Thi-Qar journal of physical education and sports science

The primary objectives of this study are twofold:

Firstly, to assess the effectiveness of a set of exercises, developed by the researcher utilizing the hot chair method, in enhancing technical football skills among fourth-year students enrolled in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences.

Secondly, to examine the impact of employing the hot chair method on the development of technical football skills among fourth-year students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences.

The study targeted fourth-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Misan , for the academic year 2023-2024. The researcher adopted an experimental approach using independent sample groups, with one group undergoing skill exercises organized according to the football hot seat method.

The study presents key conclusions and recommendations derived from the research findings.

This research investigates the relationship between cognitive speed and deception skill in basketball, considering deception as a fundamental offensive skill crucial for success, as it relies heavily on cognitive agility. The research problem revolves around understanding the correlation between cognitive speed and deception skill. The objectives are to identify cognitive speed and explore its relationship with deception skill within the research sample. The hypothesis posits statistically significant differences in cognitive speed performance among sample members, as well as a significant correlation between cognitive speed and deception movements at a significance level of 0.05.

The quasi-experimental method was employed, utilizing descriptive and experimental approaches to align with the study\'s aims. The sample was deliberately selected from the Girls College of Education team/Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences/University of Al-Qadisiyah. A reconnaissance experiment involving two players preceded the survey. Cognitive speed was assessed through the distribution of a scale alongside a deception test. Statistical processing of the test results was carried out using the SPSS program. Subsequently, the findings were presented, discussed, and analyzed, revealing differences in cognitive speed among the sample and a positive, direct relationship between cognitive speed and deception skill in basketball.

The study suggests employing the cognitive speed scale in conjunction with other skills and activities, across various age groups and genders, to enhance basketball performance and training strategies.

The importance of the research lies in the use of two modern strategies to determine the extent of their impact on mental motivation and teaching the skills of the backhand shot and the volley in tennis to students. The problem of the research lies in not taking into account individual differences between learners due to the difference in the level of students’ awareness of concepts during learning and the low degree of their attention and interest when they are required to process information. Which they receive from the teacher in the presence of weakness in the students’ performance of the smash hit skill in badminton. This may be due to the learner’s ineffectiveness, so the results will not meet the ambition. As for the most important objectives of the research, it was to prepare a measure of mental motivation and to identify the effect of the two strategies of the seven-year learning cycle and information processing on mental motivation. Teaching the skills of the backhand groundstroke and the volley in tennis to students. The research population and sample were selected from third-year students from Al Ain University. The sample of the main experiment included (45) students for the two experimental groups and the control group. The most important conclusions were that the first group that worked according to the seven-year learning cycle strategy was the best in Mental motivation and teaching the skills of the backhand groundstroke and the volley in tennis, followed by the second group that worked according to the information processing strategy, then followed by the control group.

This study aimed to explore the relationship between achievement reality and specific physical characteristics and functional variables among talented tennis players. The researcher employed a descriptive approach to align with the research's nature. The research sample consisted of 25 players from sports talent care centers in tennis.



After conducting tests within the designated period, the researcher found significant correlations between players' rankings and their results in physical and functional tests. Notably, there was a strong and significant relationship observed between arm reaction speed test performance and achievement.

The researcher recommends developing training regimens incorporating physical exercises that target the relationships between physical attributes and functional characteristics.

Auxiliary devices and tools, including rubber bands, are commonly utilized in sports training and education. These tools are specific to the coach's guidance and cannot yield positive results without their supervision. This study aimed to design exercises using rubber bands to enhance knee range of motion and selected biomechanical indicators in a group of five young female triple jump athletes. The researcher found that exercises with rubber bands significantly contributed to improving knee range of motion and certain biomechanical indicators. It is recommended to incorporate rubber band exercises into other athletic activities and to utilize biomechanical variables identified in this study to enhance coaching strategies and address mechanical weaknesses.

This research aims to assess:

The organizational values within the College and Departments of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Mosul as perceived by its teaching staff.
The extent to which deviant work behavior is reduced among teachers in the College and Departments of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Mosul according to their own perceptions.
The relative contribution of organizational values dimensions to the reduction of deviant work behavior among teachers in the College and Departments of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Mosul.
The research population comprised teaching staff from the College and Departments of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Mosul, totaling 202 members for the academic year 2023-2024. To achieve the research objectives, the researchers developed two measures: one for organizational values and another for deviant work behavior. Statistical analyses including mean, standard deviation, simple correlation coefficient, t-test, and contribution percentage were conducted using SPSS.

The findings suggest that organizational values dimensions significantly contribute to reducing deviant work behaviors among teachers in the College and Departments of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Mosul.

Based on these conclusions, it is recommended that teachers in the college and departments of physical education and sports sciences uphold positive behaviors that reflect their level of sophistication and cultural understanding.

This study aimed to compare various health indicators among ex-elite athletes, recreational sport athletes, and non-athletes, with a focus on university instructors aged 45-55 years.

The research underscores the importance of individual general health as a fundamental pillar for societal well-being.

The researcher hypothesized significant differences among the aforementioned groups. The sample comprised 40 university instructors selected through stratified random sampling and divided into five groups.

All participants underwent medical tests including clinical examination and X-rays of the lumbar vertebrae, pelvis, and knee joints.

The findings suggest that engaging in recreational sports, especially as individuals age, has a positive impact on general health. This emphasizes the importance of maintaining regular physical activity throughout life.

This study aimed to establish standard scores and classify the level of achievement of various elements of physical fitness among students enrolled in the College of Basic Education at the University of Mosul. The researchers employed a descriptive method coupled with a correlational survey method, chosen for its suitability and alignment with the research's nature.

The research population consisted of students from the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the College of Basic Education, University of Mosul, totaling 247 students. Female students were excluded from the study. The researchers selected students from the second, third, and fourth stages, comprising the entire sample. The sample was chosen intentionally using student name lists. Additionally, an exploratory experiment included 30 students selected via systematic random sampling (lottery).

A battery of tests was conducted, including throwing a 2kg medicine ball from a seated position, standing long jump, arm flexion and extension within 10 seconds from an inclined position, continuous forward long jump at a rate of 10 jumps per second, Nelson test for motor response speed, arm flexion and extension at a rate of 20 times per second, knee flexion and extension at a rate of 90 times per second (dabani), arm endurance test from a front-leaning position (shnow) until exhaustion, zigzag running between hurdles, forward bending from a standing position, and running in a figure-eight (∞) pattern under a crossbar for four turns.

This research aimed to develop a test for measuring the accuracy of the short forward serve with side rotation in table tennis. The descriptive approach was employed to align with the research's nature. The research sample consisted of 35 players selected intentionally from Premier League clubs in table tennis, including Sulaymaniyah Sports Club, Dohuk Sports Club, Nineveh Governorate national team, and Erbil Sports Club.

The researcher concluded the development of a test to measure the accuracy of the short forward serve with side rotation using the backhand technique, which demonstrated validity, reliability, objectivity, and suitability parameters. This test is deemed appropriate for use at high levels and among advanced table tennis players.

Based on these findings, the researcher recommends:

Utilizing this test to assess the accuracy of the short forward serve with side rotation among advanced table tennis players.
Incorporating this test into training programs and player selection processes in table tennis.
Conducting further research on skills not addressed in this study.

This research aimed to identify organizational values and their dimensions (organizational management, mission management, relationship management, environment management) within the colleges and departments of physical education and sports sciences at Nineveh universities, from the perspective of teaching staff.



The researchers employed a descriptive survey approach, chosen for its suitability to the research objectives. The research sample comprised physical education and sports sciences teachers from Nineveh universities, selected using a comprehensive inventory method. A total of 52 analyzable forms were obtained.



To achieve the research objectives, the researchers adapted the organizational values questionnaire originally developed by Al-Jaf (2016) to suit the dimensions and sample of the current research. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS package, which included percentages, arithmetic means, standard deviations, chi-square (χ2), Pearson's correlation coefficient, the Spearman-Brown equation, the Cronbach's alpha equation, and the Gutman equation.



The findings indicated high levels of organizational values and their dimensions within the colleges and departments of physical education and sports sciences at Nineveh universities from the perspective of teaching staff.

The primary objective of this research is to ascertain the entrepreneurial characteristics and their respective levels among the leaders of sports clubs and federations in Nineveh Governorate, as perceived by members of their administrative bodies. Employing a descriptive survey methodology tailored to the current research context, the study utilized a comprehensive inventory method to select its research sample, encompassing all administrative members of clubs and sports federations within Nineveh Governorate. A total of 46 usable forms were collected for statistical analysis, comprising 29 respondents from clubs and 17 from federations. Respondents rated questionnaire items on a five-point Likert scale ranging from "completely agree" to "completely disagree".

To fulfill the research objectives, the Entrepreneurial Characteristics Questionnaire developed by Ahmed (2022) was utilized. This questionnaire consists of 28 items distributed across five dimensions: risk (challenge), self-confidence, desire for achievement, insistence on achievement, and optimism, with respective paragraph counts of 7, 5, 7, 5, and 4. Data were analyzed statistically using various methods including percentage, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, Pearson correlation coefficient, Spearman-Brown equation, Cronbach's alpha, and Guttman equation.

The findings reveal a significantly high level of leadership characteristics among the heads of sports clubs and federations in Nineveh Governorate as perceived by members of their administrative bodies.

The primary objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between moral leadership and organizational citizenship behavior within the Iraqi Athletics Federation. The target population for this research comprises all sports managers within the Iraqi Athletics Federation, totaling 100 individuals. Employing the Cochran formula for determining sample size, a sample of 80 individuals was randomly selected. The research instruments utilized include the ethical leadership questionnaire developed by Emadi Far, comprising 41 questions, and the organizational citizenship behavior questionnaire, consisting of 15 questions developed by Argan.

The findings indicate a positive and significant relationship between moral leadership and organizational citizenship behavior. Specifically, confidence emerged as the most prominent indicator of organizational citizenship behavior in the initial dimension. Based on the results of this study, it is concluded that a positive and moral relationship exists between moral leadership and organizational citizenship behavior within the sports organizations of the Iraqi Athletics Federation.

This research underscores the significance of psychological states such as mental alertness and psychological flow in the performance of archers, highlighting the need to understand their relationship and correlation with achievement to enhance training strategies and prioritize the psychological aspect in player development. The problem addressed is the need to recognize the pivotal role of sports psychology, particularly in archery, and to explore the relationship between psychological flow, mental alertness, and achievement.

The research objectives were to:

Assess the levels of psychological flow and mental alertness among female players of the national archery team in the Arab Championship.
Investigate the correlation between psychological flow, mental alertness, and achievement among female players of the national archery team in the Arab Championship.
Develop a standardized archery achievement test.
The findings revealed:

High levels of psychological flow and mental alertness among female players of the national archery team, indicating the crucial psychological role played by elite-level athletes.
Significant correlations between psychological flow, mental alertness, and achievement among female players of the national archery team.
Recommendations include:

Focusing on psychological aspects, particularly psychological flow and mental alertness, to enhance performance outcomes for national archery team players.

The primary objectives of this research are twofold: Firstly, to assess the impact of a progressive activity-based strategy on the acquisition of forehand and backhand skills in tennis among female students enrolled in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. Secondly, to examine the differences in learning outcomes between experimental and control groups in post-testing.
The researcher hypothesized the following:
There are statistically significant differences between pre- and post-tests for both experimental and control groups regarding the acquisition of forehand and backhand skills in tennis, with post-tests showing superior performance.
There are statistically significant differences between experimental and control groups in post-tests, with the experimental group demonstrating better acquisition of forehand and backhand skills in tennis.
The experimental method was employed in alignment with the research's nature, with the population being represented by third-year female students at the College of Education for Girls, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Mosul, for the academic year 2023-2024, totaling 27 students. The research sample consisted of 24 students, selected through systematic random sampling, with 12 students assigned to the experimental group and 12 to the control group.
Based on the research findings and within its scope, the following conclusions were drawn:
The experimental group displayed superior performance in post-tests compared to pre-tests in the assessment of tennis forehand and backhand skills.
The experimental group outperformed the control group in post-testing for both forehand and backhand skills in tennis.

This study aims to:

Assess the level of psychological differentiation among players of both individual and team sports.
Determine the differences in psychological differentiation between individual and team sports players.
The researcher hypothesized that:

Players in both individual and team sports exhibit high levels of psychological differentiation.
There are significant differences in the levels of psychological differentiation between players of individual and team sports.
The research sample consisted of 53 players, encompassing both individual and team sports. For individual sports, 24 players were selected, including 16 track and field athletes from Mosul Municipality Club and 8 swimmers from Nineveh Club. The sample for team sports comprised 29 players, with 15 from Nineveh Futsal Club and 14 volleyball players from the same club.

The Psychological Differentiation Scale was employed to collect data, and analysis was conducted using the SPSS statistical package. The findings revealed:

Players in both individual and team sports demonstrate a significant level of psychological differentiation.
Team sport players exhibit a higher level of psychological differentiation compared to individual sport players.

The objective of this study is to examine the impact of proposed educational exercises on the development of selected motor abilities and the accuracy of performance in certain football skills. The experimental method was employed, wherein two equivalent groups were formed from a total sample of 35 players from the Al-Hilla club, aged between 15 and 17, for the season 2023-2024, representing the original research community. The sample was evenly divided into experimental and control groups. Among the participants, 5 players belonged to the second stage. Following initial assessments and the implementation of specialized exercises over a 4-week period at a frequency of 3 sessions per week, totaling 12 units, tests evaluating agility and dribbling skills in football were conducted. Subsequently, data were collected, statistically processed, and analyzed, drawing upon relevant scientific literature.

The results yielded several conclusions, highlighting the effectiveness of the educational exercises. In light of these findings, the researchers recommend the incorporation of proposed visual stimuli in football education units targeting this age group.

The aim of the research is to investigate the psychological well-being of female students in performing vaulting movements in artistic gymnastics. The human sample consisted of third-year female students in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences - College of Basic Education / Al-Mustansiriya University, for the period from November 20, 2023, to March 7, 2024, in the gymnastics hall at the College of Basic Education - Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. The researcher relied on the entire third-year female student population through a comprehensive census, as the numbers were small. Therefore, the entire population of 45 students was adopted as the research sample, distributed across 4 classrooms for both morning and evening classes, constituting 100%. The study recommends the need to enhance the physical health of female students through guidance on proper nutrition and avoiding foods that adversely affect their health. It also emphasizes the importance of building resilience against injuries during vaulting movements and educating students to strive for higher levels of skill performance. Moreover, the study suggests providing makeup lessons for days when students are absent from school.

This research aims to investigate the impact of physical exertion on the accuracy of shooting from a standstill in handball. The researcher hypothesized a significant relationship between physical effort and shooting accuracy in handball.



A descriptive approach using correlational methodology was employed to address the research problem. The study was conducted among members of the Al-Sukar Sports Club handball team, totaling 20 players. From this population, a sample of 10 players was selected after an initial exploratory experiment, excluding goalkeepers.



The exploratory experiment involved 5 students, while the main experiment took place on December 5, 2023, at 9:00 a.m. in the Grand Hungary Forum hall. Data collected were statistically analyzed using methods such as arithmetic mean and Pearson correlation coefficient.

The results indicated that physical exertion significantly influences shooting accuracy from a standstill in handball. Statistically significant differences were observed between pre-exertion and post-exertion shooting tests.

Recommendations include emphasizing the importance of shooting from a standstill, especially after high physical exertion, and conducting further studies to enhance all types of shooting techniques, particularly in terms of stability.

The importance of the research was represented in identifying the relationship between scientific knowledge and some special leadership styles of physical education teachers, as well as identifying the pioneering leadership style of physical education teachers in the Karbala governorate through preparing a questionnaire for the special leadership styles of physical education teachers in the holy Kerbala governorate. As for the research problem, it was found that there are a number of fellow physical education teachers who do not pay attention to the required extent of the limits of scientific mathematical knowledge, while the research sample consisted of physical education teachers in Kerbala for the academic year 2022-2023. The most important conclusions reached by the researcher are that physical education teachers who have high scientific knowledge always tend to use leadership styles (behavioral - democratic - and human). . As for the most important recommendations that the researcher recommends, it is the need to provide schools with the laws of modern games and scientific sources, which would increase the scientific knowledge of physical education teachers, because of their role in using the optimal leadership style with students.

The research included an introduction showing the importance of the hand in the game of bow and arrow in determining the path, directing the arrow, launching power, and agility in performance, and the problem of the research, which lies in the presence of weakness among emerging players in controlling the fingers of the hand and thus weakness in performance and accuracy of aiming. The importance of the research lies in preparing special exercises for the pulling fingers of the hand. It has an impact on aiming accuracy. The objectives of the research are to prepare special exercises for the fingers and to know the effect of these exercises on the accuracy of aiming. As for the research hypotheses, there are statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-tests with the correction test, in favor of the post-test for the research sample. The sample was chosen deliberately, represented by Al-Amana Club bow and arrow players for juniors. The researcher adopted the one-group experimental method with pre- and post-test differences. The researcher conducted the exploratory experiment and then conducted the pre-tests. After applying the finger exercises, which took (8) weeks, the post-tests were conducted under conditions similar to the pre-tests. The researcher conducted the exploratory experiment and then conducted the pre-tests. After applying the finger exercises, which took (8) weeks, the post-tests were conducted under conditions similar to the pre-tests. After transcribing the data, the statistical program SPSS was used, and the data was then presented in tables and then discussed. Which resulted in the following conclusions that the exercises for the drawing fingers had a positive impact on developing performance in shooting accuracy. As for the recommendations, the researcher recommends using these exercises for other categories with the bow and arrow for both genders, and they can be used in other individual and group activities because they have an effective positive effect.