation to the multiple societal crises. Other than an abject or “Other”, the value of creating such a monster is to introduce a new vision to the reader accomplished with the hope and salvation instead of the fragile spirit that comes from the postmodern failure and destruction. Within this conception the paper unfolds three routes that explicitly address a utopian desire: the body, the name and the aim or the message. The article, moreover, uncovers a new dimension of monstrosity in Iraqi literature which marks a shift from postmodernism to new era characterized by a utopian revival. The paper concludes that the monster is given a new voice and vision to be accepted in symbolic order unlike its traditional image in Gothic literature, one to speak about horror or monstrosity.

The present paper tackles the viewpoints of Russian literary critics, and their evaluation of contemporary writers, along with their roles in the development of the Twenty-First century literature. We have pointed out the importance of the works of Viktor Pelevin, Valdimir Makanin, and Vladimir Sorokin, and how they influenced modern Russian literature. Also, it has been showed that these writers were not less important than the Russian classic writers, despite that some of their works were characterized with a sense of dialectic with the classic text. Thus, a contemporary Russian text has become desired and understood all over the world.

Among the post-modern writers who wrote novels about Iraq are the Arab-American Diana Abu Jaber (1959 -) and the Paris-based Iraqi Inaam Kachachi (1952 -). Abu Jaber's Crescent (2003) tells a love story between an Iraqi professor and an Iraqi-American girl. The crescent of the title has to do with the Islamic ritual of marking the beginning of a lunar month like Ramadhan. As the novel suggests it has to do with patience and the unknown as represented by the sudden and unexpected reappearance of the protagonist (Hanif) after a long time of absence. Whereas Kachachi's Tashari (2013) details the scattering of Iraqis in different parts of the world after the-2003 events. It attributes this tragedy to the Pope's refusal to visit the city of Ur, the birthplace of Prophet Abraham which also used to be the residence of Nana, the moon god of the ancient Sumerians. While apparently both novels deal in part with the religious beliefs and practices related to the moon in Islam and Christianity, they, however, make no direct reference to ancient Iraqi myths. Although Abu Jaber expressed the wish of writing about "the legacy of Iraq", "the cradle of civilization" and Kachachi wrote mainly about Iraq and its " good old days", but rarely they made a direct reference to the moon and its significance in ancient Iraqi culture. Nevertheless, both novels implicitly abound in references to the moon that can be analyzed in terms of its status and the lasting impact it had on ancient Iraqi culture, which will be the focus of this paper.

Traditionally, most approaches to stylistic analysis are not related to cognitive processes by which readers are engaged and conceptualized to a particular point of view while reading a text. Against this account , emerged through 1980s and 1990s, various stylistic models for identifying categories of point of view in fiction, and this brings a cognitive perspective in analysis of narrative stylistics.
Deictic shift theory is an act to demonstrate how readers are completely engaged in narratives, to a degree that they interpret events in narrative as if they were experiencing them from a position within the story world. According to Segal(1995,p15),deictic shift theory (henceforth DST) means that '' the reader often takes a cognitive attitude within the world of narrative and interprets the text from that perspective' 'and this happens as a result of deictic shifts within the narratives that change the deictic center from which the sentences of the text are interpreted. It follows that such changes in the deictic center across the course of a text will result in changes in the point of view that readers will be exposed to(Mclntyre,2006,p92).
The present study aims to investigate the role of deictic shift theory as a cognitive perspective to point of view effects in the selected poem written by Seamus Heaney in his famous poem '' Mossbawn'' . The emphasis will be shifted away from narrative techniques towards theconceptual framework that tackles the cognitive processes of both reading and interpretation. However, the study will show how applying DST is an indispensable in tackling stylistic analysis to point of view which develops our understanding of the construction of viewpoints in language.
The analysis has shown that the cognitive work of DST is used as a device in the poem in order to arrive at the comprehensive meaning of text. The poet uses different deictic shifts and projection of viewpoints of personal pronoun, locational, and temporal deixis and references which are interrelated between the fictional text world of the poem and the real central world of the reader. Also, it is seen that in cognitive terms there is a shift between the past and the present, a rapid back and forth shift of deictic center and field which is tackled by the reader's perspective.

So many readers are avid in the demarcation of neologistic (hereinafter neos) abbreviations, acronyms and initialism. Sometimes one might be baffled with the influx of these formations due to their inconsistency or multiplefaced constructions. To debaffle such rather enigmatic rebus a linguistic explanation and analysis of acronymized syllabification is conducted hoping to show how they work. The way in which we envision the lullabies codified might be moxic rather than handy in accessing the effigies fresco and surplus communicative value of each. Being linguistically fluctuated we opt for general viewing for the acronymized structured by texters who, it happened, are more adept at manipulating their nuances rather than other textees. The one-man-kit for mollifying such lottery of rebus is the next texting where the offspring of the occasion are euphoric. Being rejected or milked, one should surf their influx and probe their morphological building.