Electrical Engineering Technical Journal

Cell-free massive MIMO technology holds significant promise as a pivotal enhancement for next-generation 5G and 6G networks. This technology features a network architecture where a single central processing unit oversees multiple access points, thereby enhancing wireless communication capacity and efficacy. By enabling broader connectivity beyond the confines of standard cellular networks, it minimizes signal interruptions and improves spectral efficiency. Despite these advancements, further research is necessary to define a comprehensive implementation strategy for deploying cell-free massive MIMO systems under real-world conditions. The Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio (SINR) plays a crucial role in wireless communications. In this paper, the problem of power allocation is addressed under the assumption of pilot contamination. Pilot contamination occurs when multiple users share the same pilot signal. Specifically, two users were assumed to have the same pilot signal, which significantly decreased the SINR and increased the interference among these users. This reduction in SINR leads to potential degradation in achievable data rates and overall system performance. The proposed algorithm aims to reduce pilot contamination by solving a max-min optimization problem that insures fairness among all users. The proposed algorithm obtained the optimal power coefficient associated with each user by taking advantage of uplink-downlink duality and considering all interference terms in the calculations. The proposed algorithm finds out the optimal solution in an iterative manner until the feasible solution is achieved. The methodology introduced calculation of achievable rates based on SINR, which is essential for evaluating power allocation in cell-free massive MIMO systems. Specifically, we focus on downlink sum-rate maximization and compare the effectiveness of Zero-Forcing (ZF) precoder against Conjugate Beamforming (CB) precoder

Modern internet technologies have led to an increase in the transmission and receiving of information across the network, especially images that may contain confidential information, so it has become necessary to increase protection for these images. The processes of protecting information during the transmission are scientifically divided into encryption and hiding techniques. Encryption techniques change the secret data content to become unclear for professional hackers. On the contrary, steganography saves the same content of secret data but inserts it into the medium cover without clearly showing any change in the medium. These covers, such as text, images, or video, whereas images and video are more efficient than other covers because they have powerful and complex structures to achieve more security. The combination of hybrid encryption and steganography gives more multi-level security protection, which is hardly predictable against intruders. This work analyzes the challenges that researchers may face in this field, in addition to discussing the latest technologies proposed. Besides that, the evaluation parameters of these techniques are summarized

Electrocardiography (ECG) is one of the most important non-invasive tools for detecting electrical cardiac signals. The Heart signals consider a thorough Investigation of the heart & allow for a comprehensive analysis of the heart. Electrocardiography (ECG or EKG) can employ electrodes with measurement of the electrical movement of the heart. Extracting ECG signs will be non-invasive control veer off opens the entryway on the world of inventive up and about preparing What's more perceptions dissection systems in the analysis a heart malady. With the help of today’s extensive database for ECG signals an arithmetically smart system can impart and take the place of a cardiologist. Identification for Different abnormalities in the patient’s heart with distinguish Different heart infections might be committed through an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system or adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) preprocessed by subtractive grouping. Six sorts of claiming heartbeats are classified: atrial premature contraction (APC), premature ventricular contractions (PVCs), a right bundle branch block (RBBB), left bundle branch block (LBBB), What's more paced thumps. The objective is to identify imperative aspects from claiming an ECG signal to figure out whether the patient’s pulse is ordinary alternately unpredictable. The aim of this study is to reveal the contents of the plan signals whether natural impulses of the human heart or otherwise. We are trying through these simulation studies and knowledge of the patient's heart disease that undergo them without the need for a competent cardiologist.

Radio cognitive technology is a promising solution for 5G communications, capable of addressing stringent spectrum requirements while offering cognitive capacity, reconfigurability, and adaptable transmission parameters. Its primary objectives include spectrum sensing, management, mobility, and sharing. In this study, a cellular telecommunications network is modeled using MATLAB, considering the roles of relays, communication paths, and network capacity. Traffic injection into data centers simulates the proposed strategy's performance. The best relay determination technique enhances data transmission rates, demonstrating that the proposed strategy reduces equipment and resource consumption by approximately 15% while optimizing network load balance. It identifies optimal paths, prioritizes packet transmission, and achieves up to 20% reduction in latency. Simulation results confirm the strategy's effectiveness in maximizing link utilization, improving load balancing, and enhancing network resource utilization. Additionally, the approach selects optimal routes based on user preferences while requiring fewer hardware resources, making it a practical and efficient solution for modern network challenges

This research highlights the importance of potentially using WSNs in real-world scenarios by employing low cost and scalable platforms. As WSNs increasingly used in many fields of applications such as automation, healthcare, and security, it is very crucial to understand the performance under different conditions of environment by employing low-cost platforms, especially in developed countries. Therefore, this study presents practical experiments to insight the efficiency and reliability of WSNs in monitoring dynamic changes in temperature, light, motion, and distance over the course of 24 hours. By leveraging a cost-effective and scalable setup involving Arduino, ZigBee and X-CTU software, this research demonstrates how WSNs can be optimized for diverse applications, paving the way for more robust and adaptable systems in the future. Furthermore, the findings contribute to the growing body of knowledge on WSNs, offering a foundation for further innovation and development in this field