Journal of University of Babylon

The role of metaphor in our language is huge. It plays a very important role, not only in literature, but also in education, media, and in our daily interaction. Metaphors are frequently used in advertising as a way to enhance the perceived value of a product or to make it seem more personal because they can create a specific brand image by combining a verbal phrase with a visual image to dramatize the effect. The present study is an attempt to analyze metaphor of Arabic advertisements from the standpoint of conceptual blending theory. The study assumes that such model is suitable to analyze advertisements due to the fact that such idiomatic expressions employed in these kinds of adverts can be explained in terms of conceptual blending theory. Under investigation, five metaphoric adverts were selected from Arabic media in order to be analyzed. The results have showed that previous theories of metaphor, like Interaction Theory and Conceptual Metaphor Theory, cannot totally interpret metaphoric advertisements. The study also assumes that different networks can be used in examining metaphoric advertisements. Conceptual blending theory is the best one that can provide a more complete clarification for metaphoric advertisements.

This research aims to identify the extent to which twenty-first century skills are included in the Arabic language curriculum (My Language) in the third grade of early childhood, considering curriculum components in National Framework of General Curriculum standards for Education in KSA. Research population was language curricula for the lower grades, while the sample was Arabic Language curriculum (My Language) for the third grade. The research employs descriptive approach (content analysis) to identify to what extent twenty- first century skills are included in the curriculum. The researcher develops a coding scheme to collect data.
The results show that the curriculum of the second term of Arabic Language (My Language) of the third grade comes first in including activities with a percentage of (39.30%) of the total repetitions of activities in the three terms curricula. It is followed by the third term curriculum (37.33%) and finally comes the first term curriculum with a percentage of (23.37%) of the total repetitions of activities in the three terms curricula. The highest percentage of skills included in the curriculum is for the creative thinking, whereas the lowest percentage is for the skill of technology use. That means all the twenty-first century skills mentioned in the National Framework of General Curriculum Standards for Education in KSA have been included in the curriculum activities with various percentages across the three terms. It can be inferred that these skills are included with no balance and right sequence. The researcher attributes this to the absence of plans to include these skills in the curriculum of the three semesters in a balanced way. It is recommended that a matrix of the sub-skills of the National Framework of General Curriculum Standards should be developed along with indicators of the main skills to work as a reference for the researchers and specialists in the education sector.

The silence of the administration is its reluctance to respond to the requests and grievances of citizens and its refusal to take the decisions legally required of it. Silence carries the meaning of denying the law and the obligation imposed on it, and this silence is so that it is not an area for the administration’s arbitrariness. The law has had important consequences, which is considering this silence as an administrative decision. Negative or implicit depending on each case, which is what we will address in this research by examining the concept of the negative administrative decision, as well as the implicit administrative decision, as well as the characteristics of each of the two decisions, from which it is clear that these two decisions result from the fact of the administration’s silence and that the legislator is the one who determines their existence. Therefore, they can be appealed by cancellation. We also examined the discrepancy between the negative and implicit decisions. Are they one decision with names, or are they different? It appeared that each decision is different from the other, and there are many aspects of difference, whether in terms of origin or effects. We also presented the position of the legislator and the administrative judiciary regarding the distinction between the two decisions through the texts that determined their existence, as well as through the facts that the judiciary dealt with, which demonstrated the subjectivity of each decision.

This study analyzes the persuasive strategies manipulated by the American Islamic preacher Yusuf Estes and the Arabian preacher Amr Khaled. Johnstone (2008) as a theoretical framework for data analysis is used to highlight the rhetorical framework within such preaching discourses. Findings reveal that both Islamic preachers employ quasilogical, presentational, and analogical strategies, with presentational persuasion being mostly dominant. However, while Estes favors logical reasoning, Khaled more relies on historical references. The difference in their use of rhetorical strategies can be attributed to context and audience expectations. Such findings significantly contribute to the field of contrastive rhetoric by demonstrating how cultural and linguistic contexts play a key role in shaping persuasive strategies in Islamic preaching.

Syria, as is the case in many countries, faces major challenges in the field of health and disease. Since the beginning of the ongoing conflict in the country, the health infrastructure and availability of medical services have been greatly affected, and the health situation in Syria is linked to several factors, the most important of which is the spread of infectious diseases. The aim of the current research is to identify the level of health awareness regarding some infectious intestinal diseases among pupils in the second cycle of basic education. The researcher adopted the descriptive and analytical approach, and the research tool consisted of a questionnaire consisting of (18) statements, , It was designed based on a three-dimensional Likert scale, and the questionnaire was applied to a sample consisting of (400) pupils. A student from Aleppo city schools. The results showed that the level of awareness of infectious intestinal diseases among second year pupils is generally below average. They also showed that there were statistically significant differences in health awareness of infectious intestinal diseases according to the gender variable in favor of males, and there were no statistically significant differences according to the school year variable, and no There are statistically significant differences depending on the region of residence variable. These results indicate a need to improve health awareness of infectious intestinal diseases among second-year pupils. The researcher recommends implementing awareness programs targeting pupils of the less aware gender, focusing on this important group and directing educational efforts towards them to enhance their understanding of infectious diseases and how to prevent them.

The judiciary is the body with the original jurisdiction to interpret the provisions of the constitution, whether it is constitutionally stipulated or not. It is worth noting that the constitutional legislator must regulate the issue of interpreting constitutional texts and specify the body competent to interpret, and how interpretation is requested. The constitution’s designation of the body competent to interpret prevents multiple sources of interpretation or bodies claiming jurisdiction to interpret, which leads to a kind of confusion in applying the text that differs in its interpretation, as each body will adopt an interpretation that is consistent with its orientations and policy. Since the constitution is a positive law, its texts may be subject to some deficiency and ambiguity that requires interpretation and clarification, which is what the constitutional judge does by using the means that enable him to find the correct interpretation. The interpretation of the constitutional judge is binding on all state institutions, since this jurisdiction is originally part of the core work of the constitutional judge, who must first interpret the text before acting upon it. Due to the importance and seriousness of this jurisdiction, most of the world’s constitutions have sought to determine the body competent to interpret the constitution, while specifying the frameworks and features of this jurisdiction, which is what the Iraqi Constitution of 2005 referred to in its determination of the jurisdiction of the Federal Supreme Court in interpreting constitutional texts and removing any ambiguity that may befall them.

A brilliant designer with a fertile imagination in his ideas can quote or take inspiration from everything around him and extract new creative designs, whether by using the external lines of the source or by using various decorations and transforming them into design lines. This is more apparent in historical and heritage confiscations, or it is possible to use both external lines and decorations to show the spirit of heritage. The study seeks to shed light on multiple forms of the aesthetics of the Asiri cat decoration and its preparation. Designs proposed by some digital programs to implement designs in a modern way that keeps pace with the design development in contemporary housing design, as the Asir cat decoration is considered a source of inspiration for the designer to benefit from it as a source of design suitable for modern homes with an artistic touch while preserving the national heritage identity. Research is required to achieve compatibility between authenticity and contemporaneity in the interior design of homes by revealing the aesthetic and artistic creative values of cat decoration. Al-Asiri) in designing contemporary housing. The research follows the descriptive and experimental approaches to suit both research approaches. One of the most important results of the research was: achieving compatibility between authenticity and modernity through analyzing the national heritage Asiri cat decoration and quoting from it in creative artistic designs for contemporary housing design. One of the most important recommendations is to pay attention to heritage and historical sources as sources for interior design in highlighting the national identity of people.

The current research aims to analyze the activities of the social studies book for the fifth grade of primary school according to the standards of volunteer work values. To achieve this goal, the researcher worked hard to prepare a research tool represented by a list of value standards for volunteer work after reviewing books, literature, and studies concerned with volunteer work. The tool was presented to arbitrators in the educational sciences. And psychological to verify the validity of the tool and its ability to measure what it was designed for. Then the researcher prepared a list of analysis of the activities of the social studies book for the fifth grade of primary school according to the value standards for volunteer work. The researcher found consistency by analyzing it with itself over a unit of time, and seeking the help of external analysts using the Cooper equation, since the consistency was And honesty is high The results of the research resulted that the highest criterion achieved was the third from the second domain with (25) repetitions and a percentage of (10.54%), followed by the ninth criterion from the third domain with (24) repetitions and a percentage of (10.12%), followed by the first criterion from the third domain. An amount of (22) repetitions and a percentage of (8,76%), then the first criterion of the second field an amount of (20) repetitions and a percentage of (8.43%). In light of the research results, the researcher presented a set of conclusions, recommendations and proposals, and the researcher concluded by focusing on memorization and retrieval. Information about the activities in the social studies book for the fifth grade of primary school, without making an effort to delve deeper into knowledge of these activities and the good experiences and information they contain for students, and the activities included in the social studies books for the fifth grade lack standards for volunteer work.

The current research included four chapters. The first chapter dealt with the research problem, which was represented by the following question: (What are the aesthetic dimensions of the features of intellectual extremism in contemporary Iraqi painting), then stating its importance and need for it. The chapter also included the research objective, which is (identifying the aesthetic dimensions of the features of intellectual extremism in contemporary Iraqi painting). The research limits were limited to studying the aesthetic dimensions of the features of intellectual extremism in contemporary Iraqi painting from (2005-2020) for the artworks of Iraqi artists, whether inside Iraq or in the diaspora. The researcher concluded the first chapter by defining the most important terms included in the title of the current research.
The second chapter included the theoretical framework, which consisted of two sections. The first section dealt with the concept of intellectual extremism (its manifestations and methods), and the second section (the manifestations of the structural diversity of the features of intellectual extremism in contemporary Iraqi painting and its aesthetic connotations). The second chapter also included previous studies and indicators of the theoretical framework.
The third chapter dealt with the procedures of the current research, which included a statement of the research community, which numbered (50) artworks by Iraqi artists. The research sample, which numbered (5) artistic models, was chosen using the intentional method. The researcher also relied on the descriptive method using the content analysis method.
The fourth chapter included the research results, conclusions, recommendations and suggestions.
The most important results reached by the researcher are:
1. Extremist thinking is based on the connotations of tyranny of opinion or of the owners of ideas and beliefs, with the difficulty of changing that, which created a semantic and expressive effect in the Iraqi visual achievement that was imprinted on the artist’s psychological state from the details and particulars in the artistic painting with aesthetic and artistic dimensions.
The most important conclusions reached by the researcher are:
1. When an individual acts according to his thoughts and beliefs, his actions are directed either towards success or closure. The cultural openness of the Iraqi artist played a role in enriching art and entering the context of global creative productions

The purpose of this study is to learn about Islamic death rites and their impact on shaping Islamic society from the perspective of Canadian orientalist Leor Halevi. Halevi follows the historical development of these rites based on Islamic sources in this field, whether historical, literary, doctrinal, or modern, on funerals and death rites. This was considered a major challenge due to the many contradictions in this topic among the different Islamic sects, and this led him to learn the Arabic language, which he claimed he began over thirty years ago—and immersed himself in the study of historical and doctrinal Arabic texts to the extent that enabled him to analyze the historical records about the death of Fatimah, the daughter of Muhammad (peace be upon him and his family), and other Muslims in the first two centuries after the migration (Hijrah) in addition to his knowledge of doctrinal aspects of funerals. By studying Islamic death rites, Halevi wanted to investigate the differences between Islamic rites and Zoroastrianism, Judaism, and Christianity by looking at Islamic death rites. We selected one of death’s rites, Lamenting for the Dead, which received a great deal of attention and consideration from the Muslim jurists for its great impact on the social and political level., especially in Islamic cities that experienced revolutions and uprisings against authority. We analyzed these rites, which were dealt with by Leor Halevi in many paragraphs to cover the rites of lamentation in all its details. How were these rites observed before the Islamic era, and why were these rites violently rejected in the Islamic city- al-Kufa more than others. We also analyzed and criticized these opinions to get to the facts that are absent from this orientalist's knowledge, and the responses were derived from authentic Islamic historical, modern, and doctrinal sources.

The current research aims to identify: rumination of anger and its relationship to recklessness among university students. The sample of the current research consisted of (125) male and female students from the University of Babylon. Regarding research tools: The researchers adopted to measure anger rumination، which consists of (19) items. The researchers built the recklessness scale after reviewing many scales and studies, which consists of (23) items. The two researchers extracted the psychometric properties of the scale, then the data were treated statistically using appropriate statistical methods, such as the Social Sciences Portfolio (SPSS). The research reached the following results: University students, the sample of the current research, have a high level of anger rumination and a high level of reckless behavior, and there is a statistically significant positive correlation. Between rumination of anger and recklessness among university students. In light of the results, the two researchers presented a number of recommendations and proposals.

The researcher found it necessary to study and investigate the aesthetic dimensions and their representations in contemporary Moroccan painting, as the current research included four chapters. The first chapter dealt with the methodological framework of the research, as it included (the research problem) that presents itself in the form of questions:
Do philosophical ideas and proposals have an effective role in applying the concepts of beauty in contemporary Moroccan painting? Are there aesthetic dimensions in the contemporary Moroccan painter that have direct and indirect manifestations in his pictorial surface?
The current research aims to: Identify the aesthetic dimensions and their representations in contemporary Moroccan painting.
The current research is determined by studying the aesthetic dimensions and their representations in contemporary Moroccan painting, for the period from (1953 AD - 1978 AD), in the Maghreb country and the drawings found in some encyclopedic and artistic sources and the World Wide Web (Internet).
The second chapter included two topics: the first topic (aesthetics.. intellectually) and the second topic (aesthetic values in modern Moroccan painting).
The third chapter consisted of the research community of (20) artistic paintings, and the researcher intentionally chose (3) artistic paintings from the research community for the research sample. The method of the (descriptive - content analysis) method was adopted for the current research.
The fourth chapter included the results of the research, including: The aesthetic dimension was achieved through the contemporary Moroccan artist's interest in heritage and symbols in most of his artistic works, so the intellectual and aesthetic dimension had a presence in activating the aesthetic connotations filled with symbols and signs.
As for the conclusions, they are: The work of the contemporary Arab Moroccan painter is that the shapes are subject to processes of modification and distortion to be abstract formal relationships with aesthetic dimensions and connotations.