AL-ADAB JOURNAL

Andalusia was Known for Political Conditions Since the Muslimes entered
Andalusia in the Year 92AH/911AD until the end of the Fifth Century
AH/atheist Century AD due to the nature of Muslims to Andulsia, the Stage
of the formation of Islamic states,and the resistance of Christianity and the
stage of the Political events Charactrized by tides between stability and thr
struggle for power.At every stage of the Islamic states, there were rebellions
against the rulers and wars with the Spanish Kingdoms,as well as, the
fusions of envy, with some people wanting to reach the highest rank or
simply remove them.
So mediations or intercessions were present to the guardians of the matter
and those close to the stakeholders in their state or to have a special
guidance to the rulers. These mediations different events in which they
were intercesded, some of which threatened the security of the dawa,and
some of them insulted the ruler for the misbehavior of the senior officials
towards their ruling ruler,including the exploitation of their positions to
harm others or personal reprisals.These mediations also had a clear effect
for many cases these mediations are fairly unfairly ti those who have been
harmed by injustice, injustice and punishment. In other cases,they failed
because they did reasons,including the magnitude of the event and its
dangers to the ruler and the state. And others.
And after that prevailed judgment Islamic in the Land of Andalusia, rulers
of Muslims them on the difference their names,it has seen Andalus a
number of revolutions and rebels the rulers and exit administrators on
different office for obedience their rulers,while great the businese of the
point of view rulers van which appeared the right of came out for their
Masters ranged ben success and failure,as well as led to save the lives of
anumber of people ,and some other than not succeed in working adopted on
the nature of the mediation and extent of the status of the mediator of
governors of it,as well as the nature of the problem or people want to
mediate in them.Hence ,the title of our research is the
(( Political Mediations in Andalusia through the book of Moktabs from the
news of the people of Andalusia for Ibn Hayyan al-Qurtubi (
D.469AH./1076AD.) )), and what led us to address the subject in Andalusia,most studies dealing with mediations or intercessions were
associated with the divine or the great image,on the one hand,and on the
other hand,the study of medias reflects the various aspects of the political
life of Andalusia,such as the extent of the princes and rulers in the
implementation of their judgments, the extent of their justice in the release
of those entences,and the extent of hrearing the whishpers,and the extent of
tolerance towards their enemies and outsiders.
Ibn Hayyan al-Qurtubi is one of the Andalusian history of the Muslims in
Andalusia in general and the history of the Umayyad state to the succession
of the ruler Al-Muntasir Malah in 366AH/967AD in particular. His writings
received the approval of historians and modernists despite the loss of most
of them.

This research aims to explore the applications of the Phonetic Accord phenomenon in the language of the Prophetic Hadeeth and explain some of its representations. It also explains the significance of using this phenomenon in the interpretation and direction of the Prophetic Hadeeth, which seemingly looks like a digression of the common Arabic language standards.

يعد الموروث العلمي والأدبي والديني والتاريخي ذا أهمية كبيرة في أدبنا العربي الحديث والمعاصر؛ إذ يعد التاريخ بصفة عامة منبعًا ثرًا من منابع الإلهام الشعري الذي يعكس الشاعر من خلال الارتداد إليه روح العصر، ويعيد بناء الماضي، وفق رؤية إنسانية معاصرة، تكشف عن هموم الإنسان ومعاناته وطموحاته وأحلامه، وهذا يعني أن الماضي يعيش في الحاضر، ويرتبط معه بعلاقة جدلية تعتمد على التأثير والتأثر .من هنا سعى الأدباء المحدثون إلى إعادة التراث بكل تفاصيله ووقائعه، وعكفوا على استيعابه وتمثله بقصد بعثه واحيائه لا في وجدان الناس وعقولهم فحسب ، وانما في نتاجاتهم الشعرية ، وقد عكست تجربة الشاعر جميل صدقي الزهاوي الإبداعية صلته القوية بالتراث الإنساني ، إذ استثمرها في التعبير عن الواقع العربي المعاصر ، وتعد ملحمته الشعرية ( ثورة في الجحيم ) أهم أعماله التي عكست تأثره الواضح برسالة الغفران للمعري فضلاً عن منابع تراثية أخرى ، إذ عرض فيها رؤاه، وفلسفته، ونظرته للحياة، وأدبها، والناس، ومعتقداتهم من خلال سجل زيارته للجحيم، والنعيم على طريقة أبي العلاء المعري في \"رسالة الغفران\" . فضلاً عن تاثره الواضح بنصوص القرأن الكريم والحديث النبوي الشريف واصول الفلسفة العربية والغربية والفارسية والمكتشفات العلمية الحديثة.

This study dealt with the subject of self-hostility in the poetry of al-Bayati from a psychological perspective, and explained the tendency of the poet to the aggressive tendency in his poetry directly or indirectly, and the reasons that invited him to this, perhaps the most prominent disappointment and frustration and alienation and alienation; These methods to express his feelings, and more, benefiting from a variety of sources, most notably his vast and knowledgeable knowledge.

While there were many studies on Al Bayati poetry, there was no comprehensive research showing the psychological reasons and motivations that led him to go to hostile methods in his poetry. Therefore, I went to stand on this subject and study it to uncover the psychological reasons behind it based on the most famous philosophical theories Which explained the aggressive method in its various forms.

Al-Bayati adopted an aggressive approach in most of his poems, and this is what will be clarified through the study's three studies:

Theoretical approach, conceptual approach.

- Causes of aggressive behavior in poetry Al Bayati.

- Methods of hostile approach.

The researcher took the analytical approach in this study to reveal the most important joints in the three questions followed by a conclusion summarizing the most prominent findings and visions.

Prose, in general, and the art of writing letters, in particular, have been developed by the Holy Quran and the Islamic religion. The learning of writing and reading and the transformation from speaking into writing have also been improved similarly. As such, prose has become equal to poetry or even better. So, writing has been a profession and a part of the state affairs. The caliphs themselves started addressing princes, ministers, army leaders, and likewise. Therefore the letters played a vital role at that time. It is a written text from the sender to the receiver about a certain topic. These letters have been characterized by eloquence and dexterity and by cohesion and coherence.

This study has been chosen because it has never been done before.

No one can argue that medicine is one of the first knowledge which is practised by human being without knowing and by innate since the first days of history. Human’s continuous endeavour to look for anything maintaining his health plays a role to know some useful remedies by chance and by repeating the experience once, and by observing and imitating animals in another time. When religion appears, he thinks that sickness is caused as a result of the anger of gods, and if prayers and sacrifices are made, the patient would be healed, i.e. medicine is interwoven with religion, that, one of the specialisations of the priest is to practise medicine, which is called the spiritual medicine. With the passage of time, the thinking of human is developed and his imagination becomes broader, so he says that sickness, especially those that are difficult to be healed, is attributed to evil spirits and devils that can break through the body. So, he becomes pleading wizards and witches for remedy, who also begin practising medicine by using some tricks and reading some phylacteries as well as carrying beads and incantations in order to frighten the evil spirits that cause sickness and, then, to go out of the body of the patient, i.e. practising what is called nowadays preventive medicine.

Despite this obvious mixing between medicine, religion, and spell, medicine in ancient Egypt never be developed than spell. The medical practices that appear since oldest times are not only independent and discrete from the magical practices, but, in the ancient kingdom era, it reaches a high level of progress and the Egyptian doctors become famous outside Egypt, and the Greek doctors are of the Egyptian medical school.

The epics and legends in all the civilizations of the East and all the gods of the underworld and its dominion, which is originally a solar garden have a role in maintaining the balance between the upper and lower worlds, which represents the sun in the middle of the day in the hot summer also characterized as God's agriculture and justice and the fighting force and it is at the same time the god Nergal is the Sumerian god and the god of the lower world, as well as being among the gods of epidemics, diseases and bloody battles, as well as of the field goddess Mars in the Babylonian and Assyrian astrologers. The worship of God Nergal has taken special care since the uncle T until late Sumerian periods until after the birth of Christ as mentioned in the writings of God Nergal Palmyra and the writings of the urban form and spread Nrjul worship to the West.

Britain was the greatest state through the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and the early period of the twentieth century all over the wrld. It played a worldwide financial, industrial, commercial and nautical role; moreover the wide extension of the empire, that the sun does not miss it, helped a lot in supporting its strength. Yet, the stumbling economy, the loss of the empire of many strips after the year 1945 contributed in declining its strength. After the previously mentioned year, Britain lowered its commitments regularly abroad, when most of its settlements became independent. Likewise, Britain reduced its interventions in the Middle East during Suez Canal crisis in 1956 that ended the Britain role as a great power. Nevertheless, this did not prevent Britain from establishing tied political relations with USA, France, and Germany to the NATO following years of negotiations. Britain joined the Common Markets in 1973, which is currently known as European Union. Noting that Britain did not joint financially to the European Union, and it kept its currency which is Sterling Pound as the official currency in transactions. Yet, the Sterling Pound was still kept separated from the Euro the reason that partly protected Britain from the financial crisis of the European Union in 2011. Nevertheless, The United Kingdom is still a great power and a permanent member to the UN Security Council, a founding member in the NATO, Cooperation and Development Organization, World Trade Organization, European Council, Security and Cooperation Organization, Group of the Seven countries, Group of Eight Countries, Group of Twenty Countries, this is in addition of being The Head of the Commonwealth which is the heritage of the British Empire.

Genealogy: The significance of genealogy lies with Muslim Arabs, as represents the basis of honor and pride . Through genealogy the true lineage of people may be differentiate from the forged one (s). Genealogy is one of the distinguished sciences developed by Almighty God, were He said in his Holy Qura'an , "O mankind We created you from a single (pair) of a male and a female , and made you in to nations and tribes , that ye may know each other (not that ye may despise each other ) . Verily the most honored of you in the sight of Allah is ( he who is ) the most righteous of you. " And his saying ," It is He Who has created man from water : then has He established relationships of lineage and marriage : for thy Lord has power (over all things ) . "The lineage brings pride and a cause for strength, familiarity, love and communication. Depending on the importance of lineage and genealogy of the Arabs before and after Islam, it become a science among other Islamic sciences and took a significant portion in the historical writing. It became one of the distinguished trends of historical writing of the third century AH. History writer's narrators and genealogists played a great role in the writing of genealogy.

The impact of instructional design - learning according to the Kagan structures in the achievement of the first grade students in mathematics

Research Objective Know the effect of instructional design - learning according to the Kagan structures in the achievement of first grade students in mathematics.
In accordance with the research objectives, the researcher adopted the experimental research method, and used the experimental design with the two sets of post-test to measure the achievement and put the zero hypothesis:
- There was no statistically significant difference at the level of significance (0.05) between the average scores of the students of the experimental group who studied the design (educational - learning) according to Kagan structures (Kagan) and students of the control group who studied according to the usual method in the achievement test.
The research community may determine the average first grade students in the middle and secondary schools of the Directorate General of Education Baghdad / Karkh first, and random selection was selected sample of the research consists of (80) students of the first row of the average of for boys divided into two groups of research:rthe medium Mustafa
- Experimental group studied in the design (educational-learning) according to the structures Kagan.
- A control group studied in the normal manner.
In order to achieve the objectives of the research and the collection of the data for the experiment, a collection test was constructed, consisting of (35) thematic paragraphs of the type of multiple choice, which were applied Test on a sample to verify the veracity of the test paragraphs and instructions and determine the time and conduct the appropriate statistical analyzes, and confirm the cykometric characteristics, according to which the test is ready to be applied to the two sets of research.
After the test was applied to the two groups, the results were analyzed using the appropriate statistical tools such as Pearson correlation coefficient, Kiodrichardson-20 equation, and t-test of two independent independent samples. The results indicated that there was a statistically significant difference for the students of the experimental group who studied the design (Kagan) in the achievement and among the students of the control group who studied according to the usual method. The researcher reached a number of conclusions that teaching according to the Kagan structure has a positive effect on the achievement of learning C students In the light of the conclusions, a number of proposals and recommendations were developed.

The aim of the research is to identify the modern educational techniques available in the public and private schools affiliated to the Directorate of Education of Karbala.

In order to verify the research objective, the following questions were formulated:

What are the modern educational techniques available in the public and private schools affiliated to the Department of Education of the Holy Karbala / Center?

Are there statistically significant differences at the level of significance (0.05) between the responses of the sample according to gender variable?
Are there statistically significant differences at the level of significance (0.05) among respondents of the sample according to the variable of the school stage?
Are there statistically significant differences at the level of significance (0.05) between the responses of the sample according to the variable type of study?
To answer these questions, a questionnaire consisting of (12) items was directed at a sample of the public and private school administrations in the center of Karbala governorate, which was chosen according to the class method, reaching (141) school administration with (75) managers and (66).

The research reached:

The educational techniques available in a large number of public schools are (cassette recorder, camera, microscope), but in private schools (camera, cassette recorder, internet, smart screen)
The educational techniques available in a few schools in the government are (Internet, laptop) in the private schools is a (microscope).
There were no statistically significant differences at the level of significance (0.05) between the responses of the sample according to the gender variable.
There were no statistically significant differences at the level of significance (0.05) between the responses of the sample according to the variable stage.
There were statistically significant differences at the level of significance (0.05) among the responses of the sample according to the type of study variable and in favor of the private schools.

The problems of the borders between Iraq and Kuwait emerged in after the Iraq invaded Kuwait which caused the issuance of international decisions resulting from the influence of the United States of America that led an international war to force Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait. Those decisions were under Chapter Seven and forced Iraq to implement them compulsively.

One of these international decisions was to redraw the borders between the two countries, and such decision granted Kuwait many concessions at the expense of the Iraqi lands bordering Kuwait. These lands are rich with oil (Southern Rumaila fields). Such decision was primarily political and security in nature. It did not taken into consideration, in the same way, the historical and legal aspects, and most importantly the geographical one when implementing the decision. The decision was based on granting the land to achieve or reach the security of Kuwait, but in this way, it has established several foundations and problems that may arise in the future.

From this standpoint, we, as geographers and observers of the political and security conditions between the two countries, should have a role in providing realistic and rational solutions that satisfy all parties, leading to the preservation of regional and international peace and security, especially as the two countries are located in the most distinguished and dangerous and risky areas of international competition, in the world of (Arab Gulf).

In conclusion, we are aware that the land achieves security and security may not be achieved by stealing the lands of the other party.

Rail transport is an important vital artery because of its good performance, function and speed.It facilitates the transport of passengers, goods, raw materials, manufactured goods and high loads over long distances.This sector can be invested in achieving economic, social and political development in the areas it serves and spread.

The railway lines in Iraq are spread in several axes from north to south and are one of the oldest rail lines in the Middle East, but they suffer from deficiencies in their efficiency and function and their real role, allows the use of data, maps and data space to track rail extensions and nodes The status of the network through several indicators to measure the density and efficiency of that network. As well as knowledge of the most important problems faced by rail transport and solutions that will develop this sector and the advancement of it

This research ( Abo-Gareeb Irrigation Project and its Characteristics) aims at showing the importance, location and characteristics of Abo-Gareeb Project. It concluded that the project suffers from many problems and obstacles regarding irrigation such as incompliance of utilizer with water quotas and misusing them, incompliance with working agricultural density plans by which water discharging policy is designed and project's equipment are provided, in addition to not providing flumes for watering units in eastern and northern sectors. Furthermore the drainages have never been maintained since receiving them from implementing company .Non- maintenance of drainages caused many damages that led to stop them and then to raise the underground water level highly.

The house was designed primarily for comfort, and this aspect is one of the most important aspects and one of the most important functions of the house, a job that has been sought by humans since ancient times and imagine in mind and then applied to the ground to ensure the rest and stability. The house is a small space of the general place, which has added a material scope as a kind of cover. But the person who is insatiable cannot separate himself from the outside. He needs external ties. Because life is a transition and requires connections, it is forced to create interruptions within the frame to allow communication between closed block and outer space, and these interruptions allow people to change the place. But also, necessary to ensure the transfer of water, air and light, in other words to secure the essential human needs, as it is believed that the organization of the internal housing and the division of several places would thus create a system between the home and abroad. The house was divided into several rooms, such as reception rooms, living rooms, kitchen ,holly rooms and bathroom, ensuring the comfort it sought. Adding rooms devoted to work to meet his daily needs and provide a source of earning a living.

One of the most important indicators in the Iraqi society is represented in the official teaching system in Baghdad , especially in teaching the furniture . The latter is accompanied with political and economic variables that pave the way for the society 's opening on the world after the services were deteriorated owing to political factors . The study deals with the following :

Preface that includes responses to inquiries raised by the current study.
Modernization where the teaching system are started that being established by Midhat Basha in Baghdad
The teaching after the establishment of Iraqi state .

Many democratic countries are interested in studying parliamentary and presidential elections in order to identify the levels of political participation and the pattern of voters' attitudes and the percentage of participation from one electoral cycle to another so that they can find ways and means to help improve the reality of the electoral process on the one hand and on the other hand to identify people's political preferences and mood The elections are the most advanced means of peaceful circulation of power and are the expression of the will of the members of society to choose their governors. As the electoral individual of the Iraqi during the electoral experience for the period 2014 & 2018 As well as to identify the social conditions that influenced the attitudes of the Iraqi voter between participation and reluctance and fluctuation of this participation, the study included five main topics, the most important objectives of the study was to identify the meaning of electoral behavior and trends, research into the reasons for the different participation in the Iraqi elections, and the results reached The study reference is: The existence of a significant impact of the social, economic and political conditions experienced by the country in the size of the political participation of members of the Iraqi society, which led to fluctuation in the previous electoral cycles, different preferences of the Iraqi voter for each electoral cycle according to the need for a candidate carrying the characteristics and characteristics saturated the wishes of people and able to meet Their demands and the presence of a high percentage of societal dissatisfaction due to the previous government performance contributed to a large reluctance in the elections, especially the parliamentary session of 2018.

The study was launched from the statistical indicators on the drug addiction phenomenon and returning to it, as this phenomenon is considered universal, so the researcher sought to verify this phenomenon by studying the economic and health motives leading to the drug return, where the researcher examined the theoretical studies and benefited from them and made a special questionnaire on the phenomenon Where the questionnaire included 190 cases after excluding 10 cases because they were not complete.

The study reached a number of conclusions, including: There is a severe weakness in the economic and health treatments for preventing the recurrence of the drug, as the study showed that there is a strong relationship between economic and health motives and the recurrence of the drug.

The study came out with a set of recommendations, including: the need to activate and support economic and health institutions and increase awareness of community members about the phenomenon and the need for economic and health institutions to come together in the fight against drug addiction addiction.

The octagonal shape is characterized by the formalities of functional patterns, whether in Islamic architecture or the planning of Islamic cities as a pattern that was the beginning of the Islamic era. It is noted that the sides of the octagonal shape have the ability to space organization by achieving a series of successive architectural gradients that are consistent with the nature of the building and thus increased privacy The building and the city gained an architectural importance that made them different from the rest of the Islamic architecture.

What distinguishes the modern era is the tremendous progress in (technology) communication, and social networking pages of various types and forms, and these means emerged as a cultural achievement produced by creative giant minds, through (sophisticated) technology, these means of communication have great positive, and negative.

There are three billion people around the world using social media, equivalent to 40 percent of the world's population. We also spend an average of about two hours a day browsing and interacting with these sites, according to some recent studies. It can be said that there are about half a million tweets and a picture published on Facebook every minute (http://www.bbc.com) and because of the importance of the topic the researcher has prepared a study that tried to answer the main question is the extent to which the students of the Police College trust what is published on the websites In light of the research problem, the researcher used the survey method, which prepared a scale form and distributed it to the research community which is (170) singles. The most prominent results are that (77.6%) of the respondents see Publishers on Facebook are seeking to disseminate information and news that is exciting and exciting Thrill to attract as many browsers as possible without regard to the credibility of this information and news published.

The science of men is a science looking at the conditions of the narrator to talk about the infallible (peace be upon him) of the fact that his description tapes acceptance of his experience or not, and the importance of men's science lies in the recognition of the conditions of the narrator, in terms of being trust or not trust, or being fair or unfair , Or Mamdouh or vilified, or unknown, or neglected, and other qualities that characterize the narrator to talk, and full access to his life and his pupils, elders and classes belonging to them, and other things on which the acceptance of the news of the jurisprudent deducted from the legal provisions, and the subject of men's knowledge is The names of the narrators to talk, the questions of this science is to search for the conditions of the narrator interrelated With the acceptance of the incoming news such as document and control and class and doctrine and so on the conditions of the narrator to talk that has income as news or response, and the purpose of full knowledge of who accepts his experience or who is speaking, that is, to stand on the conditions of the narrator in terms of document narrator or not and then discrimination for the acceptable Otherwise, the science of men is the basic basis on which the hardworking in the knowledge of the provisions of Sharia.

The research deals with the most important types of directing experiments for the feminist theater, and the mechanism of women as a director of her own creative art industry is different from the director's achievement that affected her. The study came to analyze this achievement in four chapters. The second topic included the first researcher presented what the feminist theater and its history and experiences and the second researcher touched through this study to the experiences of women as a theater director and what are its achievements and its effects on creativity in the global arena In the third chapter, the researcher identified the research community and chose the sample director (Awatif Naim), which formed part of the feminist theater experiments and the method of sample analysis of the fourth chapter researcher extracted the results of his research and achieve the objective of the study as well as the conclusions and the list of sources, references and abstract in English.

The study of the public is very important for planning and implementing any advertising activity, as it requires scientific knowledge of the factors determining the public's behavior, including motivations, attitudes, personal inclinations, customs, and traditions. It is also important for formulating a declaration that corresponds to the trends, desires, goals, and motivations of the public as a positive participant in the advertising communication process. This research tries to mix more than one goal in its study as it relates to communication researches on one hand dealing with theoretical aspects in this field, and on the other hand, it belongs to impact researches which deal with the importance of the role that satellite channels play in the economic aspect of society (the opportunities of buying and selling), as well as the impact of the trends in the consumption pattern. Thus, they complement other impacts in influencing the behavior of the public. Consequently, this research belongs to investigative researches as the main motives are to achieve the objective interaction between the parts of the communication process. To achieve these goals, the researcher relied on the analysis method in his study by designing a questionnaire form according to the results of an initial survey study conducted on a limited random sample, leading to appropriate practical methods. The second chapter was divided into three sections. The first section discussed the concept of exposure and advertising, the second section discussed the characteristics of advertising in satellite channels, and the third section devoted to social and economic impacts of advertisements on public. The third chapter devoted to the field study, whereby the researcher prepared a number of scientific tables and data, explaining them scientifically, giving samples of these advertisements, then coming up with scientific conclusions based on the problem, the goals of the research, then to a number of recommendations that the researcher considers them appropriate to the problem.

CantieriMeticci: where migrants, refugees and and italians become ‘professionals of the arts’. A journey towards the Other, re-reading Shakespeare’s Tempest

The article highlights the experience of ‘CantieriMeticci’, a theatre group which started a few years ago in Bologna, the initiative of Pietro Floridia. It is a heterogeneous ensemble where migrants refugees and asylum seekers join Italians and Europeans: And the ‘opportunity to become artistic professionals is given to people who we meet on the street.’ We present a reading in progress that the Company gave of Shakespeare’s ‘The Tempest’, focused on the figure of Caliban. The texts developed by the young actors o the groups start from key concepts like ghetto, colonialisation, and stigma and use what Floridia defines as ‘ a work of deconstruction-reconstruction of the text’ evoking the interpretation of the relationship between Prospero and Caliban in the light of the slave/boss, anticolonial model used by some of the most authoritative writers of Postcolonial Studies: from Frantz Fanon to Aimé Césaire who were inspired by Shakespeare’s text.

Iraj Mirza has a special place among the poets of the constitutional era in Iran in terms of the special use of literary arrays in lecturing. The founder of folk poetry in Persian literature, he has not only changed the content and content of the poetry in accordance with the demands of the community, but has also developed a new way of speaking. In his creative work, Iraj had the slogan of simplification, and with this artistic aim he was able to save the style of Persian poetry from the complexity and artifice and bring it closer to the taste of the people.

In terms of understanding and understanding Iraj Mirza's innovations in Persian poetry, it is important to examine the simile in his poems. Because simile as the basis of imagination forms in any literary text, it reflects the way in which the poet expresses his thinking. Aspects and similar materials have a tremendous impact on the formation of the author's particular style.

This article discusses the types of similes in the court of Iraj Mirza and tries to clarify the aesthetic and emotional aspects of his works and to determine the role of Iraj in the process of literary modernization in Iran.

Our research deals with the tagged (Allowance and tightness in language-Cemitic Comparative study), to show the similarities and differences in the allowance and types in Semitic languages are the subject of study (Arabic, Syriac, Hebrew, Akkadian, Aramaic urban), and knowledge of grammatical and linguistic halls between them through comparison between them Through the presentation of each language separately and to reach the most common uses of wildcards and types in Semitic languages.

The works of (Khomsa Nizami Kanjavi) were the focus of attention of ancient Persian literature poets. Nizami is considered as one of the greatest poets who was able to create and recite the poetic system (Nizami) without imitation or being similar to others, while (Vahshi Bafaki) is considered a great poet during the Safavid era. Also, (Farhad and Shereen) by (Vahshi Bafaki), is a counterpart to (Khosrau and Shereen) by (Nizami Kanjavi), there are also differences in building stories and content as well, , moreover, in some sections there are important differences between the two works . In this article, we will seek to clarify the common factors and differences between these two systems through an analytical view of the personal style of both poets.

El presente trabajo resalta la imagen del musulmán en la literatura española antes y después del siglo XIX, en este sentido hemos seleccionado algunas obras literarias como testimonios de la visión española hacia el hombre musulmán. Se puede notar obviamente en algunas obras el musulmán aparece como valiente y noble, mientras en otras aparece como cobarde y bárbaro según la tendencia y el grado del extremismo del autor. El presente estudio se trata de un estudio diacrónico cuya documentación ha sido repartida a dos etapas antes y después del siglo XIX: en cuanto a la etapa que precedió el siglo XIX hemos contado con obras como El Abencerraje, Las Guerras civiles de Granada, el Poema del Cid y las obras de Alfonso X, el Sabio mientras la segunda abarca algunas obras de escritores españoles como Manuel Fernández y Gonzáles, Pedro Antonio de Alarcón y Ramón Ortega y Frías.

Culture includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, customs and any habits acquired by a Man as a member of society. The cultural differences play a pivotal role in the translation between languages. Preserving the SL cultural values in the translated text constitutes a difficult task for the translator.

The present study is a translation assessment of the Arabic cultural legal terms issued by Sharia courts as translated into English. The terms are taken from the book ‘The Reliable Guide to Legal Translation’ written by Adel Azzam Saqf Al-Hait.

The problem of the study is that the Arabic Cultural legal terms issued by Sharia courts are inherent in the SL (Arabic language) which make it difficult for the translator to render them into the TL (English language).

This study is under the title "A Linguistic Analysis of Tennis Players’ Speeches", which tackles the English speeches that are delivered by tennis players (native and non-native speakers) in the championship’s final game. The problem lies in encoding and decoding the native and non-native tennis players’ speeches being unplanned, and they are delivered in a formal setting which is a rare case. In other words, in perceiving these speeches, there are many speech sounds that distract the native English listeners’ ears like pronouncing the word Zurich as /θurik/; whereas the BBC pronunciation is [ˈzjʊərɪʔk]. The study aims at detecting phonologically the differences between the English accent of the tennis players (native and non-native speakers) and BBC as well as showing how this causes a problem in the process of encoding and decoding.

To the best of the researcher’s knowledge many studies (e.g., Bunzel: 2015) have been conducted studying the social practices of ISIS discourse only. Others (e.g, Buckingham, and Alali: 2019) focus upon the linguistic aspects of that discourse. The present paper aims at filling this gap by investigating both the social and the linguistic elements that characterize ISIS ideology. The present study focuses on analyzing the first speech delivered by Abu Bakkar Al Baghdadi in 2014 through implementing critical discourse analysis methodologies. The objective of this analysis is to outline the ideology of ISIS through exploring the critical social and cultural aspects together with the linguistic features in the text under investigation. The study will adopt an eclectic model of analysis and research based on Fairclough's (1992) principles of critical discourse analysis and Van Dijik’s ( 1980) framework of semantic structures (topics). Both global and local semantics are studied so as to relate social to linguistic practices and vise versa. The results of the research show that this speech has a distinctive tactic language that is full of figures of speech, in particular euphemism and dysphemism that help the speaker transfer his intended ideologies.

This study aims at testing the Iraqi EFL learners' recognition and production of the derivational suffixes in English and namely, noun, verb, adjective, and adverb. It is hypothesized that the Iraqi EFL learners find difficulty in forming new correct parts of speech from the roots due to their unsureness of the suitable derivational suffixes. Also, they tend to use derivational suffixes with different parts of speech depending on different factors like guessing and generalization. The sample of this study is fourth-year Iraqi students of the Department of English/ College of Education Ibn Rushd/ Universitry of Baghdad of the academic year (2014-2015). To achieve the aim of this study a test, which comprises two questions, has been constructed. A multiple-choice question at the recognition level and a completion question at the production level are constructed. The findings of the test show that Iraqi EFL university learners face difficulty in recognizing and producing the derivational suffixes of different parts of speech. In the light of the results, some conclusions have been drawn and a number of recommendations and suggestions have been presented.

There has always been a belief that women in general are treated oppressively, viewed as inferior to men and subject to personal and institutional discrimination. Since literature reflects the way people think and shows the relationship between linguistic choices and socially construed meanings, this paper tackles Katherine Mansfield’s “Miss Brill” through a feminist stylistic approach to find out how female characters are represented. It also aims to explore whether the writer of the text under investigation reinforces or challenges the stereotypical image of women by viewing them as inferior or equal to men. Conducting a feminist stylistic analysis, by utilizing Sara Mills’ (1995) model of analysis involves the employment of a three-tiered level of analysis i.e. the level of the word, the level of the clause and the level of discourse. From the analysis of the short story under investigation, it has been concluded that the way women are represented is socially influenced by the prevailing held beliefs that women are passive, submissive, dependent on men, inferior to and unequal to men.