Al-Nahrain Journal of Science

Refluxing of the 4-chloro–7-nitro--2,1.3, -benzoxadiazole with ethyl (p-amino) benzoate in absolute ethanol at 78 Cofor 12 hrs to give ethyl-4 -(7-nitro-2.1,3,-benzoxadiazole) -4-yl) amino benzoate (1) with 60% yield.Compound (1) was reacted with hydrazine hydrate in absolute ethanol for 5hrs to obtain the carboxylic acid hydrazide (2). The product (2) was treated with phenylisothiocyanat in absolute ethanol to synthesize 2-{4-[(7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl) amino] benzoyl}-N-phenylhydrazinecarbothioamide (3).Cyclization of the compound (3) using base has afforded 5-{4-[(7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-l) amino] phenyl} -4-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol (4).The synthesized triazoles (4) derivative have been reacted once (alkyl ,aryl halides) and with appropriate secondary amine in dry dioxane to give (alkyl, aryl) thio derivative (5-9) and N-{4-[5-(N,N-substituted)-4-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]phenyl}-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-amine derivatives (11-13). The synthesized compounds have been characterized by their physical and chemical properties, spectral analysis (FT-IR,U.V) in addition to the micro analysis of the elements(C.H.N)

The synthesis and liquid crystalline properties of new series of 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivative are reported. (2-[(4-methoxy benzylidine amino)-5-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)]-1,3,4-oxadiazole) (II) was synthesized by condensation of (2-amino-5-(4-hydroxy phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole) (I) with (anisaldehyde). A dimmer series with structural formula (III) were synthesis by dimmerization of compound (II) with appropriate (malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, and palmic acid).The liquid crystalline properties of dimmer series (III) was examined by hot-stage polarizing microscope and showed the presence of nematic mesophases.

A simple and rapid method has been established for the determination of sildenafil in pure and pharmaceuticals. The method is based on the formation of ion-association complex of sildenafil citrate (SC) with metacresol purple (MCP) in acidic buffer solution. The complex can be extracted into chloroform and quantitatively measured at 410 nm. Regression analysis of the standard plot reveals that Beer’s law was obeyed in the concentration range of 3-70 mg L-1with detection limit of 0.13mg L-1and sandell sensitivity of0.0452g.cm-2. The accuracy of the method is evaluated on the basis of recovery test which found to be of 100.2 ±0.42%. The proposed procedure can be applied for thequality control of pure and commercial tablets determination of sildenafil citrate

The Schiff baseligand [2,3,8,9–tetra -methyl-1,4,5,7,10,12-hexa azo-5,12-dihydro -6,11-dione 1,3,7,10-dudec-tetra-ene] [H2L] and its complexes with ( Co(II), Ni(II)and Pd(II)) was prepared in two steps. In the first a solutionof (2,5-Hexandion) in methanol react under reflux with (semicarbazidhydrochlorid) in 1:2 mole ratio to give an intermediate compound [2,5-Hexandion bis (Semicarbazone)] which react in the second step with another mole of ( 2,5-Hexandion) giving the mentioned ligand. The complexes were then synthesized by direct reaction of the corresponding metal chloride with the ligand. The ligand and complexes have been characterized by spectroscopic methods [IR, (UV-Vis), HPLC and (A.A)], chloride content and conductivity measuremenst.The data of these measurements suggest a square planar geometry around Ni(II) and Pd(II)ions and a tetrahedral geometry around Co(II)ion

Theanalysis of Iraqi light oil (light naphtha(by capillarygas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)was performed by the injection of whole naphtha sample without use of solvents. Qualitative analysis and the identification of the hydrocarbon constituents of light naphthawas performed and comparison had been done with American light oil (light naphtha). The obtained results showed a major difference between the tow light naphtha

The change in the optical band gap and optical activation energy have been investigated for pure and doped Poly (vinyl alcohol) with different cobalt chloride concentrations have been prepared to study their optical properties from the absorption spectra. The absorption spectra were measured in the wave range from (200-800) nm at room temperature. The optical band gap (Eg) for allowed direct transition decrease with increase the concentration of Cobalt Chloride. The optical activation energy for allowed direct transition band gap was evaluated using Urbach-edges method

In this investigation B and V filters light curves of the AK Her are presented. Their light curves notice O’Connell effect phenomenon in which the level of the primary maxima peaks being higher than that of the secondary ones or contrarily in both filters. Photometric solutions were carried out by using the latest version (2003) of the W-D program; the present light curves are analyzed. The spot model has been applied to fit the asymmetric light curves in order to explain the O’Connell effect. The explanation of the O’Connell effect by spot model of AK Her binary carried out for the first time by cool spot on the primary component and the spot parameters of such system have been determined. It has been observed that by changing only the spot parameters, the model light curvescan fit the observed light curves. This indicates that the variation of the spot location, size and its temperature is the main reason for changing the shape of light curves. The spot effect has been calculated to compare how much the light curve is distorted by the star spot; also the spot area has been calculated. It is found that the system is over-contact of A-subtype. From our data analysis, the fundamental orbital, physical and geometrical parameters were determined, and the absolute parameters have been determined.

The purpose of this paper is to give detailed explanations to the eccentricity related errors of human eye. An optical metrology is studied to determine the errors present in the eccentric eye with respect to emmtropic eye. To study optical metrology, the forms of errors that might be present need to be analyzed in the eye design. The possible eccentric errors were considered and produced on the adopted eye optical design. The most interesting optical functions were estimated and evaluated, the results showed a significant effect impacts the optical functions due to the eccentricity. The degradation of vision quality was interpreted according to the behavioral comparison between the estimated functions of the eccentric eye with respect to emmtropic eye. This study offers the chance for the researchers in the eye related topics to dissolve the vagueness concerning with the complexity of human eye design, and introduce a qualitative and quantitative analyses to consider the subject of human eye design and activities.

Nowadays proton beam radiation therapy is considered in few centers for management of malignancies. This study is aimed to explore the effect of proton, helium or carbon irradiation on free radicals. This study was conducted in Department of Physiology/Medical Physics, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriya University in Baghdad, Iraq during October 2009. TRIM-SRIM software version 1998 and 2003 were used for computed Bragg peak and for calculated the effect of proton, helium and carbon ions against free radicals related to oxygen, nitrogen and halogen species.The lowest stopping power near Bragg's peak of proton targeting free radicals was against superoxide anionand its curve (the stopping power against energy) was shifted down while that of peroxynitrite (ONOO-) was shifted up. The stopping powers of helium targeting all studied free radicals were lower than corresponding proton irradiation but it required higher energy. Lower stopping power of carbon irradiation targeted hydroxyl (OH-) and halogenatedradicals than the other reactive species were observed. It concludes that such form of external beam irradiation is associated with direct scavenging effect on free radicals of whatever sources

In this work, ZnO/p-Si and Ag:ZnO/p-Si heterostracture has been constructed on (111) oriented p-type silicon substrate using spray pyrolysis method. ZnO films were prepared with different doping ratios. The electrical and photovoltaic properties of these films havebeen investigated in order to get the optimum preparation conditions. The built-in potential (Vbi) is calculated under different Ag doping ratios, while from I-V measurements, the ideality factor (n) is calculated

Bismuth oxide thin film has been prepared on KB7 glass substrates using slow thermal oxidizing bismuth films of thickness (80 nm) in air at 473 K for 10 hours. The structure Characterization of the film was carried out with XRD. The results of XRD technique shows that all samples have a polycrystalline and multiphase (α-Bi2O3 and β-Bi2O3).the optical transmittance in visible region was investigated. The optical energy gap (Eg = 2.5 eV) determined from absorption specter. The dark resistivity and thermoelectric power (TEP) were investigated. The electrical resistivity is of the order of 106 ohm-cm. and the thin film n-type semiconductor It was found that the activation energy Ea

Appeared different cases of cancer in certain districts in Al-Najaf governorateand it had assumed several hypotheses. Including the existence of radon in the air inside homes, where the radon gas is the largest and the most important variables contributing to the exposure to natural radiation in the world. Radon cup technique was used, which is a cylindrical chamber 5 cm in diameter and height of 7 cm inside the detector impact in solid state nuclear track detector CR-39 and these detectors was etched with 6.25 N from sodium hydroxide at a temperature of 70oC in a time of 12 hours. Values of radon concentrations ranged between 74.2804 ± 42.6048 Bq/m3to 478.1301 ± 53.325Bq/m3, also found that the rate of radon concentration in Al-Najaf governorate, up to 183.682 Bq/m3with standard deviation of up to 104.231 Bq/m3. High cancer ratesin some neighborhoods in Al-Najaf governorate can be attributed to high concentrations of radon gas in these areas

In this present work a computer programhas been designto calculate the concentrations of elements by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) using a single comparator method (????°-factor). A neutron source of 14 MeVwas used as anirradiationsource.irradiated samples weremeasured by amulti-channel system connected tohigh-purity germanium (HPGe) detector ofhigh efficiency and an energy resolution of 1.9KeVfor Co-60 isotopes (1332KeV). Aluminum foils (AL-27) have been irradiation to calculate the neutron flux.Other samples were also in valesto gaiterslikeAu,Zr foil and used forneutron fluxmonitoring procedures. Result of concentrations were in agreement with theoreticalpredications and experimental measurements of previous studiesand an accurate with 10%.

Twelve isolates of Serratia marcescens 32.4% were obtained out of 37 soil samples. One isolate (Serratia marcescens N3) was selected according to high lipase production. Lipase of this isolate was produced in liquid medium, extracted and purified by two stages included: CM-cellulose and DEAE-cellulose column, the fold of purification for the enzyme eluted from DEAE column was 19.33 with 61.15% recovery. The optimum pH and temperature for enzyme activity was 8 at 35°c, but it lost most of its activity (62%) at pH 10 and (78%) at 65°c.The effect of some metal ions and surfactant on lipase activity was also studied, since the presence of Ca+2 was more effective than that of Mg+2 in increasing lipase activity, and this indicate that lipase is a metalloenzyme. Surfactant like Tween 80 induced lipase activity (110%) followed by tween 20 (102%) while α –naphtholrin inhibited it to 21%.The activity of Serratia marcescens N3 lipase to hydrolyse different kinds of edible oils was determined, maximum activity appeared with Gingily oil followed by olive oil, coconut, sesame, soybean, and sunflower were (122, 112, 104, 93, 92 and 82)U/ml respectively

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of Cryptosporidiumoocysts, and the importtance of the water source in the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp.Four types of water samples (400 L.s.) .100Ls .tap water supplies, 100 L.s. house tank water, 100 L.s. Stagnant water, and 100 L.s septating water were collected from November 2008 to December 2009. In Al-Mansoria city, Diala Province.Cryptosporidium Oocysts were found in 125 of 400 liters (31.25 %) (table 1), which divided in to 22 liters (22%) of tap water supplies that appear at spring only, This parasite oocysts found in 32 liters (32%) of house tank water which range from 72% in spring to 16% in summer, and they found in 35 liters (35%) and 36 liters (36%) of septating and stagnant water respectively, the highest rates 48% ,of septating water and 60% of stagnant water were shown in spring but the lowerst 24%and 20% in summer respectively (table 2). The prevalence rate varied according to the seasons over the year, this indicates that the seasonal factors may effect on the presence of oocysts (fig.1), with a significant differences (p<0.05)

This study was carried out to determine the percentage and chromosomal karyotyping in patients with klinfelter`s syndrome in Baghdad. One hundred cases collected from Infertility and I.F.V Center in Baghdad & Yarmok Hospitalduring the period (2006-2009) to determine the frequency of Klinefilter ́s syndrome. In I.V.F Center hundred infertile male studied Klinefilter form 1.5% percentage of infertile men and statistical study in Yarmok hospital illustrated Klinefilter form 5.2% of patients admitted in situation for mental deficiencies .The statistical study conclusion that Klinefilter`s syndrome varies according to the cases kind Chromosomal analysis &seminal examine for cases with Klinfelter`s syndrome according to the clinical feature and symptoms which related to Klinefilter, small testes (<10mm.), breast enlargement, reduced facial and body hair were studied karyotype. TheChromosomal study illustrated first karyotype of three cases abnormal number for sex chromosome(tow X chromosome) 47, XXY and one case with mosaic karyotape 46, XY / 47, XXY . General seminal examination illustrated aizoospermia for all cases .The Cytogenetic study conclusion that percentages of cases with only abnormal metaphase 75% while the case with mosaic metaphase25%

The current study was designed to investigate the effect of Tilletiasmut spores on histopathological changes in liverand kidney in mice.Twenty animals were divided into two equal groups, 10mice each,control group fed on normal diet and the treated groups were fed onamixture of 50% normal diet with 50% wheat infected with Tilletiafor 30 days. Histopathological sections taken from liver and kidney treated with Tilletiarevealed several alterations. The changes in liverincluded, multiple granulomatous lesions,area of coagulation necrosis, vacuolar degeneration in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes, proliferation of hepatocytes with formation of pseudolobull which initiates for procancer. Whereas in the kidney, the changesincluded cellular degeneration, thickness of Bowman's capsules, in other section aggregation of inflammatory cells in the interstitial tissue together with degeneration and sloughing of epithelial lining of the renal tubules.

The present work describes the application of Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index (CCME WQI) for the 3 stations located along with Tigris River in Baghdad city, Iraq. The field work was conducted during the period from February to December 2010. CCME WQI was applied using eleven water quality parameter (pH value, Total Dissolved Solids, Calcium, Total Alkalinity, Ammonia, Nitrate, Nitrite, Turbidity, Lead Chromium, Iron). Based on the results obtained from the index, the water quality of Tigris River ranged between 37-42 which indicate that river has the worst quality due to effect of various urban pollutant sources. This work confirms the need to take a serious action for monitoring the river for proper management

In this paper we prove that the fuzzy metric space (F,ρ)is afuzzy complete metric space, (where F is the family of all fuzzy sets in general fuzzy numbers FGand fuzzy points FPand any numbers of intersection, union of fuzzy sets in FGor FP),then the proof of the fixed point theorem in the fuzzy metric space (F, ρ) is given as a main result

In this paper, a numerical method is givenfor solving fuzzy Fredholm integral equations of the second kind, by using Bernstein piecewise polynomial, whose coefficients determined through solving dual fuzzylinearsystem.Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the proposed method, whose calculations were implemented by using the Computer software MathCadV.14.

Our approach based on enhancing the resolution of video (data set of image which captured) through the addition of perceptually plausible high frequency information. By introducing an appropriate prior distribution over such data set we can ensure consistency of static image regions across successive frames of the video, and also take account of object motion. A key concept is the use of the previously enhanced frame to provide part of the training set for super-resolution enhancement of the current frame and that by adopted the local variance of reference frame as the foundation to establish the operator for projection to convex set POCS) and local threshold value for pixel-repair. And the results show that an improvement in video quality can be achieved

n this paper, we define anothertype of compactness which is called "strongly c-compactness ". Also, we study some properties of this type of compactness and the relationships with compactness, strongly compactness and c-compactness

In this paper some IFS attractors are defined using the Escape Time Algorithm applied to certain dynamical system. This algorithm is used to compare how fast different points in the window Wescape to the regionV under the action of a dynamical system.The chaotic behavior of these attractors have been shown in a new waynotbased on code spacemethodand anew approach for computing fractal dimensionof these chaotic attractors are givenwhich we called escape chaotic dimension. Two algorithms are proposed to find the attractors based on Escape Time Algorithm, and to find its fractal dimensions, they are carried out using Delphi Programming language.

Cloud computingis an emerging computing paradigm. It aims to access and host‟s computing services and data over the internet. Access is achieved through web browser, and services are supplied by software running on a cloud platform. Cloud computing implementations can be characterized in two models: Service Models and Deployment Models. Cloud Computing resided in a large data center and is able to dynamically provide servers with the ability to address a wide range of needs. Adata center(which is the heart of most companies) is a facility used to house computer systems and associated components, such as telecommunications and storage systems.This work presents a plan to design Enterprise Data Center infrastructure network at computer center that connects Colleges, Institutes and Centers within Baghdad University Campus and meets the requirements of modern data centers

Our approach based on enhancing the resolution of video (data set of image which captured) through the addition of perceptually plausible high frequency information. By introducing an appropriate prior distribution over such data set we can ensure consistency of static image regions across successive frames of the video, and also take account of object motion. A key concept is the use of the previously enhanced frame to provide part of the training set for super-resolution enhancement of the current frame and that by adopted the local variance of reference frame as the foundation to establish the operator for projection onto convex set (POCS) and local threshold value for pixel-repair. And the results show that an improvement in video quality can be achieved.