Al-Nahrain Journal of Science

In purpose to know the distribution and concentration of heavy metals (Fe, Pb, Cd, Ni and Co)
in the soil and both the plant leaves and the fruits of Rutaceae Family (Citrus aurantifolia, Citrus
sinensis, Citrus reticulate, Citrus aurantium, Citrus grandis) as well as the leaves and dates of
Phoinix dactylifera (palm) in Baghdad city, they are measured in both of soil and plant samples
which have been collected from 25 sites in Baghdad city. This study was carried on 25 samples of
soil, 47 plant leaf samples, 29 fruit samples as well as 22 palm leaf samples with 5 samples of dates.
The concentration of heavy metals in the soil appeared to be higher than of the natural distribution,
so in the leaves and fruits of plants are also likely. The heavy metals in the plants mainly tend to be
preferentially accumulated within the leaf fraction greater than of the fruits. Heavy metals in the
Baghdad soil, especially Pb, Cd and Co had strongly correlated together and distributed in similar
patterns which may be originated from source of diesel and gasoline fuel

We have studied the dissolution of N-methylacetamide in various solvents benzene, chloroform, acetone and water at 25°C, has been observed through the study that the Enthalpy or dissociation varies from solvent to another and this is due to the formation of hydrogen bonding between solvent (self association)or between solute and solvent molecules. Thestudy of this kind is commensurate with the change of the solvent mixture, whether polar or non-polar

The new complexes of copper (II) 1,2 where L1in complex (1) was 2-Amino-5-[2-amino-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzyl)-pyrimidinyl-4-azo]-phenol,whileL2was 2-[2-Amino-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzyl)-pyrimidinyl-4-azo]-4-bromophenoland aqueous extract of Origanum Vulgare L.plant (after the chemical assay)were studied on the growth on of Rhabdomyo sarcomas(RD)cell line in human by using in vitrosystem and compared with anticancer drug cisplatin (cis-pt) as a posative control.The cancer cells were treated with different concentration (31.25, 62.5, 125, 250)μg/ml for each of the three treatments andcis-pt after 72 hour exposure time. The cytotoxic activity was tested by inhibition rate as parameter. The results showed significant differences (p<0.05) for each three treatments when the inhibition rates were increased. The inhibition levels was reached to 48.13% , 51.75% and 51.63% respectively at 250μg/ml.There was strong correlation between the three treatments and the different concentrations in comparison with cisplatin.

Dysregulation of sodium and potassium has a characteristic role in the development of various cardiovascular disease. In the present study it sought to explore the sodium and potassium influenced by thyroid hormone disorders in sera of patients with cardiovascular disease. The study population consisted of 51 female patients with cardiovascular disease in combination with thyroid dysfunction.Thyroid function disorders were found to have hypothyroidism in 47%of patients and hyperthyroidism in 53%of patients. A significant increase in sodium and potassium concentrations were found in both patient groups. A positive significant correlation was observed between Na concentration and T4 level in sera of patients with hyperthyroidism while a significant negative correlation was found between Na concentration and TSH level in sera of patients with hypothyroidism.

Bentonite is widely used as an adsorbent for the management of patients with drug overdoses, poisoningsand environment treatment. Multiple oral doses of bentonite increase the elimination of several, but not all, drugs and poisons. Adsorption of Metoclopromide hydrochloride onto initiated burned bentonitefrom aqueous solution has been investigated,an adsorption isotherms and FTIRspectroscopycharacterization were studied.From the adsorption studiesmay be deduced thatamount of Metoclopromide hydrochloride adsorbed by initiated burned bentonite slightlyincreases with the decrease in the pH of the solutionand the increase in solution temperature caused asimpleincrease in the adsorption capacity values found from Freundlichmodel(R2=0.975).Thermodynamic functions, the change of free energy (ΔG= -7.924K J mol-1), enthalpy (ΔH=9.612J mol-1) and entropy(ΔS=2.498J mol-1k-1)of sorption were also calculated. These parameters show that the sorption process is spontaneous and endothermic at 37◦C. The effect of contact time,clay dosage and ionic strength also studied

Intensive tectonic activity duringZagros Orogeny (Late Cretaceous-Late Tertiary) and the final uplift in Holocene, reactivated folds and faults and eroded parts of the Lower Cretaceous, Jurassic and earlier sequences in western Iraq. Subsequently, within the Study area, the post Jurassic tectonics and the Upper Jurassic paleo-depositional environments left potential carbonate reservoirs at the basin margin (the Najmah Formation) and a potential evaporite cap rock (the Gotnia Formation) basin wards. Such relationship sealed the generated hydrocarbons from the source rocks formations (the Sargelu Formation) but it unlikely sealed the laterally migrated oil into the Najmah Formation. The major N-S fault planes of the Khleisia uplift that extended from northwestern part of Iraq to the southwestern Desert forming a barrier to laterally migrated oil and putting an end to the potential migration pathways from the Basinal Sargelu Formation in ENE Iraq. At the same time the prolonged thermal activity may have convert the organic matters within Paleozoic layers to Thermogenic gases. Total petroleum system enabled us to better understand the provenance of oil accumulated in the Najmah Formation’s layers another rock packages. According to 1-dimention model the migrated oil can pass through the Khleisia fault planes into the Middle Jurassic Muhaiwir Carbonate Formation (marginal equivalent to basinal Sargelu Formation) to form potential oil reservoir sealed by Gotnia evaporates and Kimmeridgian anhydrite .The equivalent formations located in western desert (Ubaid, Hussiniyat and Amij) Formations to the formations located in the central part (Mesopotamian Basin) which is (Butmah, Adaya, Mus and Alan Anhydrite) may consider as a new Jurassic reservoirs. So far no oil wells yet are available to cover the study of the whole area.

Heptanol and octanol wereconverted into corresponding n-alkyl azides (2) using 48%HBr and sodium azideintwo subsequent steps. Alkylation of diethyl malonate with allyl iodide and sodium ethoxide gave diethyl 2-allylmalonate (4) in a good yield. The reaction of compound (4) with urea in the presence of sodium ethoxide guide to obtain5-allyl barbituric acid (5) in an excellent yield, while 4-allylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione (6)was obtainedin very good yieldby the reaction of compound (4) with hydrazine hydrate. The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of compounds (5) and (6) with n-alkyl azides (2) afforded the targeted 1,2,3-triazolines (7a, 7b, 8a and 8b) in accepted yields. All the synthesized compounds had been characterized by TLC, FT-IR in addition to 1H NMR (7b and 8a). The antibacterial activity of the final compounds were evaluated against two types of bacteria Staphylococcus Aureus and Escherichia Coli, the results showed that most of the new triazolines possess high biological activity

The new CoII,NiII,CuII, ZnIImonomeric complexeswith a bidentate Schiff-base ligand[(2-bromo-phenyl)-{3-[(2,4-dinitro-phenyl)-hydrazono]-1-methyl-butylidene}-amine]Lare reported.The ligand L was derived fromthe condensation reaction of2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazineand acetylacetone,which then reacted with o-bromoaniline.The complexes were preparedfrom thereaction of the corresponding metal chloride with the ligand. The ligand and its metal complexes were characterised by spectroscopic methods (FTIR,UV-Vis,1HNMR,A.A),magneticmeasurements,chloride content, conductanceandmelting point.These studies revealed complexes of the general formulae [M(L)2]Cl2withtetrahedral geometries for CoIIand Zn complexes, whilesquare planar geometries havebeen suggested for NiIIand CuIIcomplexes. Biological activity of the ligand and its metal complexes against gram positive bacterial strain Bacillus (G+)and gram negative bacteriaPseudomonase(G-)revealed that the metal complexes become lessresistive to the microbial activities as compared to the free ligand

A liquid membrane electrodes for the determination chloramphenicol sodium succinate were constructed based on chloramphenicol palmitate and sodium tetraphenyl borate, and with four plasticizers,Di-butyl phthalate (DBPH); Di-butylphosphate (DBP); Di-octyl phthalate (DOP); Tri-butyl phosphate (TBP); in PVC matrix.These electrodes give sub-Nernstian slopes (53.98, 51.45, 49.66 and 48.98 mV/decade) andlinear ranges from (1x10-4-1x10-1, 5x10-4-1x10-1, 1x10-4-1x10-1, 5x10-4-1x10-1 M) respectively. The best electrode was based on DBPH plasticizer which gave a slope 53.98 mV/decade,correlation coefficient 0.9999, detection limit of 5 x 10-5 M,lifetime 50 day displayed good stability and reproducibility andused to determine the Chloramphenicol sodium succinate in pharmaceutical samples. The measurement interferences in the presence of K+, Na+, Fe+3, Al+3, Cu+2, Mn+2, sucrose, Gelatine and Chloramphenicol palmitate were studied using the separated and mixedmethods for selectivity coefficient determination. The pH and life time of the electrodes were also studied. The results were compared statistically with UV-spectrophotometeric technique by using F-test

Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) react with different amines in THF to form new polymers (PVC-L), which been characterize by spectroscopic methods. The structures of these complexes have been characterized by IR and Uv-Vis. Spectrophotometry. The optical properties of PVC in the region from (200-600 nm) were studied by preparing the composites PVC-L. The optical data analyzed and interpreted in term of the theory of phonon assisted direct electronic transition; it is observed that the energy is affected by doping type polymers used

A computational investigation has been carried out in the field of charged-particle optics. The work is concerned with the design of einzel (unipotential) lens by using non-classical variation method under zero magnification condition.The potential field distribution of the einzel lens has been represented by the following suggested function: U (z) = exp [-C1 (z-5)2] + C2 where C1 and C2 are constants, z is the optical axis and U (z) is the axial potential distribution. The paraxial ray equation has been solved for finding the short beam trajectory of the charged particles traversing the lens.The axial potential distributions and its first and second derivatives, the optical properties such as the focal length and spherical and chromatic aberrations are determined by using non-classical variation method. The electrode shape of the einzel lens has been determined in the two dimensions.The aberrations of the electrostatic lens from our results depend on the beam trajectory of the charged particles, wherethe aberration is small when the beam trajectory is shorter

he photoluminescence spectrums (PL) of as-prepared and rapid thermal annealing RTA of nanostructures silicon have been investigated. p-Type porous silicon (psi) fabricated by electrochemical etching method .The (PL) of as-prepared sample, showed top of photoluminescence (PL) peak centered at about 540.9 nm. After the annealing process ofnanostructures siliconin temperature 450°c, 600°cand 750°cat annealing time 15 sec, the (PL) peaks shifted,to 743.99nm,747.49nm and 757.37nm rspectively . The intensity of( PL) of annealed samples also shown a conspicuous decrease in intensity Compare with as-prepared sample .The intensity reach to (50%),(39%) and (29%)from its intial value whenthe temperature increase 450, 600°cand 750°crspectively. This behavour is due tothe increase in the average skeleton size

The optical reflection,transmission,and UV/VIS-absorption spectra had been recorded in the wavelength(200-500nm) for PM-355 before and after irradiation with thermal neutrons by using (Am-Be)neutron sourceof flux(5000n/cm2 .Sec) for a week,then γ-ray irradiation by using 60Co-dose within range of(20-120Mrad) at normal conditions. The absorption spectra of irradiated samples showed radiation induced absorption changes by photodegradation.There was an increment in absorption proportional with irradiation dose.It is attributed to the interfaces traps, which are formed by thermal neutrons &γ-irradiation. It was found that the absorption and reflectance spectra were in opposite behavior of transmittance.The optical constants (α,Kex,n,ε,Eg,∆E, and Eu) were calculated for all samples.The effect of irradiation on the optical constants of the PM-355 before and after irradiation had been discussed and investigated

A prepared compound of BaZn2-xNixFe16O27(X=0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2) is synthesized in polycrystalline form, using the stoichiometric mixture of oxides with conventional ceramic technique and characterized by X-ray diffraction.Analysis confirmed the presence of W-type hexagonal ferrite. The conductivity, dielectric constant and loss tangent (tanδ) were measured as a function of frequency taken between (100Hz-6MHz) at room temperatures and compositions. It was observed the ac conductivityis independentof frequency approximately for f < log 4.5 but if the frequency was greater than previousvalues then the conductivity increasesstrongly with frequency for all compositions, the electrical mechanism was explainedin terms of the electron hopping mode. Moreover, the dielectric constant and dielectric loss factor decrease withfrequency of applied electric field

In this experimental work, a study (by using a high sensitive method known as Z-Scan technique) of the nonlinear optical properties for the laser dyes oxsazine in PMMA doped films with different concentrations with the solvent Chloroform.Z-scan experiment was performed using CW diode laser at 650 nm with the power output of 40 mW, in two parts. The first part was done using a closed-aperture placed in front of the detector to measure the nonlinear refractive index. In the second part; the aperture in front the detector was removed (open aperture) to measure the nonlinear absorption coefficient. The experimental results for closed aperture show that the dye doped films exhibits negative refractive index(self_defocusing) for the law concentrations (10-6&10-5M/L), while the large concentrations 10-4&10-3M/L had damaged. The results show also that the nonlinear refractive index and the third order nonlinear susceptibility increased with the increasing concentration. This is due to the increasing of the film thickness which caused an increase in the nonlinear phase shift in the samples. For open aperture z-scan the results show that the samples exhibited saturation absorption.The samples of law concentrations have a large nonlinear optical effect, which can be a promising candidate for photonic device application

High temperature superconductors with a nominal compositionBi2-xCuxPb0.3Sr2Ca2Cu3O10+δfor (0≤x≤0.5) was prepared by solid state reaction method. The effect of sintering temperature and substitute of Cu on Bi2-xCuxPb0.3Sr2Ca2Cu3O10+δcompound has been investigated by X-ray diffraction , resistance measurements and oxygen content to obtain the optimum conditions for the formation and stabilization of the high TCphase (2223-phase).The results showed that the optimum sintering temperature for the composition Bi2-xCuxPb0.3Sr2Ca2Cu3O10+δis Ts=860 ̊C for ts=140h.The x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that all the samples have almost two phases: high-Tcphase (2223-phase) and low-TCphase (2212-phase) in addition to the existing of very low phase in the sample x=0.4. It was found that all the samples having an orthorhombic structure with lattice parameter value (c) increased with increasing of the critical temperature Tc. Substitution of Cu to 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 will increase the transition temperature to TC=127K, 130K, 125K, respectively with increasing oxygen content

Different factors were examined related with the prevalence of Giardia lambliaand Entamoeba histolyticainfections in population live north of Baghdad which were (seasonal tendency, travelling history and source of drinking water) during the period April 2009 till the end of March 2010. The study revealed that the total rate of parasitic protozoan infection (G.lamblia and E. histolytica) was (15.33%) , the infectiion rate of G.lamblia was higher than the infection rate of E.histolyticaas their rates were (11.66%) and (3.66%) respectively.There was high significant relation (p≤0.05) between infection rate of these parasites and both of drinking water and travelling status of the patient ,high infection rate of (G.lamblia and E.histolytica) was observed in patients who drunk tab water and patients with travelling history,whilethe minimum infection rate was seen in patients who drunk the other types of drinking water (boiled, filtered and bottled) and patients with no travelling history.Finally the peak of Giardia andE.histolyticapositive rates were seen in June 2009 (20%) and July 2009 (9.67%) respectively, while the minimum positive rate was seen in January 2010(1.85%) and November 2009 (1.61%) respectively. Statistical analysis using Person Correlation (r) illustrated that there was positively significant association (p≤0.05) between temperature andeach ofGiardialambliaand E.histolyticainfection, while there was significant negative association between number of rainfall per month and each ofGiardiaand E.histolyticainfections

This study was aimed to assess immune-pathogenic association of HCV infection among RA patients. A cross sectional study was conducted on the following groups: patient group includes forty patients with RA. Their age range was between (20-70) years with (7) (17.5%) males and (33) (82.5%) females. Healthy Group: thirteen serum samples were collected from apparently healthy individuals they served as a control group.Their age range was between (23-59) years. Results of this study reveals that the majority of RA patients are females (82,5 %) with females to males ratio of 4.7: 1. Moreover, the mean of age for RA and control groups are (46.83 ± 12.06) and (45.23 ± 12.58), respectively. The prevalence of RA among RA females was (82.5%) and (17.5%) for male and the frequency of rheumatoid Factor positivity among RA patients was (70%) in comparison with (0.0%) for apparently healthy control group with significant differences (P ≤ 0.001). Also, ANA positivity was higher (27,5%) than that for healthy control group (0.0%) with significant differences (P≤ 0.005).Results showed that, the frequency of positivity anti-HCV Ab was (5%) among RA patients in comparison with apparently healthy control group (0 %).Our results sustain the possible contribution of HCV infection in the pathogenesis of RA

In this paper, we introduce some concepts namely θ-generalized Li-spaces, where i=1,2,3,4, which are weaker formsofL(θ-generalized closed)-spaces, these are spaces whose Lindelof subsets are θ-generalized closedand study some of their properties and investigatetheir relationships with L(θ-generalized closed)-spacesas well as among themselves.

Computing the volume andintegral points of a polyhedron in dis a very important subject in different areas of mathematics, such as: number theory, toric Hilbert functions, Kostant's partition function in representation theory, Ehrhart polynomial in combinatorics, cryptography, integer programming, statistical contingency and mass spectroscope analysis .Therefore a method for finding the coefficients of this polynomial are to be listed. A program in visual basic language is made for finding the general differentiation of the function that are used for finding the coefficients 9dcof the Ehrhart polynomials.

Let R be an associative ring with identity and M be unital non zero right R-module. In this work,we introduce (f.S*) property as a generilization of (S*) property .Amodule M is said to satisfy the property (f.S*) if for every finitely generated submodule N of M there exists a direct summand K of M such that KN and N/K is cosingular. A ring R satisfies (f.S*) if the (right) R-module R satisfies (f.S*), and study the concept of module that satisfies the property of (f.S*) we was proved in theorem (3.1) that every right R-module M is satisfies (f.S*) if and only if every finitily generated submodule is direct sum of injective module and a cosingular module .Also we investigate some of their properties that are relevant with our work

In this paper we present a new combinatorial algorithm for finding all differentspanning forests for a disconnected graph G, depending on the adjacency matrix, the cyclomatic number, the combination between the numbers of edges and the cyclomatic number, and the permutation betweenthe entries of the adjacency matrix to determine the spanning forests

In this paper we study the solvability of the operator equationAT+T*B=Cfor linear bounded operators on Hilbert space, where T is the unknown operator.First we show this equation may not have a solution in B(H), and then we show that this equation have a simple solution in case A,B are Hermitian or Skew-Hermitian operators. Finaly we study the solvability of the operator equation AT+T*B=f(A) in case A and B are normal operators.

Dynamic memory management is an important part of computer systems design. Efficient memory allocation, garbage collection and compaction are becoming increasingly more critical in parallel, distributed and real-time applications.The memory efficiency is related to the fragmentation. Segregation is one of the simplest allocation policies which use a set of free lists, where each list holds blocks of a particular size. When the process requests a memory. The free list for the appropriate size is used to satisfy the request. This paper proposes a scheme to reduce the internal fragmentation of a segregated free list for improving memory efficiency using genetic algorithm (GA) to find the optimal configuration. Because the genetic algorithms(GAs)are largely used in optimization problems, they facilitate agood alternative in problem areas where the number of constraints is too large for humans to efficiently evaluate.This GAis tested under five randomly created workloads to find the best configuration. The resultsare acceptablewhen compared with optimal configurations of these workloads.

The analysis of Arabic text is very important in works that require knowledge from the user. This work attempts to develop Arabic analyzer and then merge it with two modules; knowledge acquisition and hybrid inference. Each one of the two modules receives knowledge or part of knowledge (Arabic phrases) from many users. The knowledge acquisition system needs the Arabic analysis process to prevent: typing error and duplication. The hybrid inference system needs the Arabic analysis process: to prevent typing error, and to compute the probability of matching between the received premise and the stored one. In this work, the Arabic analyzer depends on stem-based approach. The results show that the Arabic analyzer is very effective in discovering: the wrong words and the similarity in meaning. To evaluate the proposed system, it was compared with another valued technique. And then, results of the comparison show that the proposed system have a lot of advantages over the traditionally shell technique

This paper proposes a method of color image enhancement using cascaded application of multiwavelet transform. Our enhancement contains two fields one for remove or decrease the amount of noise from noisy image while the other field deals with applying mean filter for give the resultant image more soft appearance and to make the image more smoother. Also, it suggests a method for computing the multiwavelet transform using the 1storder approximation. The proposed method of the enhancement showed an acceptable result in comparison with the conventional methods that are used for image enhancement. The proposed algorithm and the evaluation test carried using Delphi V.5 package