The islamic college university journal

Abstract:-
This paper presents a contrastive analysis of vocatives in a selection of verses from English and Arabic languages. English and Arabic syntax have many similarities as well as differences; the vocative phrase in each language may yield new meanings and present significant functions for the intended message of the poet - that specified in this study-. However, the structure of the vocative still needs to be solved in the study of the syntactic relationship between Arabic and English. Thus, the study aims to investigate the syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic characteristics of vocatives found in selected Arabic and English poems, exploiting the HPSG framework to conduct a thorough analysis and illustrate how the grammatical elements between the two languages produce different functions and meanings besides the new way of presenting the vocative in each verse.
The study is a qualitative study in which the researcher selects verses from selected poems in English and Arabic that serve the study and help to fill the gap in this paper. The data are four verses from different poems. That analysis adopted the Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar (1996) by Ivan Sag as a model for analyzing vocatives between English and Arabic. The HDPSG model is employed to examine the analysis of vocatives in terms of their syntactic category, their placement within the phrase structure, and their connection to other constituents. The investigation additionally explores the manner in which vocatives engage with other constituents within the poetry, including pronouns or referring phrases, and determines the presence of binding or anaphoric connections. As a result, the researcher finds that this study will provide a valuable contribution to the comparative analysis of vocatives in the literature of English and Arabic poetry. This research will provide insights into the syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic elements of the vocative, all within the framework of HDPSG.

Abstract:-
This research explored how different scaffolding strategies impact Iraqi EFL learners' vocabulary and reading skills. 60 students took a placement test (OPT) and were divided into three groups: two experimental groups using scaffolding and a control group with traditional instruction. The "symmetrical" group had students at similar intermediate levels, the "asymmetrical" group mixed students of varying levels, and the learners in the control group were randomly selected. All groups took vocabulary and reading tests before the treatments. After receiving either symmetrical or asymmetrical scaffolding in collaborative learning, both experimental groups showed significant improvement in vocabulary and reading compared to their pre-test scores. More importantly, the asymmetrical group outperformed the symmetrical group in both areas. This suggests that incorporating diverse learners in collaborative settings with varied scaffolding approaches can be particularly effective for boosting vocabulary and reading skills in Iraqi EFL learners. The study emphasizes the value of inclusive learning environments that leverage the strengths of all students.

Abstract:-
The twentieth century is the time of significant events that shaped a fragmented and uncertain world. Traditional concepts and narratives lost relevance, giving way to new ideas rooted in instability and doubt, which blurred physical and cultural boundaries. In literature, the modern novel emerged as a suitable medium to capture the complexities and uncertainties of this modern era. Authors utilized fragmented plot, multiple perspectives and self-reflection in the narratives to portray the intricate layers of human consciousness and the disorienting effects of societal changes. The migration novel and lyrical novel are two literary genres that reflect the modern concepts and conditions of the twentieth century. This study explores the nexus between these two genres to see how the features of lyrical novel serve as a powerful medium for representing the themes of migration novel. As a case study, Gunter Grass’s The Tin Drum (1959) showcases that lyrical elements align with migratory features classified by Soren Frank and how they contribute to expression of migratory themes. Exploration of the relationship between migration novel and lyrical novel, as two twentieth century genres covering modern issues, shed light on interconnectedness of them and their significance in portraying the migrant lyrical emotions and experiences.

Abstract:-
The present study endeavoured to investigate the notion of predication in terms of critical discourse analysis (henceforth, CDA) in Pinter’s “The Dumb Waiter”. The problem with the present study is, to the researcher’s best knowledge, that predication in the plays has not been investigated as a special subject in terms of CDA. The study aims to identify explicit predication strategies, and to determine the most frequently used strategies and the least frequently employed ones in Pinter’s play in question .
The study adopted the following procedures: Firstly, presenting a theoretical account of critical discourse analysis and predication . Secondly, presenting models that involved the predication for the study based. Thirdly, conducting a qualitative analysis of Pinter’s (The Dumb Waiter) in terms of strategies in question and finding out the frequencies and percentages of those strategies.

Abstract:-
History is a source of trauma for the Aboriginal writers and in particular dramatists. Like the most of Aboriginal playwright, Robert Merritt aims to negotiate Aboriginal history on the stage. In The Cake Man, Merritt seeks to illustrate the impact of the colonialist invasion and forcible encroachment over an Aboriginal family. Thus, this article examines Merritt’s negation of history by focusing on a poor Aboriginal family. The paper argues that this negation might lead to loss and fragmentation on familial and communal levels. This paper approaches such a trend by studying how the playwright manipulates the stage to reflect political issues that are related to the traumatic history of the Aboriginal in Australia.

Abstract:-
The expression "pedagogical differentiation" or "differentiated pedagogy" is a renewed, active and contemporary pedagogical approach. It allows teachers to use a range of approaches taking into account the different knowledge acquisition mechanisms, the different ways of learning, the different cognitive factors, the different perception parameters and the different evaluation criteria. The result is a learning family that can ensure the academic success of all apprentices. The background can be summarized as follows: since the fields of interest, needs, weaknesses, strengths, preferences, prior knowledge and the degree of motivation and preparation vary greatly from one student to another, it is therefore advisable to individualize and adjust the teaching according to this variation and this composition.

Abstract:-
This study deals with usage of transitive verbs as a linguistic tool for analyzing social hierarchy in Katherine Mansfield's "The Garden Party”. The study indecats how the author employs transitive verbs to depict types of social hierarchies among the characters. Through a close examination of selected extracts, this analysis aims to uncover subtle nuances of social hierarchy embedded in the data of study by focusing on the actions performed by characters and their objects. This study utilised Halliday's model of transitivity types to identify transitive verbs according to their roles within the text and Drew's classification (2023) of social hierarchical within societies was used as the theoretical basis for examining the social hierarchical examples appear in "The Garden Party" by Katherine Mansfield. Thus, the current study attempts to answer the following questions: 1. What types of transitivity are employed to reveal social Hierarchies regarding the story's characters? 2. What kinds of social hierarchies are depicted in Katherine Mansfield's "The Garden Party," and how do they affect character interactions and the story as a whole? The total number of data is 34, which have been qualitatively analysed. The analysis reveals that the material process presents the highest percentage among the transitive verbs. Meanwhile, a total number of social hierarchical types are (18) in various categories based on the study's analysis. Class Systems is the most frequently common type, occurring ten times during the course of the investigation. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of how linguistic elements can reveal and critique societal structures in literary texts.

Abstract:-
The purpose of this study was to find out how cognitive development strategies affected fifth-grade kids' proficiency in English language and grammar as well as their ability to improve listening comprehension. A total of 100 preparatory students from one public school in Al-Abbasseyah district, Najaf, Iraq, were randomly assigned to either a control or experimental group. The control group received regular English language and grammar instruction, while the experimental group received the same instruction with the addition of cognitive development strategies such as active listening, metacognition, visualization, and contextualization. Pre- and post-tests were used to gauge the effectiveness of both groups' 12-week courses in grammar, listening comprehension, and other subjects. To analyze the data, correlation analysis and t-tests were used. In comparison to the control group, the experimental group's listening comprehension abilities significantly improved, according to the data. The researcher imply that cognitive development techniques can improve fifth-grade students' proficiency in English language and grammar while also enhancing the learning experience. The study's findings may help educators create more efficient teaching methods to improve English language and grammar instruction for pupils in Najaf, Iraq, and other comparable settings.

Abstract:-
This research dealt with the study of the symbol in the poetry of the poet Abdul Hussein Al-Mutairi as a model of the symbol in Iraqi poetry. The research began by talking about the concept of the symbol in terms of language and terminology , then it dealt with the types of symbol , such as an intrinsic symbol , a heritage symbol , a mythical symbol, and a natural symbol, so that after presenting these concepts, we move on. To talk about the manifestations of the symbol in the collection of Rahm al-Khawatir by the poet Abdul Hussein Al-Mutairi, from which this research was taken as a material for studying the symbol in Iraqi poetry as a model for it. We found among the symbols in it the personal symbols, the heritage symbols, the natural symbols, and the historical symbols. The research concluded that the poet relied on the symbol in conveying He conveyed his ideas to the recipient and made the symbol a material for his poetic discourse, as this discourse took on a garment of poetic aesthetics and helped to involve the recipient in the poetic discourse so that the mind could work in searching for the purposes of this discourse by moving the poet away from declarativeness in presenting meanings and ideas.

Abstract:-
Considering that the stories of the Qur’an constitute a large part (about a quarter) of its verses, this is why these stories in many cases have been challenged by groups in various forms, and most of the doubts they cast in the Qur’an and its stories are due to their lack of belief in the vitality of the Holy Qur’an. They seek to prove this in many of their opinions. Many of them also explicitly claimed sources other than divine revelation for the stories of the Qur'an. Another group of Muslims also claimed that the stories of the Qur’an have no reality, claiming to defend the Qur’an. In this research, which is based on the descriptive analytical method first, the problems and doubts mentioned against the stories of the Qur’an were examined. Then he will answer these problems. The result is that the stories have a divine source and are not taken from the myths of the ancients and the books of the Testaments, and are not representative and unrealistic and the repetition that occurred each time with a special purpose of teaching, education and guiding people. The Qur'an is not an ordinary book whose purpose is abstract, so that there is a need to observe the chronological order, therefore, whenever necessary a part of the story is narrated with a special purpose. Also, it was not necessary to indicate the details that have no effect on the indicative aspect.

Abstract:-
I am not interested in reviewing the transformations that Al-Asadi’s poetry went through in the nature of its style and speech or its variations in terms of commitment to meter and rhyme, as much as I am interested in identifying the features of the stages through which it was transferred in terms of the poetic text in its communication with the recipient and its natural development that is linked to the poet’s personality and what surrounds it.The poet believes that in the suffering of the text, he is “faced with an annoying accumulation of definitions of poetry, and a door to enter into a discussion circle. I have chosen to follow a line on which we do not disagree, even though in our time, this path, filled with criticism, controversy, and contrast, is a path thinner than a hair and sharper than the sword.”.
Poetry, in its most general definition: is speech that expresses meanings by making use of the elements of images, symbols, and imaginations. The nature of drawing the features of poetry that the era accepts depends on defining its roles that it can be good at representing on the stage of social and cognitive reality, and observing some of the perceptions and ideas that relate to it. With that.
Al-Asadi believes that the role of the poetic text can be achieved through several points, “including:
1. Concentrating the idea and deepening the concept (idealization of poetry).
2. Deepening the emotional meanings of spreading the reasons for love among people.
3. Recreation by highlighting the aesthetic charm in the statement.

Abstract:-
In 2013, Note 26 of the Law on the Support of Guardianless and Mistreated Children allowed the legal guardian's marriage of convenience with the adopted child for the former’s expedient. Primary religious jurisprudence and percepts both support this note, but such a marriage is a matter of jurisprudential argument for many jurists, legal experts, and those supporting family rights. This is because this marriage opposes social peace and public ethics and the concept of expediency in this note is not well clarified by the legislator. Furthermore, this marriage appears to be faulty and compromises the space for adopted child breeding, turns both “adoption” and “potential spousal” bonds against each other, and imperils the psychological security of both stepmother and stepfather due to potential misunderstanding. Thus, the legislator is suggested to reconsider this note in secondary rules.

Abstract:-
Fiqh or practical rulings is one of the main knowledge in Islamic education. The finding of this knowledge is widely used in Muslim life and has had a significant impact on their personal and social behavior. The verses of the Qur'an are one of the main sources of this knowledge. Although, in the absence of Qur'anic and Sunnah proofs, reason itself is one of the jurisprudential proofs in the process of deriving rulings. Nevertheless, from Allameh Tabatabai's point of view, all the teachings of the Qur'an, including the ayat al-Ahkam (verses of rullings), are based on human reason and wisdom, and there is a close connection between the ayat al-Ahkam and reason.
Therefore, any number of jurisprudence rulings that are inferred and extracted from the Qur'an and Sunnah with a rational approach in the individual and social sphere, or in other words, any number of jurisprudential propositions extracted from the Qur'an and Sunnah based on a rational approach, in addition to that which is based on the methodology of the Qur'an in expressing its knowledge, it is easily accepted by the curious and questioning audience. Therefore, if in the process of ijtihad from the Qur'an and the Sunnah, rulings are produced that are in contradiction with the intellect and understanding of the wise, such rulings cannot be attributed to the Qur'an and God, even though such an opinion is based on the appearance of the verses of the Qur'an or authentic traditions.

Abstract:-
The opinions of interpreters differed and their directions varied in the meaning of the Qur’anic text, according to the interpreter’s culture, environment, tendencies and ability in general. They were between two approaches: the first is to rely on previous opinions, and adopt or prefer one of them, whether this opinion was for the Messenger (may God bless him and his family), or for the pure Imams (peace be upon them), or for the Companions, or for a previous interpreter. The interpreter may document this opinion by attributing it to those who said it and establishing it, or without that. As for the second approach, it is to come up with a new opinion for the interpreter that he forms based on his interpretive components and his cognitive reserve. Our research came to shed light on interpretive opinions and clarify their position in terms of authentication and formation. It is a research related to the emergence and progress of interpretive thought, the extent of the development of its output, and the extent to which interpreters contributed to innovation without imitation and subordination.

Abstract:-
Tribal fanaticism is represented by the members of the tribe supporting each other against who are hostile to them whether they are right or wrong, whether they are oppressors or oppressed, and whether an individual or a group. It means advocacy, defense and support which are a basic element of the tribal system. It is the custom and law of every tribe that parents instill in their children pass on to them, and ensure its continuation. The Islamic religion rejects many manifestations of fanaticism , especially fanaticism that aids for injustice and leads to conflict, fighting and division. One of the most prominent manifestations of tribal fanaticism are boasting and dissonances over lineage and account, which is boasting about one's affiliation to an important tribe or to a person with certain characteristics. These matters are beyond a person's control. Boasting often leads to conflict, as do alliances which based on injustice and fighting with except for some good alliances such as the alliance of the curiosity, and renege that was taken from someone who had no fault other than to reward the victim with social status. Sometimes, tribes reach reconciliation and pay blood money after wars to prevent revenge. AS for the banner, some tribes were clinging to the position of carrying the banner because it was paid to those of importance , status, and courage.

Abstract:-
In many developed and growing countries alike, the appropriate pattern of housing is considered to be the pattern that meets the needs of the low- income groups of society as it is suitable for the average annual income of families. In general, the process of providing an appropriate pattern of housing (sustainable and affordable housing) depends precisely on the detailed study of housing projects in order to reach solutions to the problems of housing need in the city of Kufa, and go to the policies of the future housing development regarding the planning for the sustainable and affordable housing projects, and then, touching (global, Arabic and local projects to show the dissimilar results in achieving sustainable housing for people with limited incomes), and come out with many conclusions and recommendations aimed at benefiting from the results of experiments and projects.

Abstract:-
By extrapolating the legal texts regulating the formation of independent bodies in general, one notices the collective nature of their formation, as well as the diversity of this composition in terms of experience and specialization, in a way that achieves the goals of independent bodies. Independent bodies were established for the purposes of meeting sensitive and specialized activities, and accordingly, their composition of professionals and specialists is essential.
Completing the work assigned to each institution or body requires that it have an administrative structure according to which this body is divided into departments, divisions, and other administrative divisions. This division is of great importance in completing these tasks quickly and accurately, as this falls within the specialization of work practice.
The Authority consists of administrative, financial and legal departments and has a Board of Directors that meets at least once a month at the invitation of its Chairman or whomever he authorizes, although we prefer that the invitation to the meeting be made by the President and his deputy as long as he has a deputy. As for the experts of the Authority, they are of two sects. The first is for the Authority to seek assistance from them when needed, unlike the second group, as they are members of the Authority and its employees whose legal positions are regulated by the laws governing the public employee, such as the Civil Service Law No. (24) of 1960, and the Discipline of State and Public Sector Employees Law No. (14) of 1991. They have equal employee rights, financial or non-financial, and they have their duties.

Abstract:-
The death penalty is one of the oldest punishments known to legal systems since ancient times. It serves as a penalty for crimes that threaten the security and violate the values and safety of society, causing severe harm to both the system and public security. Therefore, the death penalty is a strong message that emphasizes the intolerance towards heinous crimes, sending a clear message that there are serious consequences for criminals' actions, which may lead to the loss of their lives and their removal from society to ensure safety and peace. However, due to the severity and danger of this penalty, there has been much intellectual debate surrounding it.
Given the significant importance of methodology in scientific research, we adopt a descriptive-analytical-critical methodology. This involves describing the concept of the death penalty in Iraqi law and Islamic Sharia in detail, including its conditions, provisions, and applications. Then, we conduct a deep analysis of this concept, based on a review of previous studies and available research, focusing on the legal, ethical, and social aspects of this punishment. By critically examining and evaluating the evidence, we can reach accurate and objective conclusions, enabling us to propose recommendations and suggestions that clarify the purpose of the death penalty and the diversity of opinions regarding its adoption in punitive policy.

Abstract:-
The state's general budget is linked to the state's national economy and is considered the main path for the development of the state at all economic, political and social levels. It is not just a table containing revenues and public expenditures. The budget is the main tool used by the state in order to achieve all public performance achievements as well. As it is the method used by the legislative authority to know the ability of its agencies, whether executive, supervisory, or others, to demonstrate the legal organization of the general budget numbers in Iraq, in view of budget theories, the state’s general budget is an approved detailed statement that contains public expenditures and revenues for the period of a fiscal year; The budget is considered the financial program for the future plan in order to achieve specific goals within the framework of the economic and social development of the country. The study aimed to highlight the extent of the impact of budget theories on the general budget in Iraq and to explain the stages of implementing the general budget in Iraq, as well as to explain the defects of that budget and shed light on the stages of implementation of the general budget in Iraq. Shedding light on the problems facing its preparation, trying to remedy those defects and difficulties by relying on the descriptive analytical approach, the study concluded that the Iraqi financial system suffers from weakness in financial management, which affects the ability to fully implement financial theories. There may be deficiencies in financial planning, monitoring and evaluation, which hinders the achievement of desired financial goals. Inflation and economic instability are also major challenges in Iraq. This challenge may affect the applicability of some budget theories that assume stable prices and the economy.

Abstract:-
appearance, however, since its Early Times, attempts have appeared to facilitate it and make it accessible to its students, and after it became more difficult and complicated; calls and demands for facilitating it increased, as it was plagued by complexity in the curriculum and some of its partial issues, until grammar became a form of reasoning and measurements closer to logic than to Arabic.
For this reason, scientists ' attempts to extract this complexity accelerated, so they invented factors that help facilitate it, by explaining previous books, authorship, and the systems of the text; to organize grammar topics and bring it closer to learners. The purpose of this Systems is to correct tongues and divert them from error, and to move away from complexity, cost, assumption and estimation in its rules.
Therefore, the issue of the order and classification of authorship is like a guide for any student, despite this, the authors ' ability to adjust the authorship varies, depending on the author's culture and his knowledge capacity, and one of the most prominent grammatical works that took into account and developed this aspect are the grammar text books; because they are educational books, characterized by good order and organization; taking into account the situation of the learner, and during the process of authorship starting from the book and beyond, those writings, whether lengthy or abbreviations, were characterized by different hierarchical approaches and multiple formal patterns.

Abstract:-
Among the constituent elements of security theories are the legal and legal requirements of security. Undoubtedly, in presenting the security model of the Shia school, jurisprudence constitutes the legal requirements and requirements of security. Examining the principles and rules of Shia jurisprudence shows that part of the principles and rules of jurisprudence in the form of mandatory jurisprudential and legal foundations determine the scope of action of security agents in the field of policy and operational security. This research by extracting the most important principles and rules of jurisprudence Shia has presented their role and application in policy-making and in the field of security operations.

Abstract:-
The importance of public relations lies in the fact that it is a basic administrative function within the administrative structure of the institution. Public relations in any institution seeks to improve the mental image of the institution at the internal and external levels, in addition to achieving loyalty and belonging to the institution. Public relations also employs means of communication to reflect its activities, especially through new media. However, it is noted that government institutions, especially in Iraq, suffer from a weakness in both understanding and performance of this effective administrative function (i.e., public relations), and one of the most prominent problems is the belief that the mission of public relations in the organization is suitable for any person, regardless of his rank and specialization. Therefore, despite the guidelines that have been written about public relations, the seminars that have been held for it, and the brochures, workshops, and scientific papers that have been distributed and published for it, the need remains for research and investigation to reach the preparation of the ideal model for the position of public relations in government institutions. Therefore, the problem of the study is mainly focused In identifying the nature of public relations within Iraqi government institutions, and the extent of its effectiveness in changing the course of the institution for the better, by relying on other communication elements that enable it to achieve the desired goals, and how to prepare the optimal model for these institutions.

Abstract:-
Forgery is one of the reprehensible moral vices mentioned in the Quran, and it is considered one of the greatest and ugliest sins. It is not only a grave danger and severe harm limited to the perpetrator alone, but it poses the greatest threat to society as a whole, as it undermines one of the objectives of religious law, which is to safeguard the community. The prevalence of forgery and the negligence of scholars in addressing it lead to the humiliation and contempt of the society in the eyes of its enemies.This research, titled "Forgery in the Quran: Definitions and Rulings," aims to explain the concept of this moral vice in the Quran and its rulings and examples.
The research was conducted based on descriptive, analytical, and critical approaches, in accordance with the circumstances of this study.
The most important results of this research are as follows Forgery involves fabricating baseless news. In the Quran, there are various forms and examples of forgery, such as forgery against Allah, forgery against prophets, forgery against the Quran, forgery against believers, forgery against spouses, and forgery of paternity.

Abstract:-
The question of Andalusian identity is characterized by a lot of complication and ambiguity, given the set of problems it present. This topic obtain its importance from the novelty of research in the history of Arab existence in rich Andalusia; where it leads to write what is silent about him or what is marginalized from the importance of research in Andalusian history and its etiquette expressing the secretion of Andalusian identity in connection with the act of deportation after settlement, this act which established the foundations of a human tendency towards forming an ambiguous identity that obtains to liberate the question of the ego related to we / collective consciousness, and paradoxically with the other, which constitutes an existential condition for oneself, furthermore It was also linked to the principle of (diminishing after completeness) which the Andalusian poet Abu Al-Bqaa’ Al-Rondi insisted on.

Abstract:-
Human history, according to our Islamic system, is an expression of the struggle between truth and falsehood, or between the arrogant and the oppressed, or between the supporters of God and the supporters of the tyrant, or the approach of Islam to God, or the approach of disbelief in God.
On this basis, the movement of the oppressed is based on faith in God, good deeds, and jihad for the sake of God.
Against the arrogant and the oppressors, it has been and continues to continue in all ages, although it differs in terms of methods and means, temporal and spatial.
Perhaps this conflict in previous times was only military, but in our time the conflict between the arrogant and the oppressed has expanded in all political, economic, social and cultural aspects, and its strength and danger lie.
Arrogance in our time is the cultural war, or in the new term, the soft war.
It has taken several axes, the first of which focused on separating the Islamic religion from politics, while the second axis sought to fight the religious authority, the guardianship of the jurist, and the religious government, while the third axis focuses on persistent attempts to sow the seeds of sectarian division. Ideology and nationalism among the one Islamic nation.

Abstract:-
In this study, we explain the influence of the Qur'anic story on the poetry of the Abbasid Era, but without expansion , as purposes and benefits of the story have multiplied, the most important of them are the path of Call to God and the origins of the Islamic Law and to believe the Holy Messenger (may God bless him and his family) and prove revelation and Message, as well as, the strengthening the heart of the Holy Messenger, and believe the previous prophets and perpetuate their memories along eras. Then to show that all the prophets (peace be upon them) call for a unified religion. In addition to revealing the literary and rhetorical meanings intended by the Holy Qur'an.

Abstract:-
The Occultation of the Awaited Imam is one of the pivotal issues in the period of the Great Occultation, specially, if we notice that it is one of the issues branching from off from one of the foundations of the religion, which is the Imamate that is related to the Twelfth Imam of the Imami Shiites. Therefore, we need more clarification regarding the reasons for this occultation and the wisdom behind it, in order to show that according to the verses and narrations that address it.
This research sheds light on what was reported by the holy narrations that mentioned various reasons for the Occultation of the Imam (peace be upon him). Sometimes the reasons relate to God Almighty and His Will, and sometimes they relate to the Imam himself, or to the nation itself.

Abstract:-
The crime of murder is considered one of the most serious crimes in the history of humanity, as it violates the most important human right, which is the right to life. It involves a person taking the life of another person in order to end his life. For the crime of murder, three elements must be fulfilled, which is the physical element represented by the assault on human life. The specific intention of taking a human life and the character of the victim must fall on a living person, but there are paradoxes, points of similarity and difference in the provisions of this crime between both Islamic law and Iraqi law. This research came to clarify and explain them, concluding in conclusion that it is the responsibility of the Iraqi legislator to Working to benefit from the principles established by Islamic law in the field of classifying crimes and tightening custodial penalties for criminals who endanger people’s lives, according to their crime and the penalty schedules, with the aim of achieving deterrence and enhancing their respect for the lives of others and adherence to the laws.

Abstract:-
In view of the importance of revealing the intentions of the speaker in political literature and the mechanisms used by political writers and novelists, this article aims at a linguistic study on a topic that has an exaggerated impact on the discourse or idea production, which is revealing the manifestations of the Ethos, which is the reputation of writer or narrator and his personality as the image of the self in the speech or discourse, and the roles in the personality in the idea of Egyptian writings Alaa Al-Aswany and his planning in the communicative process to change the behavior of the addressee and persuade him out of consciousness through a set of rhetorical processes. in our study we relied on the descriptive-analytical approach, concerned with structuralism through the coalition and replacement vision, so we focused on three main axes: creator, the text, and the recipient, with a look at the theoretic aspects such as pragmatics, verbal actions‎, intent‎, and speech acts, with a brief statement on the relationship of the ethos with each of them to reveal the extent of the impact of the types of Ethos’‎ in the production of the text and the interaction between the sender and the sent and the sender’s re-production of the meaning with it, and its persuading the recipient and changing his horizons and match it with the text for specific purposes. The study of the manifestations of Ethos’‎ is one of our most important works in this article after comparing it with the selected texts and their main associated elements, and through it we discovered that the employment of Ethos’‎ leads to the maturation of the idea of the Ethos’‎e plans to add It is manifested in the structure of texts and their linguistic features that help him towards certain goals in the social and political arena, especially in his role. Distinguished in persuading the recipient in matching it with the text And from the results, that employing the various types of Ethos’‎ and highlighting them in the style of the text as a literary strategy, has expressive energies that should be used for specific purposes through investing psychological factors in its comprehensive interrelationship with the basic role of the text in Alaa Al-Aswany, in his novel “Our Advice to the Butcher” to achieve achievement goals or achieve impactful goals related to the reactions of the meeting “such as rejection and acceptance” or to achieve behavioral goals such as political activities such as demonstrations and revolutions, which need psychological and social factors.

Abstract:-
1- The sensory image formed by the poet Sabah Anouz, in all its colors, reflected the emotional and psychological state that the poet lives in an artistic context, through which he was able to express his concerns and emotions. And the severity of his attachment to his homeland Iraq and his city.
2- The visual image represented one poetic purpose, which is (Lamentation), especially the lamentation of his mother, friends and loved ones. And his imaginary girlfriend, so the phrase was clearly distinguished and away from complexity. As for the taste image, he employed it to express his pleasure in embracing the homeland and loved ones, and in a manner that suits the nature of his psychological experience. And the sweetheart.
3- Through the sensory images that we touched, the poet evoked the meanings and sensory qualities in the image of creativity, so the distant from the meanings became close in the form of the suggestive sensuous, even if it was not one of his attributes, so his images came with the colors of life full of vitality and movement, although in some of the image it is traditional and familiar to the recipient However, the poet succeeded in expressing it in a manner consistent with the sincerity of the experience he is living.
4- The sensory image produced by the poet's thoughts clarified his vision and his ability to keep pace with events and facts and photograph them, within an artistic format based on suggestion and influence on the hearts of the listeners.

Abstract:-
This study aims to show one aspect of the international conflict existing between the new international powers represented by the United States of America, leader of the capitalist camp, and the Soviet Union, leader of the socialist camp, seeking to control areas of influence in various countries of the world, to replace the two former colonial powers: Britain and France. , which began to lose their empires to the major international power, through the establishment of small, administratively independent entities, drawing political borders between them, to be a source of permanent disagreement between those entities, and thus facilitating colonial control over them, and placing them in its sphere of influence. The study of the 1973 crisis between Iraq and Kuwait are an example of the role of colonialism in establishing borders between Arab countries, and the positions of the two major powers, and some of the Arab countries among them.

Abstract:-
The circulation of wealth is one of the important matters to which different civilizations pay great attention. They are still making efforts to search for ways to simplify circulation and exchange by devising the easiest means to promote that circulation in an atmosphere full of legitimate competition. For this reason, merchants, whether they are sellers or producers, have worked hard. For a good or service in light of the existing competition between them to follow various methods in promoting that good or service, which constitutes an incentive to pay customers and their interest in it, and these incentives include what the merchant offers during the contracting process, such as gifts, and some of them are offered after the contracting process, such as maintenance, and there are incentives. What the merchant follows in advance of the contracting process, as in the case of commercial advertising, which expands the scope of offering goods and services to the public to the widest possible range through visual, audio and print means.

Abstract:-
The speech of Imam Ali (peace be upon him) is considered a law with which, he wanted to guide the subjects to the path of goodness and perfection. His speech was full of the abundance of implications and the meaning of coordination through which he expressed his philosophy of life and his faith in God Almighty. In his speech, he was present in the Qur'an verse and the honorable Prophetic hadith, wisdom and ideals with which he emulated all segments of society, as possessing an eternal, cultural and coordinated talent that he studied from the Holy Quran and the honorable Prophetic hadith. He was simulated with the Holy Qur'an for his Eloquence , Rhetoric and good statement. When the Pillar of Islam, was martyred and interpretation and explanation starts after him, as he was the interpreter of the Holy Qur'an and what between its covers of meanings that God Almighty wanted .

Abstract:-
In this research, we discuss the role of Iraqi women in various areas of society and in their political and administrative roles
We also show Islam’s view of women’s status, as we explain their oppression in the pre-Islamic era and how Islam came to lift those injustices. We also show the difficulties that women face within society and how we can quickly solve these obstacles In our research, we show the obstacles facing Iraqi women and how they were able to overcome them and become a role model throughout the ages. We also show the historical view of Iraqi women and how they strove and struggled during the wars and crises that Iraqi women faced, as they have significant roles in many fields, including cultural and scientific.

Abstract:-
The nature of fragmentation that characterizes contemporary international law resulting from the existence of several separate and volatile legal systems, including the (international responsibility) system, which is the core of international law, as these systems represent substantive law or the so-called (primary rules) that include obligations imposed on states. Whereas, the rules of attributing international responsibility to the state (secondary rules) are contained in multiple legal systems that have topics that regulate them and interests that protect them. Therefore, the multiplicity of primary and secondary rules leads to a contradiction and conflict between the multiple and diverse legal systems.

Abstract:-
The concept of livability overlaps with the concepts of the quality of life and the sustainability within the residential environment. This research aims to highlights on the relationship between the concept of the livability and the concept of the quality of live and the relationship of the two concepts with the sustainability to reach a clear understanding of the three concepts and their differences from each other, to reach a clear understanding for the concept of livability as considered an indicator for measuring the quality of life in the residential environment.

Abstract:-
Before being a religious person, the existence of a religious person is necessary. That is, there must be a knowledge of religion along with religious and Islamic insight. Tawfiq al-Hakim, one of the prominent names in the history of modern Arabic literature, was the way he accepted the price of the Arabic literary and artistic productions. There is a certain stage, the poison of the stage of the theater with the mental theater because of the difficulty embodied in the theatrical action. The greatest effect on the crystallization of the special effect of Tawfiq al-Hakim and thought on the subsequent generations of literature, because of this, knowledge of the intellectual fields and the way of impressions with religious sources and vessels of time is essential, so we are good. If we ask that we do not study Al-Dini's heritage remaining in the works of the thinkers and writers of Katufiq Al-Hakim, and we do not even understand that Al-Dini's imagination is manifested to a certain extent in his works and plays.
In this article, try to use the descriptive method, even between the place of religious heritage and religious beliefs in the play of Suleiman Al-Hakim. And finally, the conclusion of this article is that Suleiman Al-Hakim's play depends on three sources; Al-Qur'an and Torah and a thousand nights and nights, and the author tried to write the theater based on the hadiths narrated by Sulaiman Al-Hakim. In many of my positions, he did not depart from the words of the Holy Qur'an and used Islamic religious sources, most importantly the Qur'an, but in addition to that, he also relied on reliable interpretations such as Tafsir al-Nishaburi, Tafsir al-Tabari, Tafsir al-Baidawi, and Tafsir al-Kashf.