Journal of Kerbala University

Bacterial protein secretion refers to the process by which proteins are transported across the bacterial membrane to their extracytoplasmic site of action. This process is crucial for establishing a successful pathogen-host relationship, as proteins located on the bacterial surface or released into the extracellular environment play key roles in interacting with host cells. These secretion pathways are essential for pathogenesis, enabling bacteria to adhere to, invade, and manipulate host cellular processes to promote infection and survival.This is a problem because proteins need to pass through both the cytoplasmic and outer membranes in Gram-negative bacteria and the cytoplasmic membrane in Gram-positive bacteria. There are eight main kinds of secretion systems in Gram-negative bacteria, and each one has distinct structural and functional traits. One-step translocators, including the Type I, Type III, Type IV, and Type VI secretion systems, which directly transfer effectors into the target cells or environment, can be used to broadly classify these systems. On the other hand, before translocation, some systems, such as Type II and Type V, need to be exported to the periplasm through the Sec or Tat pathways.
These systems secreted proteins are essential for both environmental adaptability and bacterial pathogenicity. They may operate as adhesions that encourage bacterial colonization, poisons, or effector proteins that alter host cell functions. We now have a better knowledge of these intricate networks thanks to recent developments in genomic sequencing, which have also shown their evolutionary importance and their uses in industry and medicine. For example, focusing on the processes of bacterial secretion presents viable approaches to creating new treatments for infectious disorders. In order to clarify their modes of action and their consequences for both health and disease.

Reducing the quantity of hazardous substances utilized in synthesis and their release into the environment is the aim of green synthesis. Green procedures need to reduce reaction time, increase selectivity, and make product separation easier than with standard methods. The pharmacological effects of schiff base ligands and their metal complexes are widely recognized, and they find extensive application across various industries. They perform a number of vital biological and pharmacological tasks. The goal of this study is to identify the most effective, environmentally friendly, and time- and labor-efficient methods for synthesizing Schiff bases while concentrating on environmentally friendly synthetic processes. The study examines seven green synthesis techniques for creating Schiff base ligands and their metal complexes, such as irradiating the material using microwaves, using water as a green solvent, grinding, using natural acids as catalysts, Ultrasonic, Ball milling method and from industrial waste.

Background: Candida albicans are opportunistic pathogens that affect mucosal, dermal, urogenital, and gastrointestinal areas, necessitating the search for effective treatments against them. Recently, plant extracts such as Garlic (Allium sativum), Ginger (Z. officinale), myrrh (Commiphora myrrha), and propolis have been used to treat infections caused by these yeasts. Methods: The Candida albicans were isolated and identified from their different clinical sources, alcoholic extracts were prepared at different concentrations (10, 25, 50, 75, 100) mg ml-1to study of inhibitory effect of alcoholic extracts of Garlic, Ginger, Myrrh and Propolis each alone and mixed with Ginger against C. albicans. Results: The results showed all alcoholic extracts had variable inhibitory effect against yeast growth, with the concentration of 100 mg ml-1 recording the highest inhibitory effect, while the alcoholic extract of propolis at a concentration of 50 mg ml-1 was the most effective. It was also shown, by study of the combination (mixing) between alcoholic Ginger extract and other extracts, that there different degrees of inhibition of yeast growth Conclusions: The study revealed the importance of plant extracts' effect when mixed to control resistant C. albicans that threaten human health.

Escherichia coli are considered as the most common microorganism in pathological samples related to urinary tract infections (UTIs) especially in women and children. They contains many virulence factors helping in pathogenicity. However they are sensitive to fosfomycin that has broad spectrum in its activity against bacteria which its activity also could be confirmed using nanobiotechnology.
This study tried to evaluate the effect of nano-prepared fosfomycin against Escherichia coli isolated from urinary tract infections and compare its efficacy with that of free fosfomycin. The formation of a new complex during the hybridization process was documented by FT-IR, AFM and XRD
Escherichia. coli isolates under study were virulent due to the possessing some of virulence genes such as afa, pap and fimh. By using nanotechnology, Fosfomycin can be used to prepare nanohybrid antibiotic by loading on Magnesium oxide. The prepared nano-particle was affective against the E. coli isolates of UTIs in one third of its concentration Therefore, the hybridization process is economically feasible.

Background: Infections caused by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) are a major crisis in global health. Finding out whether an H. pylori infection is associated with anemia is the primary goal of this study. Methods: The 601 patients with systemic dyspepsia at Imam Hussein Medical City in Karbala, Iraq participated in this study. Results: The study found that the percentage of females was higher than that of males (53.7%), while the percentage of males was (46.3%), and the age group of 30-59 years was the highest among all patients. The study revealed a prevalence rate of H. pylori infection at 24.3%, which exhibited a significant correlation with both gender and anemia. Patients infected with H. pylori had a significantly higher incidence of anemia (54.9%) than uninfected patients (45.1%). Infected and uninfected people had significantly different mean hemoglobin, corpuscular volume, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, and red blood cell counts. Conclusion: Dyspepsia patients have a high rate of H. pylori infections, with a strong link to gender and anemia. However, the study's cross-sectional methodology limited its ability to establish causal correlations, suggesting future studies should use a cohort design

An advertisement is a notice or announcement in a public medium promoting a product. Advertising plays significant role in the introduction of a new product in the market. It stimulates the people to purchase the product and provides an opportunity for e-commerce companies to recommend their products in videos. In this research, we propose a video advertising system to exhibit appropriate video product ads to particular users at proper time stamps. This takes into account video content (semantics or relation between video and products), and viewing behavior (user and video). In the proposed framework, the first stage will be analyzed video structure into its primary components. Next stage will be associations between users and videos and videos and products. Finally, the recommendation system is proposed to integrate key frame-product association and the important shot of original video to recommend appropriate video of product advertisement(ads) to user. The results of determining the video category by employing the Yolo deep learning model (Yolov5s) in precision. Thus, the proposed method is more accurate in getting the video content. The results of the recommendation and video advertising algorithm demonstrate that all the recommended videos are accurately classified and suggested to the actual type of viewing videos in the GWO algorithm.

Image is one type of multimedia data that is shared via networks and social media, to secure it needs an effective method for confidentiality. Image encryption is a powerful and effective tool for protecting visual data in an era of increasing reliance on technology and the propagation of security threats. With advances in encryption algorithms, it has become possible to secure images while maintaining system performance effectively. As the importance of visual data continues to grow, image encryption will remain a key component of information security strategies. An efficient method for color image encryption based on Hindmarsh-Rose map is proposed. The method used a dimension sequence for different stages of the encryption algorithm such as the first sequence used in block permutation, the second dimension used in S-boxes generation, and the third sequence used in the diffusion process. The proposed method results in accurate results in terms of visualization tests, objective tests, correlation tests, key space analysis, and randomness tests. The proposed method could be applied for audio and video encryption.

Background: The primary function of the liver is to keep glucose and cholesterol levels at a normal level. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic disorder that affects the liver and is characterized by insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and the accumulation of fat in the liver. It is possible for this to result in inflammation and scarring in the liver, which can then progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and other types of liver disease. That cannot be rectified in any way. cirrhosis of the liver.
Objective: The primary aim of the current study was to identify clinically applicable biomarkers for diabetes and fatty liver disease.
Materials and Methods:seventy women and men with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes were among the 108 participants whose blood samples were taken for the research. The participants' ages ranged from 35 to 77. In addition, thirty-eight blood samples were obtained from individuals in good health.
Result: ALT and asprosin have a slightly negative relationship, but the connection is not statistically significant. In contrast, adiponectin and liver enzymes demonstrate a modest association. Also, with p values less than 0.05, a significant association was found between Asprosin and LDL, Insulin, and HOMA-IR. Cholesterol, TG, VLDL, HDL, and Asprosin all had modest to moderate positive associations (r between 0.3 and 0.46) with one another. Only LDL has demonstrated a negative relationship with asprosin.
Conclusion:Type two diabetes is closely associated with the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, primarily due to the underlying mechanism of insulin resistanceby facilitating the liver's accumulation of free fatty acids .Adiponectin and asprosin can serve as non-invasive markers for metabolic fatty liver disease.

In this study, the effect of adding powder and nuts at concentrations of (2, 4 and 6) % in soft white cheese was studied to increase the nutritional value of dairy products, during 30 days of refrigerated storage at a temperature of 6 ° C. The treatments were numbered as follows: control sample T1 and the remaining concentrations were T2, T3 and T4. The physical, chemical and sensory properties were studied, and the new product was compared with the control sample (soft white cheese). According to the results , we note adding different concentrations of walnut powder to the treatments, the percentage of fat increased significantly, as it differed from each other and from the control sample, as the concentration of walnut powder in the treatments increased, the percentage of fat also increased significantly, also the amount of protein, we note an increase in the amount of protein with an increase in the percentage of adding walnut powder, but this increase is not significant compared to fat.

A study was conducted to investigate the effect of nano-potassium foliar application on some morphological traits (plant height, stem diameter, number of branches, number of leaves, leaf area, number of flowers, number of seeds, weight of fresh seeds, and pod weight), as well as the growth and yield of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) plants exposed to salinity stress.
A factorial experiment was carried out in plastic pots using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four replications in the city of Karbala during the 2023-2024 growing season. The first factor involved irrigation with four levels of saline water (2, 4, 6, and 8 dS m⁻¹), prepared by mixing well water with tap water. The second factor involved foliar spraying of nano-potassium at four concentrations (0, 50, 100, and 150 mg L⁻¹) applied in two equal doses for each level: the first at the three-leaf stage and the second at 100% flowering stage.
The experiment included 64 experimental units. The results were statistically analyzed, and the means of the studied traits were compared using the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at a 0.05 probability level.
The results showed that irrigation with saline water significantly reduced all the studied morphological traits. In contrast, foliar application of nano-potassium had a significant positive effect on improving some of these traits.