AL-ADAB JOURNAL

Building political power, achieving integration between the components of society, and building a national national identity are basic requirements in the process of building the nation-state, and it gives the state and power firmness and stability, which are matters that were supposed to occupy an important position among the theorists of governance in the modern state of Iraq, but this was not The nature of the emergence of the Iraqi state, which was an expression of a consensus of a foreign and national will, even if the former prevailed, was achieved because the Iraqi regime, with its components (the crown, honorable officers and tribal leaders), was unable to reconcile between foreign interests, the requirements and goals of building the nation-state in the modern sense, in fact the stage of monarchy (nationalism) A new situation in Iraq has been produced, represented in the struggle between national elements under the cover of personal interests, party approaches and sectarian calculations, and created a new concept of national struggle, which is ending the domination of the bourgeois class over the interests of the people, and all of these matters are difficult to complete the institutional building of the modern Iraqi state, the goal of this The intervention is to examine the mechanisms of nation-state building in Iraq during the period of the monarchy and to dissect the nature of the relationship between power and society, and it will depend on approaches that are compatible S with the outputs of the topic, of different natures, foremost of which are the historical method, the content analysis approach, and the political system analysis approach based on the problematic that addresses the issue of nation-state building in Iraq during the royal era

The harmony between the various segments of society, the consolidation of the concept of national authority, and the embodiment of the principle of identity, are the basic determinants on which the building of the national state is based on the principle of citizenship. These foundations were necessary to be observed during the period of state formation in modern Iraq, but the interference of external actors prevented this from being achieved, thanks to their influence on the nature of the ruling system in Iraq (monarchies, sheikhs, sects, ethnicities, and tribal leaders) as all this agendas and calculations were taken into account. On the one hand, partisan and clan ideological conflicts on the other hand made it difficult to complete the construction of their frameworks, at the expense of the Iraqi state.

The period of Abdul Karim Qasim's rule greatly affected the political, military, economic and social scene of Iraq, as it represented an important juncture in its contemporary history, considering that this country is of vital importance in the Middle East region despite its recent era of independence and the fragility of its political system. In this research paper, we will try to address the most important political developments in Iraq during the rule of Abd al-Karim Qasim and the relationship of power during his reign with political and societal organizations. The problem of the intervention revolved around the extent to which his period of rule 1958-1963 influenced political life in Iraq, and was it the result of the political situation or his desire to reach power?

Revolution of negroes was dangerous movement . It threatened entity of Abbaside state in the core and made it engaged in for fourteen years . It is not enough to understand comprehension of man’s ambition who stirred it or made situation of caliphate disordered merely . But no doubt to analyze condition of who joined his leadership , motives beyond made them to those actions to fight enthusiastically with astonish a long duration of revolution. Although allegation of owner of negroes that divine caring has sent him to rescue oppressed slaves . It had instructed , directed him , helped him though he disguised with prophecy , message , also he alleged his descent to ALALAWI to be acquired as an honor , but he did not declare principles of Shii doctrine , but he promised with declarations of Al – Khawarej who denied heritage which based on Abbaside and Alwayeen altogether

Undoubtedly that political ambitions of Ali Bin Mohammed are represented by seizure over power which it is considered as real urge for the movement . Where it restricted its rush largely , it limited it within a group of negroes and made other away gradually of groups which contributed in them

And so on the movement of negroes finished after left behind it awful effects of destruction and sabotage . The most important thing of them is the class spirit which was described in economic war through it , significance of civil engineering in its buildings , discover of weakness of caliphate and its potential power at one time . The movement of negroes was not of strength at the beginning to be able to defeat army of caliph , but the caliph did not assess movement of negroes as its capacity . He neglected it more , where he sent non qualified Turkish leaders to pass through like these battles , but even authorization , power in Baghdad have made them affect to prefer to remain at the city to follow up matters over there , to take what he prefers of moneys of caliphate without any right . The Arab element in the battle is the strongest , the more demanded to take its position within like these locations of fighting as we found out at Al – Mowaffaq , his son Abu Al – Abbas of plucky , strictness and fighting experience

The shape of the Iraqi state crystallized and its institutions were formed. The first features of this new entity were evident under exceptional circumstances, which was reflected in the presence of an occupying superpower that took upon itself the task of building the Iraqi state and forming its structures under a specific structure compatible with the interests of the state. At the same time, society underwent a process of restructuring and relations between its sons were formed depending on the position of the factors of production, and the features of class formations began to take shape based on whether or not they own land. The old structures of society were disintegrated, but the process of disintegration and disintegration did not go to its logical end in ending all the old forms of social structures.The new patterns formed with old ones coexisted and did not disintegrate and this coexistence was largely accompanied by ethnic and sectarian differentiation in Iraq. The factors of geographical nature have also contributed to its deepening. While fiefdoms were concentrated in the areas of southern Iraq because of their fertility, cities north of Baghdad suffered a decline in the value of handicrafts. This led to a large migration towards the main cities of Iraq and these waves of internal migration were not of a similar nature because of the different motives and the interaction of scheduling institutions with them also differed and reflected on the nature of political power and the ways of functioning and performance of state agencies. While social groups were able to establish participatory relations with each other and skillfully used state institutions to achieve their interests, the rest of society's formations benefited from the outputs of modernity and penetrated into other state institutions such as the army and civil administration, in an attempt to improve their position in the ladder of social pyramid and these institutions were later used in a coup movement seized Iraq is among the most Arab countries that have witnessed political transformations and events since the emergence of the Iraqi state in the twenties of the last century until the present. These events and transformations had the effect of building the state with the collapse of the monarchy and the establishment of the republic. It is expressed in terms of effectiveness and political stability.

The paper discusses the emergence of the state in Iraq during the monarchy, and then sheds light on the role of the monarchy in the formation of social and economic structures in that era and the trends of the nascent political structures and their interaction with the new social structures, and a conclusion illustrates the outcome of the state's performance in the monarchy and its impact on the cleansing of subsequent political transformations.

One aspect of the crisis of Arab culture is evident at the present time, in the distorted understanding of identity, and in the struggle over concepts that are in conflict with it. The issue is old in our countries, but what is new about it is that it has become part of the crisis of society, the crisis of development, and the crisis of culture. If the disagreement over the relationship between heritage and modernity, with their different names, had expressed, in previous periods, including periods of rise, the problems of the transition from backwardness to progress, then it is now, in light of the aggravation of the general crisis, a decline in awareness and a retreat in the definition The objective development needs of our countries, and defining the tasks associated with them. The problem is now much deeper than ever before. The collapse of projects that carried the slogans of liberation, progress and social justice, in the name of socialism, or in other names, gave the problem new dimensions. In the current struggle over identity, in its relationship to the search for a solution to the existing crisis, there are two dangerous approaches, one of which complements the other as indicated by Karim Marwa - the first, who sees the solution in identification with everything that comes to us again from the world. Adherence to heritage is a barrier to progress. For this team, progress is an absolute process, and in launch, here, the progress function is absent. It is presented only in time and place, and in the political, economic, social, cultural and human reality, that is, in the national peculiarities in which the identity is defined. With this connection between space, time and man, and between progress, progress takes its rightful place. Second, he sees a return to the past. That is, to what he considers to be the assets, the solution to our problems. He believes that the main source of the imbalance, represented in the existing crisis, is a distancing from the heritage, in this sense, that is, moving away from what is being portrayed as the basis of cultural and civilizational identity in its historical and ideological form.

This team sees the outside as an enemy, just because it is the different other, and rejects everything that comes from it, even if it contains something that helps our progress. And he deals with it, even if it is science and general human knowledge, as a consumer commodity imposed on us. Among the ideologists of the brutal known capital, those who consider the inevitability of this type of conflict between these two wrong positions, in our countries, and in the countries with which we meet with regard to belonging to the backward world, of the kind of clash of civilizations, and the type of wars of cultures, stand out, knowing that the clash of civilizations is An artificial concept, not justified by all the elements of difference and differentiation existing between peoples. As for the wars of cultures, they are a misleading topic launched by the ideologue of globalized capital Hennington. The reality is that there are cultures that are produced, today, and generalized, consciously, in order to be a source of artificial wars, and the phenomenon of national and religious intolerance in the current situation cannot be considered an expression of a national awakening, or a religious awakening, and this opinion does not diminish the importance of the national question. , Nor of the importance of the religious issue. But it aims to restore matters to normal, to prevent distortion and forgery (Karim, 1997, p.11).

Geographical studies, especially human beings, have often contributed to diagnosing the problems faced by societies, especially after population growth and the expansion of urban development, and some peoples have tried to use some geographical experiences and research to develop and develop their services in a sustainable manner, and among the most important services The services that are often used by these societies, especially the highly developed ones, are the services that are concerned with the educational reality (educational services) that fall within the geography of cities, which is one of the branches of human geography as it has become an urgent necessity, but its development and attention to it has become the progress and development of peoples, and that in The way to achieve development goals on the one hand, and to protect the environment with the educational services it contains and the problems and obstacles it contains on the other hand. Geographical scientific efforts have been concerted in identifying these problems and trying to diagnose them and ways to address them with the available mechanisms in order to develop them and increase their efficiency from the relevant authorities. We will address in this research the role of geography and the geographic researcher and the studies presented in order to improve the educational reality in Iraq in order to address one of the contemporary Iraqi problems so that we can diagnose the role of geography in the development of Iraqi society, as this research included three axes, the first axis came to deal with the concept of science Geography and its relationship to development. As for the second axis, we dealt with the relationship between geography and education, while the third axis came to stand on the future prospects for the development of education in Iraq, and the research was concluded with results and proposals.

The research steps have focused on the study of the reality of the educational services in al-Qa’im City via recognizing the number of the pupils, students, the number of the classrooms, the number of the staffs in the two grades (intermediate and the secondary ) and compare them with the local planned criteria, used by the Iraqi ministry of planning, in order to find out the range of competence of this service and its suitability to the people of the city . It is found out that the study community includes about (56 %) of the total number of the intermediate pupils in the district in general. It is about ( 65%) of the total number of the secondary and the preparatory grades students along the district. It Is opposed by a clear deficiency in the numbers of the staffs that reached (28%) and (33%) from the total number of the intermediate and secondary teaching staffs along the district. Besides the research focuses on the geographical distribution competence for the educational establishments via using the two approaches of the neighboring connection relation and the standard distance to recognize the distribution type and the range of its affect inside the residential alleys ( the study community).

Smart City is the city where advanced communications and information technology services are available. It relies on the idea of connecting public places in the city such as airports, markets, parks, parks, hospitals and public gathering places in the city through the use of advanced communication technologies such as WiMAX technology and hotspots, so that the residents of the smart city can use their mobile devices and sufficient access to the global network Information (Internet) and communication with all institutions and bodies in their city to carry out their work electronically.

The term Smart City was launched in 1994, specifically in Europe, and spread in most cities of the world, and has been applied in various parts of the world, and there are smart cities in Europe, America, Asia and Australia, and there were models of global smart cities such as Helsinki in Finland.

The research aims to demonstrate the concept of smart cities and the characteristics of these cities and the requirements of the transition towards smart cities, so the research posed the following problem: Are smart cities have certain characteristics? And what are these characteristics? What are the requirements to achieve smart cities?

The research focused on smart cities and their characteristics due to the lack of studies and urban contributions to the study of smart cities and their requirements, especially with regard to the information and technical aspect and its importance in the management of cities and provide services to the population.

Religious Heritage one of the tributaries of Iraq's economy as it includes the land of Iraq, particularly the city of Baghdad, the study area lands fertile and abundant water and Ishqh Tigris and Euphrates rivers and other sources such as lakes and archaeological sites and cultural addition to the holy shrines and religious shrines for Muslims and other sects which represents the city of Kadhimiya important aspect for Muslims frequented by tourists from all countries of the world and in all seasons of the year where the sacred Kadhimiya of kindergarten Kadhimiya Immaculate contain shrine (Musa Kadhim and Mohammed Jawad), peace be upon them, and Bjawarmedinh sacred Kadhimiya surrounding areas that have religious significance collector and the shrine of Sheikh Abdul Kader al-Kilani, and a mosque and shrine of Imam Abu Hanifa and that's what drives us towards tourism growth and development of the holy city of Kadhimiya, because development help to increase investment and development of the Iraqi economy opportunities and thereby increase economic and social benefits and assess the cultural and civilizational and religious heritage through the growing number of tourists to the city of Kadhimiya holy that's what happens through the development of the tourism sector (religious tourism) because development lead to the distribution of the fruits of development to the members of the community as part of a tourism fair and equitable also helps in the management cons of tourism, reduce and determine the effects control, but providing elements of development and is certain that Iraq and the city of Kadhimiya rich areas of tourist attractions, where available the most important aspect of development which the elements of internal and external tourism inside the holy city of Kadhimiya, but the circumstances experienced by Iraq for more than four centuries have been instrumental in weakening the chances that a sophisticated tourism industry and the establishment of a modern tourist service facilities although issued by the introduction Mohlh Arab countries to attract tourism to the millions of tourists every year and thus achieve tourism development through the development of small shrines and religious buildings and improve the surrounding areas and the development of the role of tourism information through the development of programs for television channels to promote

The Antiquities of the memory of the nation and its beating heart, it is both material and moral part is an integral part of history and intellectual and cultural heritage as a platform for the dissemination of culture

As well as an active component in the rooting of the cultural identity. It also plays a special role in the detection of human knowledge through the ages of the past, and how to achieve gradualization in the process of urbanization since ancient times and for the present time .

It is regrettable that archeology, cultural heritage and natural heritage are threatened with constant destruction and destruction. Whether this destruction is organized or unorganized, the disappearance and the disappearance of monuments and cultural heritage is a blow to the heritage of all the peoples of the world, especially as some countries and nations can not protect their monuments and preserve their cultural heritage. , As a result of the lack of economic, scientific and technical resources of one country or another.

One of the ways to address this issue and to achieve cooperation, understanding and cultural interdependence between nations and peoples is to resort to some international organizations that have a role in concluding some agreements and recommendations. And the issuance of new provisions in the form of agreements to establish an effective system aimed at protecting the relics and heritage of peoples, and in accordance with modern scientific methods.

Museums reflect the extent of interest in history and heritage, as they provide a clear picture of multiple aspects of the nation’s history and the cultural identity of the people. In light of this, the establishment and establishment of museums is a national necessity through which the preservation of the folklore and the protection and preservation of the cultural heritage, in order to define its vocabulary as a national wealth, the role of museums at the societal level is to raise awareness among the citizen of the importance of preserving his heritage as a historical witness to the authenticity of the people. Future generations can learn about their history, the history of their ancestors, and the cultural heritage of their people. The cultural and civilizational past can only live through activating the cultural memory, so the museum is one of the important places in activating this memory just as the museum is the place that links us with the past, through monuments and properties Cultural, it is a testament to the past in which all the material traces left by the former are preserved. Museums are a public institution concerned with collecting the accumulations of the history of the civilized development of the country from the earliest times to the present, and presenting them to its residents and visitors and tourists. Museums, whether literary or historical, are among the most important and easiest means to educate society and transfer knowledge to them, because whoever does not know the history of his nation remains ignorant forever.

The aforementioned topic examines the study of state building in Mesopotamia and Pharaonic Egypt, from the stage of the city (the city) to the empire and through the development of the system of government, especially in Pharaonic Egypt.

The general basis of government is the religious character of both civilizations, as well as the emergence of the city-state as a first stage in the ladder of building the complete state and then the empire as a final stage for the expansion of the state. Without a doubt, political titles have indicated the importance of that expansion as well as management as a complement to building the state.

We can say that the cosmic state, led by the gods, was the model by which the residents of Mesopotamia and even the Pharaohs believed in building the earthly state, and it is self-evident that each civilization has its advantages and imprints in shaping the general framework of the state and citizenship. The research is divided into two parts, in the first we talked about the form of the state in Mesopotamia as a religious cosmic genesis from the gods and then delegated to human beings and the transition to ownership, while the other section included the study of the state in Pharaonic Egypt and its development and through it we get to know the concept of citizenship which is without doubt contrary to the concept Contemporary.

The Egyptian political concept has evolved, especially after the involvement of women in government and state administration since the era of the second family and the involvement of children, especially the crown prince in the administration since the twelfth family age, as well as the priests ’assumption of affairs since the fifth family era, and their influence on the internal politics of the state, as well as the army that took over In the era of the eighteenth and nineteenth dynasties, in addition to the influence of the minister or Aziz of Egypt and his government as they represent the state and its pillars. At the conclusion of the research, the research reached a firm historical fact that the basis of the state is religious and its principle as well, the difference in particles and development according to the political conditions of both civilizations, as well as the political form of Mesopotamia remains unchanged unlike the Pharaonic Egypt.

Urban heritage is a cultural wealth representing the identity of peoples and nations, reflecting the story of human the development of civilization through history. It is an economic resource that contributes to the support of national income by stimulating foreign and domestic tourism. Urban heritage areas have become attractions in our world today and an important economic resource for tourism, recreation, promenade and recreation, which creates a sustainable development, reflected positively in the economic and social benefits of local communities and contribute to the increase and diversity of sources of national income, by creating investment opportunities in urban heritage areas.

Investigating the civilization of ancient Mesopotamia by means of the diversity and multiplicity of the archeological ruins and monuments of different ages, we find that they have immensely participated in changing society to a better reality through treating some aspects of is daily life. Hence, our research paper entitled “Archeological Monuments that Contributed in Solving Social Problems” came to study the influence of such monuments, as follows:

First: The Artistic Monuments: Among the major artistic monuments that contributed to solving some social problems in ancient Mesopotamia are:

Murals Painting.
Cylinder Seals.
Terracotta Plaques.
Kudurru stones.
Second: Architectural Monuments: Among the most important architectural monuments that contributed to solving some social problems in ancient Mesopotamia are:

Circular constructions.
Circular Columns.
Hence, the impact of such monuments in treating some aspects of daily life is becoming evident in the ancient Mesopotamian society, taking into account that the ancient Iraqis had taken arts and architecture as one of the most significant ends and means to solve or address some of the social problems of that time.

Within the Ramadan season in which the TV channels compete in presenting the latest and best programs and artworks produced throughout the previous year. The television work (The hotel), which was classified by its writer as a “TV novel", entered the Iraqi drama race, and this sparked a lot of controversy in the cultural and artistic circles as well as among viewers of different cultural levels. The attitudes were divided between those who issued judgments and those who expressed their opinion since the first and second episodes, not agreeing on a single opinion but starting from different technical, moral and political points of view. They were divided over the work between two situations angry and objecting or encouraging and praising, while a part of viewers contented with the follow-up until the work settles waiting for its end to issue the final judgment and say their opinion, including the author of this study.

How does this artwork relate to well-known Narrative literature? Why was it called TV novel and not a drama or TV series as usual? What are the things that brought this work to the readable texts and what are the problems this work committed technically and intellectually?. In this study, we try to reach answers to all these questions by highlighting a set of issues that we will address in succession in several axes, namely: The first axis (the hotel and the novel), we discuss the relationship of (the hotel) with Narrative works first in terms of Genres and Secondly, in terms of his relationship with the Narrative work (Spiders of Avo), which is said to have been quoted. In the second axis: we touch on the idea of ​​the hotel and break the horizon of expectations and suspense techniques adopted by the work in building the event. In the third axis: we identify the issues raised by the episode, and in the fourth axis we discuss the character building and dialogue as one of its attachments between the text and performance, while the fifth axis is concerned with the narrator and the point of view that presented the television work under study, and the last axis deals with the artistic and intellectual errors of the episode. The research reached a number of results related to the literary Genres of the work and its technical and intellectual messages.

This research deals with identity as a relationship of attraction and conflict between the ego and the other, the ego with the other individual at times, and the ego with the other group at other times, and it is not natural to deny the existence of these conflicts .

And identity also as a product of the relationship of the ego or the present group now, with the past (we), so we find that in the study of poetry before Islam, a renewed cultural value, especially the poetry of the Saaliks and their struggle with the tribe; Saalouk represents the identity of the non-member and its roots in the Arab mind.

Sallagh is a phenomenon that was invented at the time, and was chosen for social and economic reasons, but it disappeared with the end of its causes, then it was returned in different stages of the Arab history, and if its names change with the variables of each era, it is a cultural phenomenon that is elected and spread, and may also disappear with the disappearance of its causes. This election for the social phenomenon is matched by another type of election. It is a cultural election by choosing their poetry and news in the monetary blog, past and present, because of its cultural value in collective.

The current research aims to identify the psychological motivations and personal emotional and behavioral characteristics, to join terrorist groups and conduct terrorist behavior. And because of the lack of terrorists to be the research case study, the researcher used analytical method for a wide range of studies and researches published in Arabic and international literature related to the subject of terrorism. The main research findings concluded are:

1- People involved in terrorism do not make their decision to join a terrorist group or carry out a terrorist act suddenly. Such decision has reasons and motives that are not superficial in most cases. These motives are so complex that those who carry out the terrorist act may often not realize it clearly.

2- The psychological dynamics applied to some people push them to engage in terrorism and violence, without adopting an extremist agenda or even sympathizing with a particular extremist ideology.

3- It is wrong to classify the terrorists as psychopaths.

4- Joining terrorist groups leaves some of them out of a sense of futility and worthlessness. Others may be motivated by the need for intimacy, emotional warmth, and the need for power, adventure and the missing challenge.

The current study concerned to address these gaps in literature by identifying first , level the role of citizenship in the combating terrorism among students of the iraqi university . second , identify the significance of differences in the role of citizenship in the combating terrorism according to the school stage ( first- fourth) . To achieve the aims of the current study , the researchers created a questionnaire for the role of citizenship in combating terrorism. Two hundred students were recruited. After analyze the date statistically , the results of the current study showed that there is : A high level the role of citizenship in combating terrorism among the sample , no significant differences in the role of citizenship in combating terrorism according to the stage of study ( first - fourth).

After 2003, the Iraqi demographic features changed with its social dimension, which includes all the cultural, economic and political dimensions. What justifies our reading of art from the outside as well as the inside. After art, like the West, has become a double-edged sword, and the desire is urgent to confront itself in: 1- deceiving and shading the masses as Adorno describes it, 2- class or class limitedness 3- "manipulating minds" as an expressive summary of Bourdieu's vision of the trilogy (individual - education - family) And its impact on artistic creativity or any field of life. 4- The negative view of art or the artist and considering art as a tool for fun, as Maan Khalil Omar expresses. And activating it educationally through primary schools, taking into account that art has characteristics and functions that are not negligible, whether psychologically or socially, after the repercussions of crises, whether international, local or individual, and their reflection on the personality. Especially since crises have produced categories (adolescent girls - bullies - etc. from categories that crises in primary schools make) that cannot be described as sick or deviant, because they are near or below disease or deviation, and the need is necessary to restrict these groups and work to help them overcome the causes that make them A victim of mental or nervous disease or deviation .... And I thought that art should be a type of human treatment that may contribute to the formation of a world for these people, and in turn this world may help those groups to reconsider their evaluation of themselves. After the desire for: 1- communication and 2- restoring self-confidence - a basis for measuring the normal personality of that category, given that these categories lack these two personality traits. And as Ernst Fischer says that the merging of (the ego) and (the we) is done through art, so he says (that art is the tool necessary to complete this integration of the individual and the group, as it represents the unlimited human ability to meet others and to exchange opinion and experience with them), and the researcher says Art is for everyone and for everyone because it is a human instinct that gives birth to us, and the surrounding environment has a role that cannot be underestimated, as a mechanism for the reproductive activation of the human instinct, and education is its basic tool. Assuming that the reality, from the researcher's point of view, will be dealt with according to the vision that adolescent girls or bullies have creative, unmotivated faculties and an urgent desire to stimulate them and employ those capabilities objectively - reconnect - and subjectively - restore self-confidence. Through the school and its educational mechanisms towards art. In the sociological perspective, he says, "We study to discipline," "Marxist, we study to change," and "Weberian, we study to understand and interpret." These insights are urgently needed in classical social theory. Which contemporary theory has contributed to its expansion as Bourdieu's theory of practice and its taking, the concept of habitus, and the field, essentials for explaining the duality of subject and object, as well as offering more concepts to help explain social phenomena. Like cultural capital, social capital, symbolic capital, paying great attention, as Badawi says, to reason and science. While stressing the importance of social upbringing, he is an educational family for his firm and inevitable belief in the importance of the dominant class in education and its role in curbing the individual abilities. Bourdieu emphasized the "relationship between artistic creativity and society," but he was also keen on interpreting art in light of what his approach served, while Adreno preceded him in proposing the "concept of creating culture", stressing the use of the data in language theory or sociology and history in the interpretation of art. .

Achieving sustainable development requires real efforts to keep pace with the progressive process in the world through meaningful and broad work to achieve a bright future image of Iraq in all areas of life. Achieving the sustainable development goals requires a broad youth presence to meet the challenges that have plagued Iraq, but it has not prevented the dreams of Iraqis looking forward to sustainable development, which aims to increase opportunities for people while ensuring that the freedoms of future generations are not compromised. Most emerging societies seek to reduce the vulnerability of young people and expand the circle of intervention to empower to enhance opportunities for sustainability and equity and help them to get decent jobs, build trust and enhance social capital to ensure the sustainability of development roles. The research illustrates the challenges and options for youth participation in sustainable development, a random sample of the 150 young people in Baghdad, Zafaraniyah region, was used to learn about the importance of their role in achieving sustainable development. Use a variety of methods, including interviewing and questionnaires, and a set of questions has been asked and analyzed statistically.

The goal of the topic is to address one of the problems that Iraqi women suffer from, This is the extent to which educated women participate in social and cultural development projects, What is the role that it plays in that participation by being the largest half of society, So was the woman able to be active in entering the battlefield of conflict with men and taking the initiative and to be challenging to her cultural and social reality, or does she still suffer from male domination and subjugation to him through social norms that may be in large part depriving women of a large part of their rights, Did the educated woman manage to apply the knowledge and knowledge she learned on the ground, and did she have a role in raising her standard of living and social and other matters related to this topic, As Iraqi women are an inherent partner to men in various areas of daily life that appear in the behavior of members of society, Therefore, the participation of women in social and cultural development is a basic requirement recognized and guaranteed by the Iraqi constitution and law and desired by society. The research aimed to know the tendencies of Iraqi women to participate in social and cultural development and what are the elements that hinder and affect such participation, such as social and cultural. Therefore, the research was divided into two topics: the first topic touched on the theoretical side and related concepts related to the subject of the research. The second topic dealt with the field procedures for research. The researcher recommends governmental institutions, NGOs, civil society organizations, and media in all its forms to support the real participation of Iraqi women in social and cultural development processes.

Citizenship in its general sense is the sense of belonging to the group and sharing its feelings. In the case of alienation, it means nostalgia for the homeland, which reminds man of the customs, traditions and behavior of its citizens, as well as the citizen to interact in the widest sense with the homeland and with the citizens. "In terms of" land "geographical, historical, social and political, so citizenship and the national spirit is the real engine of social life, and that national spirit includes a set of values ​​that determine the relationship of the individual community And in the same sense that responsibility in its general sense is the recognition of the individual's actions and the willingness to bear the consequences of these acts, the ability to blame the individual himself first, and the ability to meet after that Through its own efforts and free administration, and is responsible for freedom research goals Current search targets:1. Building a scale of citizenship values ​​among employees of the Ministry of Defense.2. Measuring the values ​​of citizenship among the employees of the Ministry of Defense.3. Measuring the sense of responsibility among employees of the Ministry of Defense.4. Know the nature of the relationship between the values ​​of citizenship and the sense of responsibility among employees of the Ministry of Defense. The researchers identified the terms in the current research as follows:The results of the research that the employees of the Ministry of Defense have the values ​​of loyalty and belonging and love of the homeland and the defense and self-esteem because it represents their identity and their entity, which preserves the dignity of the human being and this is the result of their sense of responsibility towards their country and the values ​​of citizenship and its relationship positively with a sense of responsibility.

Theatre was and still is one of the pioneer literary genres in recording and presenting history, past and present. It is a tool and a means utilized by playwrights-intellectuals to document real life events, in addition to its role in entertaining and producing fictional literature.

As a part of its enlightening mission, drama served as a lively method in presenting the truth to the public, a truth that might be hidden or twisted by media, news broadcasts, or public speeches in accordance with certain political agendas.

In this sense theatre played a great role in dramatizing the American-led war against Iraq in 2003. Many plays tackled the events and incidents related to this war. Among those plays are David Hare's Stuff Happens and Rasha Fadhil's Ishtar in Baghdad.

When the British playwright dramatizes the events leading to waging a coalition war on Iraq in his documentary play, the Iraqi dramatist conveys a grim picture of the country in the aftermath of that war, mixing images of the mythical golden history of Iraq with its most recent images of destruction and chaos, yet giving hope in a brighter and more peaceful future.

Hermeneutics is chiefly related to the discipline of interpretation of a specific body of texts. The process of interpretation of literary texts hermeneutically is regarded as the consequence of the academic arena. It is a fact that literary hermeneutics shares mutual threads with various schools of literary criticism but what sets it apart from literary criticism proper are its philosophical leanings and its self reflexive and meta-critical character. Thus, this study is an attempt to concentrate on the application of hermeneutics to literary texts. It does reread Thomas Hardy’s most distinguished tragic novel, Tess of the D’Urbervilles (1891) with the interpretive procedure of the hermeneutic circle as developed by Schleiermacher, Heidegger, and Gadamer. The study also examines the relationship between the text – context, and how they both occur as a dialogical space; and how this space of the text exists as a route of interpretation the part (Tess) and the whole (text).

Recently, eco-criticism attracted the attention of many writers. Ian McEwan is one of the brilliant novelists who is interested in ecology mainly because he thinks that the world is swept by technology and consequently man is drifted away from nature. Therefore, Atonement (2001) is a call to go back to nature because it is part and parcel of man's life. . Natural environment is the source of purity and inspiration and it has its effect on man's life.

This research is an eco-critical study of Ian McEwan's Atonement, one of his early novels which celebrates the symbiotic relationship between man and nature and nature and culture.

Wordplay is created by exploiting features of languages and depending on ambiguity of meaning. This research tries to investigate two main goals, one general and another specific. The general goal is to investigate how playing-on-words is created in TV-shows and how it contributes differently in making different sorts of comic shows. The specific goal, on the other hand, is to investigate the use of this linguistic phenomenon in a famous comic TV show named Mind Your Language.

Mind Your language is analyzed following Delabastita (1996) and Bloomfield's (2007) models of forms and functions of wordplay respectively. For the aim of figuring out the general goal, the research refers to a previous study made on the use of wordplay in an animated comic show named The Simpsons and discusses the difference between the two, concerning show type and the way wordplay contributes in each.

The research concludes the following: (i) playing-on-words is an essential strategy for comic TV show making and it contributes differently in different shows ,(ii) almost all forms of wordplay are used in Mind Your Language,(iii)sometimes an intended move is required in words/expressions to make them work and create a wordplay such as an intended mispronunciation to form homophones, (iv) an instance of wordplay can serve more than one function and telling jokes is the main function that all of them serve in comic TV shows, (v) and finally a playing-on-words can serve an educational function, that is, it can be a good way to spread language knowledge.

Like J. J. Tolkien’s Lord of the Rings and many other fantasies, Rowling’s Harry Potter is rich with allegorical implications that reflect the political anxiety of the era in which it was written. The critics and readers found connections between the events of the early parts of the novel and the historical havoc in world politics, like Hitler and World War II, a thing which Rowling attested in many of her interviews. Still, the texts are still open for other readings. It is possible to draw political parallels with contemporary issues. For instance, the American and British readers have been unable to resist identification with the events which mirror the international campaign on terrorism. This study is a political reading of Rowling’s Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. It sheds light on the role of the Ministry of Magic in the novel and its relation to the governments’ policies to misguide the public about the terrorist threats to world powers, prior to the 2003 invasion of Iraq.