Al-Daleel

There is a problematic entailing that the human perceptual system is not only limited but also unable to perceive the absolute and eternal issues; therefore, human intelligence is impossible to realize and perceive the absolute reality of God although human intelligence itself deems necessary to recognize the Creator, either because it is rationally obligatory to thank the munificent power or because of many other reasons.
The current essay sheds light on the issue of the recognition of God between rational possibility and human inability, through disintegrating the ranks of the recognition of God, both the possible and the impossible, in order to remove this apparent contradiction that are appertained to the intelligence.

In this article, we have tried to shed light on all important aspects of the innate recognition of God. After dealing with the subject historically, and looking into its evolution over ages, we study it from the viewpoint of religious texts and discuss the cognitive value of this kind of knowledge and different works by Muslim and western scholars on the existence of God, beside the objections aroused against them. According to the findings of this article, Western reports on the demonstration of nature suffer from some cognitive problems that Muslim thinkers have dealt with, studied them thoroughly, and then, offered studies without them. Thus, one can keep to nature as a way to knowing God and proving His existence.
Religious texts emphasized on nativism of religion, especially nativism of monotheism, where some traditions (hadiths) suggest that if religion had not been innate, and the covenant had not been made between God and man (in the world of spirits), no one would ever know his Lord. However, nature is one of common topics that are concerned in studying of different branches of Humanities and Islamic sciences like Qur’an interpretation, theology, psychology, pedagogy, and sociology. Anyhow, the relation between the theory of nature and anthropology has a big impact on humanities. In this article, we try to shed light on the various dimensions of this important topic as possible as required in this article.

The essay is focused on reviewing all the approaches that theorized the issue of recognition of God in order to define the most accurate and authentic epistemological approach from amongst these approaches and to identify the certain and realistic epistemological approach of the principle of the existence of God. Of course, all the other philosophical, ethical and social principles are founded on the recognition of God.
The major issue to be investigated in the essay is to prove the evidential rational approach’s perfect scientific validity in the recognition of God in the face of other epistemological approaches.
The essay is thus based on the analytic evidential rational approach in establishing and then criticizing the scientific topics. Besides, the descriptive narrative approach is also adopted in the essay in the process of quoting the scientific texts from their reliable sources, especially with regard to the epistemological schools that do not adopt the evidential rational approach.
At the end, the writer of the essay proves the validity and authority of the evidential rational approach in the issue of the recognition of God. Before that, the writer proves that the logic-based validity of the approach as well as its epistemological limits and its authority over the other narrative, sentimental, and experimental epistemological tools.
The writer also reaches at an explanation of the universal features of monotheism that is based on the evidential rational approach and proving the attributes and deeds of God in a way that is proper to Him. On the other hand, the writer sheds light on the disastrous consequences that arose from the irrational recognition of God, such as materialistic, theological, narrative, and mystic Sufi trends of atheism, irreligiosity, anthropomorphism, fatalism and indeterminism, and as well other creedal falsities.

This study deals with two main things: First, the seeking of mental arguments in the Islamic texts that prove the existence of God, and defining the essence and nature of these arguments. The second is the study of the relation between text and reason, and knowing the limits and dimensions of this relation. The study comes in an introduction, two main sections, and a conclusion. The introduction contains a general definition of the study, with reference to the history of discussing this subject and its first steps. The first section discusses the nature of the relation between text and reason, reviewing the most prominent views that define the essence and nature of that relation, while the second section reviews the religious texts to find out mental arguments for the existence of the Creator. In this section, the discussion comes in two fields: the first is to deduce mental arguments from Qur’anic verses, and the second is to deduce mental arguments from traditions (hadiths), and finally the talk about the arguments, whether they are pure mental arguments or like a witness of an unseen thing, or they represent a special way of nothing other than the text in dealing with the matter of proving the existence of the Creator, in an attempt to identify the nature of the arguments mentioned in religious texts. And then comes the conclusion to show the main points discussed in the study.
Religious texts have tried to prove the existence of God since the beginning, and since the very advent of the Mission. The reasoning for the existence of Allah was clear through the Qur’anic verses in different ways. Proving the existence of the Creator is one of the most important matters that have occupied man’s mind in general, and religious philosophical mentality in particular. Choosing appropriate tools to prove this matter has become a great concern to sages and theologians, and the most prominent tools used by them to prove the existence of the Creator is religious texts, which have been deeply studied and interpreted in order to conclude what might lead to this matter.
This study tries to show the nature of the arguments found in religious texts that prove the existence of God, and know the correlation between religious texts and reason for proving this matter. So have the religious texts - Quranic Verses and prophetic traditions - relied on reason to infer the existence of God or not? And what is the way that holy texts have followed to show that?

Kant is one of the scholars who focused on knowledge and through which they critiqued reason. Kant considered theoretical reason as useless and ineffective in knowing God. And since his view was a logical consequence of his cognitive theory, the author of this article sheds lights on his (Kant\'s) cognitive views in a descriptive-analytical approach. After that, the author talks about the role of reason for knowing God according to Kant. In this study, the author has followed an approach in which he critiques Kant\'s cognitive views on the role of theoretical reason in knowing God, regardless of his ethical arguments for knowing God, and his views on the philosophy of ethics. As for Kant’s secular rationalism, it has been discussed in two fields:
A: general criticism to Kant\'s cognitive system
B: Special criticism to Kant\'s own special reading of the arguments for the existence of God
One of the basic questions asked by man -since the beginning of his creation- is the question about the beginning. Although man’s mind cannot comprehend the essence of the Creator, due to the limitedness of mind, he can, by using his mind,
comprehend some of God’s attributes, such as that He is a Necessary Being, most Perfect, most Absolute, and that He is the Creator, the Designer, non-moving Mover, and so on. Through mind, and through reviewing of religious texts, one can apply those attributes to Almighty God. In fact, I have studied this probability in Islamic philosophy, theology, Islamic Gnosticism, and in Western Philosophy.
Kant (1724-1804) is one of the most important Western philosophers in the last three centuries. Through his cognitive views, it seems clear that he sees pure reason incapable of demonstrating the existence of the Creator, and so he resorts to practical reason. Hence, we can consider Kant as one of the most prominent and influential scholars concerning the knowing of God in Western Philosophy. Although the schools of thought that deny the role of reason in the recognition of God have shown their views according to their own foundations and fundamentals, but given the apparent influence of Kant in the history of the new philosophy of the West and the importance of his philosophy in the field of epistemology, especially the role of reason in the knowing of God, this article has focused on Kant\'s ideas regarding the role of reason for knowing God, using the descriptive-analytical approach.

The teleological argument has always been enjoying a very much interest by philosophers and scholars of Scholasticism, especially the Westerns, since the most ancient times and up to the present day. In fact, the answers to the questions aroused about this kind of argument is still widely preoccupying the minds of scholars and researchers of religious philosophy and neo-theology, such as questions about the essence of the teleological argument as a conception, the divisions and parts of this argument, and the method this argument provides overwhelming evidence on the existence of God.
In its capacity as one of the most important and dexterous proofs provided by many people for proving the existence of God, the teleological argument is traced back to the deepest point in the history of humanity, since it is at least as ancient as man’s existence on the earth. Since the first day human beings witnessed the big variety of the well-designed and well-coordinated phenomena in nature, they started searching for the secret beyond such design and harmony, thus asking: Was it that these very parts created harmony amongst themselves and produced such well-designed order, or was there a universal designer who, out of an order that he created and fashioned, geometrized and designed these parts?
After reviewing a number of the different opinions about an analysis of design as a concept, its different parts, and its method of argumentation and its distinctive features, the essay attempts to study the different opinions of the Western thinkers about the form and discussions of the teleological argument.

This article studies the Sage Ibn Rushd (Averroes)’s affirmation of the argument of Potentiality and Necessity, an affirmation that has been classified by some sages to be among the affirmations of the Argument of Potentiality and Necessity, while ignoring Ibn Rushd\'s critique of Ibn Sina(Avicenna)\'s affirmation the same argument. As for those, who have studied Ibn Rushd’s philosophy, they consider him as one the critics of the Argument of Potentiality and Necessity for his critique to Ibn Sina’s affirmation, while ignoring his own affirmation of the argument.
The ambiguous question is how to reconcile between these two matters, especially with noting that some of his critiques to Ibn Sina\'s affirmation of the argument are strange to the way and principles that the sage follow in this concern.
The purpose of this article is to give a new perusal of Ibn Rushd\'s affirmation of the Argument. It is a comprehensive perusal of his criticism, as well as his own affirmation, putting his rgument among the argument of theologians, known as the argument of potentiality of attributes, not the argument of the sage. The study also aims at opening the door to new studies for understanding some similar arguments in Western philosophy, such as the argument of Thomas Aquinas and others. In this perusal we have studied many other evidences and delved into many studies of Ibn Rushd’s philosophy.

The current essay is an attempt to shed some light on the way materialism in the human community developed itself from a limited and tiny trend into an integrated and widespread system that had a great impact on augmenting the attitude to atheism. The essay thus shows that this development and change first took place in the European west as a result of certain reasons and circumstances that had not been available anywhere else. Thus, from that very place, atheism began to invade other territories and times. Accordingly, the essay concentrated on two major points; first, the actual conditions that paved the way to the growth of materialism in the European west and granted materialists a golden opportunity to rise forcefully and to enlarge the circle of their approach. Second, the means employed by materialists for spreading and controlling.
As an attempt to survey the state of atheism for all aspects in order to come across the best remedy and the most successful solutions needed by human communities so that they should be able to survive the dangers of atheism, it was necessary to check the matter from its very beginning; so, the essay studies the earliest stages when materialism began to change from a very limited and insignificant view into a perfect and widely known system and studies the reasons so resulting. Also, the essay investigates the basic issues that formed the substance of the sway of materialism and reviews that methods used by materialism for reaching at such a highly developed stage.
The talk about the spread of materialism and atheism could be focused on the Islamic and Arab world and could be restricted to the West. Nevertheless, it seems impossible to understand the spread of atheism in Islamic and Arab world unless we understand richly how and why it had found its way in the West originally, because it came to the Islamic and Arab world from the West, where it had been originated. However, to understand this matter fully needs returning to the beginning and, more precisely, to the time when materialism and atheism were no more than unfamiliarly weird and shameful views that it was too disgraceful to express. Besides, accusations would be launched at any one who might express such unwanted views. The essay thus studies what took place and what changed to turn this weird view into such a widely known opinion that is embraced by a good number of people throughout the world. More exclusively, the essay pays much attention to the earliest stage of the emergence of materialism in order to introduce to a further study about the reasons of the spread of materialism and atheism in the Islamic and Arab worlds and to another study of finding solutions to this problem

Noticeably the empirical approach that endorses the notion of atheism is epistemologically not concerned at all with discussing or opposing the rational, philosophical, and natural proofs adopted by the different rational and philosophical approaches, since the circle of accepting experiment as a valid argument is circumscribed by the tangibles. Hence, they may prove a law related to a tangible thing, but they can neither prove nor disprove anything that is outside the frame of tangibility. As a result of this natural inability of experiment, empirical physicists tried to surpass their tangible frame and discuss, or oppose, these rational and philosophical principles in order to controvert them and then refute them by use of their empirical method of explaining the origin of the world. By so doing, they tried to substitute the idea of the existence of a creator with the idea of the universe’s anomalous (or spontaneous) generation.
Briefly, their theory is based on these two factors:
1. Refutation of the rational and philosophical principles on which the proofs of monotheism are based.
2. Natural interpretation of the method of the generation and rise of the world.
The methodology of this essay is based on the following:
1. Revealing the most important intellectual principles and cornerstones in the words of the skeptic empiricists who doubt the principles and cornerstones of monotheism. The writer of the essay thus poses examples from the available books, essays, and writings of such empiricists.
2. Analyzing these principles and then weighing them up on the scale of good sense. In fact, the majority of such principles do not need more than necessarily true judgments.
3. An explanation of the most important terms used by the empiricists, since some of these terms might be reasons for falling into mistakes.
Concerning the second factor (i.e. natural interpretation of the method of the generation and rise of the world), it is in fact one of the experimental and tangible issues that no one has the right to object to except through a purely experimental and tangible discussion. No matter what the result is for them, this idea does not seem to be opposing the notion of the existence of God if the acceptability and authoritativeness of the rational proofs are taken into consideration. This point will be proven in the essay under discussion.