Alustath Journal for Human and Social Sciences

Mohammed Mehdi al-Jawahiri is one of the most important poets whose poetry is dressed up in the heritage. However, there are different perspectives to view al-Jawahiri’s poetry at the top of which – I believe – is the place. Here I do not mean the philosophical dimension of the place, but the place in its geographical and environmental dimensions, with its trees, dreariness, beauty, water and snow, with the village that pulses in his poetry, and the city that looms large upon it. Here, I would stop at the “Spatial Geography” since the heritage has already been largely discussed.
What made me discuss the geography in al-Jawahiry’s poems is the tremendous variety that is available in his texts due to his continuous wanderings. This means that his references to the heritage is not the most predominant in his poetry. The language that he exerted efforts to preserve its diction, and dive deep on its secrets, was not the sole basis for the poetic craft of al-Jawahiry. This language varies differs and changes in view of the change that occurs in the geographical locations.

The present study aims to identify the teaching practices of the gifted students teachers in the light of the requirements of the knowledge society in Najran, and to test the differences in these practices according to their various demographic characteristics. The study utilized the analytical descriptive method. The sample consists of (34) gifted students teachers, who are randomly selected. The results have shown that the level of gifted students teachers practices in the light of the knowledge society requirements was high, where (21) practices obtain high level and (7) practices obtain a medium level. There are statistically significant differences in the level of teaching practices the gifted students teachers in the light of the requirements of the knowledge society due to the impact of gender and teaching experience.

The research shows the population density distribution in Muthanna Governorate for the period (1997-2018) and clarifies the most important regions there, as well as it is an attempt for knowing the rate of absolute and relative change of the population in the province, and also it identifies the most important factors that have an impact in showing those regions of the population density in the province and according to administrative units. The methodology of research has been based on the general approach of analysis and distribution and correlation. The research relied on the statistics of population for the year 1997, and the estimated number of population in 2018, for knowing the rate of population. The study has proved the diversity of population within its administrative subdivisions spatially and temporally. The natural and human factors have an effective impact on the variation of population density in the governorate.

The study aims at determining the level of factorial structure of bullying among intermediate school students. It also aims at examining the possible differences between males, females, first grade, and second. (200) students are selected randomly as study sample from intermediate school in Baghdad governorate - Karkh. The scale has been applied after verification of its validity and reliability. Statistical processes have been applied by using the statistical program (SPSS). The study has presented the following results: The behavior of bullying is multidimensional and it consists of (5) factors that represent the basic dimensions of this scale.
According to the results, several recommendations and suggestions have been set forward.

The study examines some of the pollution determinants of the water of Tigris near Al-Muthanna Bridge in Baghdad for the period (2013-2015), comparing it with the Iraqi and international standards, and indicating the validity of its use for different usages. By analyzing the results of the characteristics of the water , it is found that variation during the research period, and a value was registered among the environmental determinants allowed for the purpose of drinking concerning the indicators{ (NO3-), acid function (PH) except for the month of May (2014) only, which took the base side for the duration of the research}, and its validity to other indicators {total TDS, EC, chlorides(Cl-), calcium (Ca + 2), sodium (Na +), (C.O.D) , (CO), (-Cl), except for the months (July 2013) and (September 2015) only, has registered a value in the specifications of the World Health Organization (WHO) for irrigation purposes, it registered higher percentage when compared to the Iraqi standards, and the ratio of sodium absorption (SAR) has been registered within the category (S1), it is a type of water with low sodium that can be used in any soil. All the indicators recorded value within the environmental limits allowed for the purpose of building and construction and animal consumption. Its validity fluctuated for industrial uses.

The interest has been increased towards the issues of improving the quality of urban life that it has become a feature of contemporary urban communities for promoting their sustainable future. This requires the integration of economic, social, environmental, physical and psychological domains for the purpose of ensuring a healthy and livable environment.
The ultimate aim of the research is to set and measure indicators to assess the quality of urban life in the city of Baghdad depending on the objective and subjective indicators. That had been attained by determining the contrasted spatial (regional) dimensions of the city in order to recognize a formation and building the couple ends of real field of the urban life quality measurement scale in the city. Furthermore, it is intended to identify indicators of relative importance in assessing the quality of urban life spatially by estimating the size of gaps among them, as essential indicators for the purpose of developing future plans for improving the quality of urban life.
Based on the foregoing, the two study areas, including Al-Muthanna district and part of Al-Sader district, were selected as two different models of urban characteristics for the purpose of ascertaining the quality of their current urban life in accordance with the domains and indicators that are studied in order to verify the current quality of urban life of the two areas by carrying out an analytic study on the responses levels observed by the researched domains and sub-indicators: (economic indicators, social indicators, Urban physical indicators, indicators of psychological-physical dimension “attachment to the place”, environmental indicators and variables of social status). This has required the collection of information from secondary sources additionally to the conduct of field surveys so as to collect data from primary sources, with the design and preparation of a proposed questionnaire for evaluation purposes. The research has adopted the descriptive analysis approach and the comparative quantitative analysis approach by the use of some appropriate methods and tools of statistical analysis in order to achieve its goals. The research has reached to the identification of the indicators that have achieved significant differences in the urban life quality between the two study areas represented by the economic, social, environmental and urban physical indicators, while there was no significant difference in the indicators of the psychological-physical dimension “attachment to the place”. Furthermore, a new measurement scale was created for measuring the QOUL by using the factor analysis, which concluded that there are two extracted factors to explain the variation of variables within Al-Muthanna district: (factor of psychological, economic and social indicators and factor of urban physical and environmental indicators); and three factors within Al-Sader district: (factor of economic and social status indicators, factor of psychological and social indicators, as well as factor of environmental and urban physical indicators

The study aims at identifying the real reasons behind the reluctance of female students at universities and colleges located in towns and districts to exercise sports. To meet this purpose, an instrument has been designed to find out the causes of this reluctance. The sample consisted of (100) students for the academic year (2017-2018) from both college (Education and Natural Sciences) and college (Public Administration and Natural Resource Management) at the Charmo University located in Chamchamal , a major town of the city Alsulaymania (Kurdistan Region). The study has concluded that the negative perception of women's exercise of sports in communities living in towns and districts far from cities has an impact on the view of students of practicing of physical activities. In addition, the fear of female students from breaking the customs and traditions in conservative districts and areas of other communities is a main reason of their reluctance to doing sports at the universities and colleges that fall within such geographical areas.

The design is the document that regulates, defines and explains the spatial distribution required for different uses of land in the city, and aims to control or guide the city in different stages of growth in a way that accommodates all the social, economic and cultural changes that take place, and the changes that are expected to occur in the city, thus achieving a balanced and proper coexistence between society and the city. Through the city's success in performing its functions and services with the highest level of efficiency. This study highlights the excesses that have occurred in the master plan of Al-Warka city.The study focuses on the current design as it is being exposed to cases of exceeding (204) cases of a variety of different distributed between residential and commercial encroachment or change the class of land use. It becomes clear through the field study that most of the encroachment come from before the citizens as well as other cases of excesses that get by the departments and institutions of the state and resulted in these encroachment on the level of services and the aesthetic view of the city and on the health and environmental aspects.
The most important reasons that have led to the excesses are the increase of the population and the lack of expansion in the area of the planned city as well as the presence of economic factors for the purpose of achieving the highest rates of profits through land trading and the absence of legal procedures and the researchers set of solutions and treatments that can reduce or mitigate encroachments which have the master plan Al- Warka city, hoping that this study will contribute modestly in the development of solutions to eliminate the problem of encroachment .

The study deals with investigating the rock formations and their effect on the rise of salt concentrations in the Euphrates River within Diwaniyah and Najaf governorates (Shat Abbasiyah and Kufa), which is located between two latitudes (44°20ˋ00̏-44°40ˋ00̏) East and longitude (31°53‵00‶-32°00‵00‶) north.

The aim of the study is to survey the use of remote sensing and geographic information systems techniques in analyzing the effect of the different rock structures in the study area, namely the geological structure, which is due to the deposition of the fourth time, the linear structures, the cracks, the degree of regression and the direction of the regression, the change in salt concentrations and salt characteristics in the Euphrates during the passage in the courts of Shamiya and Kufa have measured some salt indicators (number of acidity, electric conductivity, total soluble salts, and the proportion of adsorption of sodium), in addition to measuring concentrations of nitrate, nitrite, ammonium and phosphates, the samples were taken from 16 sites at different depths in the months : (May, October and January) of the year (2017-2018), and concluded the study to the effect of rock structures and the geological structure, linear structures, faults, gradient and gradient, as their effect was evident in the middle of the samples: (4, 5, 8, 9, 10). The percentage of salt concentrations in these samples increased compared with other samples, which have reduced effect of rock formation on them.

The study aim to introduce the most important current criteria for the assessment of educational research from the studies presented to standards and through reading the educational literature. In light of this, the study attempted to present a developmental formula for the standards of assessing educational research as considered by the experts of scientific research methodology. The study is based on a number of results, the most important of which are: The reality of contemporary standards adopted in the peer-reviewing of educational research in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is general and is influenced by the concept of arbitrator. There are some relative aspects that differ from one researcher to another. Studies and research in the field of educational research arbitration standards, that the quality of the standard is one of the most important means to find good research outputs, the agreement of all contemporary standards on the novelty and modernity element, and the integrity of the methodology as a basic element in the criteria of arbitration educational research. As seen by experts of the methodology of educational research included (19) criteria for the assessment and control of educational research covering all aspects.

The diversity of the human mind and the differences among people and their implications for their behavior have attracted the interest of scientists , including the scholar Gardner and his theory of multiple intelligences in 1983,It is one of the cognitive theories that has revolutionized since the emergence of educational practices , and its importance is highlighted in guiding each individual to the job that suits him and also helps a lot to solve problems if he uses the type of intelligence appropriately. The objectives of this study are the following:
- Detecting multiple intelligences in the research sample.
- Detecting differences in the multiple intelligences of students the Colleges of education and science according to specialization .
- Identifying the order of multiple intelligences for each section of science and humanity according to the standard used.
The study sample consists of (210) randomly chosen students .The researcher used the Nial Douglas scale and after reviewing it and adapting it to the characteristics of the studied sample ,the tool was formed in its final form of (93) items . The results indicate the following : the existence of multiple intelligences among female students of the Colleges of education and science for girls , there were statistically significant differences according to specialization in self- intelligences in favor of the Department of English, and linguistic intelligences in favor of the Department of Geography, and Visual and Kinetic intelligences in favor of the Department of life sciences, and there are no statistically significant differences in social ,logical and natural intelligence according to specialization .The results show the order of the intelligences for each section of science and humanity , where students of the departments of Physics and Home economics here high level of self-intelligences, while students of the Department of English are distinguished with a high level of social intelligence, students of geography and Biology have a high level of linguistic intelligence, the students of Mathematics Department are described as having a high level of self-intelligence, linguistic intelligence, visual intelligence and Kinetic intelligence . The study concludes with a set of recommendations and suggestions.

Language is one of the most important phenomena and undergoes transformation over time and under various conditions. Although there are fundamental differences between languages, there are some similarities and common characteristics among languages. There are certain issues should be taken into consideration when teaching any language like: the grammatical constructions, morphological basics, syntax, and how to construct that language. These constructions have their own rules in each language. The imposition of different topics and sections of a language on another language is misleading.
This study investigates the morphological errors of Arabic speakers in learning Persian. To achieve this aim the most important problems in this field have been extracted and analyzed.

Tolerance is considered one of the concepts that imply multi- vocabulary . Thus , the study deals with these concepts that define that concept to root the vocabulary , then , the study has explained that concept among Arabs and Muslims along with their philosophy and their thoughts . Thus , the study has specified the tolerance among the western and to what extent this concept got developed along with its connection with that concept as that specified in the intellectual magazines among Arabs .
The study has concluded with the main results and list of references .

The current study aims to investigate the Effect Gardens of Ideas Strategy in solving the problems of the basic eighth grade female students in Physics . The problem of the study is reflected in the following question: What is the effect of the gardens of Ideas strategy in solving the problems among the basic eighth grade female students in physics ?
An experimental design of two groups have been used in this study, one the them represents the control group which has been taught by the traditional method while the other group represents the experimental group which has been taught by the gardens ideas strategy .
The researcher adopts a measurement tool (Cassidy and Long) in problem solving .
The results show ( There is a statistically significant difference ) between the experimental & control group students on Problem Solving test , in favor of the experimental group students .
In the light of the results of the current study, several recommendations have been put forward, the most important of which is the use of the gardens of ideas strategy in the teaching physics and its inclusion in the curricula of preparing the students of the college of Education for pure sciences, especially in the curriculum and teaching methods.
The researcher suggests conducting further research to identify the effect of the idea gardens of ideas strategy in other dependent variables , such as critical thinking and multiple intelligences of different subjects and stages .

Semiotics is a science and a multi-aspect analytical tool in the study of everything denoting another. Let it be known that making use of a semiotic analysis of literary texts reveals the multi-aspects of literary signs, such as sounds, words, meters, symbols, and concepts by tackling the internal structure of these signs as well as the way they are used and their denotations . The study is an attempt to clarify that knowing semiotics helps create a better understanding among students. So, in order to describe semiotics, and to identify the various signs in social life, a good number of papers in semiotics were made use of, and consequently, it has become possible to show the different indications of signs and comprehend their meanings. In conclusion, there might be a chance to consider everything as a sign, and so the phenomena and the preliminaries, whether materialistic or conceptual, were also signs; thus, the employment of such an approach would draw the attention from among other approaches.

This study discusses the most famous works of Gogol and uncovers the problem of representing the comic as an artistic category in these works. The comic techniques with which the author achieves the laughter effect are considered, the notion of comic and tragicomic is considered, and how the author in his works of different years uses various techniques that create this artistic effect. The study also reveals the problem of the evolution of Gogol's creativity and the general trends in the attitude of the writer to the category of the comic. The study consists of three parts: the first one reveals the problem of the comic, as an esthetic category, the second presents an analysis of the main texts of Gogol and reveals the techniques by which the comic technique appears in the text, the third part contains conclusions based on the results of the analysis of works.

The study is a contrastive analysis to show the main differences and similarities in the concept of the Past participle in Arabic and Russian and the methods of derivation. The study is important and useful for those who do not know or speak the language of others, especially for foreigners from both languages to know the rules of the other language, even part of it, and at the same time it helps to accelerate the learning of the two languages and is it also useful in translation as well as enjoying the knowledge of those characteristics above, especially by the Russian people for the Arabic language, which is the language of the Koran, so the researcher makes a contrastive analysis of all aspects of the past participle in the two languages (The Russian and Arabic

Realism attempts to discovering and expressing reality and replacing reality by imagination, dreaming, and legends, the realist writer uses his genius and modernity instead of a fictitious one in observing and expressing details. The school of realism is one of the most fundamental art schools that emerged in France in the mid-nineteenth century and expanded rapidly. Avoiding the imagination and inner inspirations of the romantics and addressing the realities of the universe outsidewere the most basic principles of this school that poets, writers and artists adopted and followed. In Iran and Iraq, poets and writers focused on social issues and the decline and backwardness of their own countries.
The literature of each nation reflects the political and social conditions of the nation. Given that the socioeconomic conditions of Iran and Iraq have been affected by the same events in contemporary times, the thoughts and the literary themes of these two literatures are largely similar. Among the prominent contemporary poets of Iran and Iraq are: Nima Youshij and Siavash Kasraei in Iran, Badr Shakir al-Sayyab and Abdul Wahhab al-Bayati in Iraq, pointed out that intense tendencies towards freedom and support of workers and farmers have brought the situation to the attention of the country. This studyis limited to studying four poets (Nima Youshij, Siavash Kasraei, Badr shaker al-Sayyab and Abdul Wahhab al-Bayati). By analyzing realism in the poetry of those four poets, each writer believes in particular realism, describing and expressing the social, political, and the describing the nature from the language of each poet in his own way. In his realistic description, each poet expresses a socio-political dimension more prominently.

The current study aims at investigating the importance of forming media knowledge of the structure of the second language learners in the current stage of social development. Thus, the text deals with the basic linguistic concepts associated with the problematic issues including "secondary linguistic personality", "media literacy", "communicative competence", and "media text".
The study also investigates the source of the media literacy phenomenon in the framework of the secondary linguistic personality that is based on the traditional model of Russian linguistic level of linguistic personality developed by G.I. Bogin and Yu.N. Karaulov. Moreover, it discusses the possibility of using the most important data on the linguistic consciousness of the native- speakers of the target language which obtained from psycholinguistic lexicography in which they exhibit the options of using the results of the given associative experiment as being one of the main tools that can be used to improve the media knowledge of students who learn Russian as a second language.

This study aims to depict the image of the Jew by two different authors of various periods of time. Undoubtedly, the Image of the Jew had been discussed and depicted in many plays of famous and prominent authors, especially during The Renaissance Era, such as Christopher Marlowe in his brilliant artistic work The Jew of Malta. In addition to, William Shakespeare’s glorious piece of art The Merchant of Venice which is described by Dr. Mahmoud Shetywi, in his article “The Merchant of Venice in Arabic” as the play that is considered till now as the most prominent Elizabethan comedy that has been studied, performed and adapted by many universal and Arab modern and contemporary authors ; who one of them is the Yemeni author and playwright Ali Ahmed Bakathir with his adaptation of The Merchant of Venice which is called The New Shylock , in which he relates the traditional Elizabethan image of the Jew to the issue of (The Arab – Israeli Conflict). So, this study endeavors to show the genius dramatic techniques, that are used by both authors and the effect of Shakespeare on Bakathier. The New Shylock can be considered an adaptation of The Merchant of Venice with modern modifications and new concepts that serve the purpose of Bakathir. Accordingly, the researchers will rely on the theory of adaptation in excavating the treasures of both texts. Moreover, there are various (psychological, political, social and anthropological) aspects of depth that they tried to convey within their creation of the character of Shylock and what does this character really imply of the essential issues, to criticize and relate them to their own societies and times.