Academic Science Journal

413Academic Science JournalP-ISSN:2958-4612E-ISSN: 2959-5568Volume: 2, Issue: 2, April 2024Manuscript Code:764BOn BornologicalStructureAnwar.N.I1*andSh.K.Said Husain21Dept. of Math. Faculty of Sciences, University Diyala, Iraq2Research(INSPEM), University Putra Malaysia. Malaysia*anwarnooraldeen@yahoo.com,kartini@upm.edu.myReceived: 5November2023Accepted: 13 December2023DOI:https://dx.doi.org/10.24237/ASJ.02.02.764BAbstractFor multi criteria sequencing problem on one machine, we proposea modified branch and bound algorithm (MBAB) to find efficient(pareto optimal) solutions in this paper. The criteria are total completion time (∑????????), total lateness(∑????????), and maximum tardiness (Tmax). A collection of n independent tasks(jobs) has to be sequenced on one machine , tasks(jobs)j (j=1,2,3,.....,n) requires processing time Pjand due data dj. The MBAB algorithm depends on branch and bound technique. Applied examples are used to show applicabilityof MBAB algorithm. The MBAB algorithm is compared with complete enumeration method (CEM). Conclusions are formulated on the performance of the (MBAB) algorithm

The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has spread worldwide. Therefore, this study aimed to build a phylogenetic tree of complete genomes of SARS-CoV-2 and other species of Gamma coronavirus to explore the possibility of finding the evolutionary relationships between them and wished to analyze them in order to forecast the best trees illustrating the sequences' evolutionary relationships and obtain a well-supported phylogenetic tree by using the Neighbor-Joining (NJ) and Maximum Likelihood (ML) methods after performing multiple sequence alignment (MSA). This study utilized 16 isolates of Gamma coronavirus species and SARS-CoV-2 retrieved from the NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) database for this investigation. The experimental outcomes when applying the two methods to the same dataset show that a well-supported and trustworthy phylogenetic tree was obtained with a bootstrapping value of 100% for all branches of the tree when applying the ML method. Additionally, a well-supported and fast-constructing phylogenetic tree was obtained through the NJ method for all branches except one, where the bootstrapping value appeared to be 56%. The research was conducted in 2022 at the College of Science, Diyala University.

Waterborne viral illnesses are still have public health in both developed and developing. Adenovirus one of the enteroviruses are widely circulated in the environment even in the absence of associated clinical conditions in the community. Adenoviruses are the second cause of gastroenteritis after rotavirus. as they are responsible for 5-9 % of gastroenteritis cases in children. The objectives of study antigenic and molecular detection of adenovirus from water samples collected from sewage water plants (SWP) and draining canals (DC) in Diyala city (Iraq). This study was conducted in Diyala province for the period from January 2022 to August 2022. A total of 50 water samples were collected from sewage water plants and draining canals in plastic containers Immunochromatographic Assay (ICA) technique was used for direct detection of adenoviruses antigens a for molecular detection, the water samples were firstly ultra –centrifuged and the then viral nucleic acid (NA) of adenovirus were extracted Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) adenoviruses RNAs concentration were measured. (Sacace Biotechnologies PCR kit) technique was used for viral NAs detection,analysis was done using the statistical packages for social science version (27) and P value was considered significant. The Result using the Immunochromatographic Assay (ICA) The total positivity rate of adenovirus in sewage water plants and draining canals 18 (36%), while the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique found that the total positivity rate was 29 (58%). The high detection rate of adenoviruses found in sewage water plants and draining canals by both immunological

ZincOxidenanoparticleswassynthesizedbygreenmethodwithzincnitrateasprecursorandalcoholicextractofMusaacuminatafruitspeelsas a reducingagent,colorchanging fromwhitetoyellowish -white, whichwasanindicationoftheformationofZnONPs.CharacterizationweremadebyUV-Visiblelightspectroscopy(Uv-Vis),X-RayDiffraction(XRD),Atomicforcemicroscopy(AFM)andFieldEmissionScanElectronMicroscope(FE-SEM),theresultsshowedthesharpUVpeakswereat374nm,XRDanalysisestimatedthecrystallitessizesin25.9nm,AFMwasusedtodeterminetheaveragesizeandformeofthenanoparticleswhichwas40,45,and50nm,FE-SEM analysis displayed average particles size were 75.6 nm. Clinical of 125 samples were collectedfromdiabetic footulcer frompatientsadmittedtoBaqubaTeachingHospitalduringbeginningof November 2021 to the end of January 2022, included isolation and diagnosis of 76 isolates ofEscherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Antibacterial activity test was done of ZnO NPs. which was tested toward these isolates. Differentconcentrations of ZnO NPs. (12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200) mg/ml were examined against pathogenicbacteria,theresultsshowedthehighestdiameterofinhibitionzoneagainstE.coli,K.pneumoniae,P.aeruginosa,S.aureusandS.epidermidis

The most prevalent viral infection that causes hepatitis is hepatitis A virus (HAV), which continues to be a worldwide health issue for both developed and underdeveloped nations. By calculating the rate of HAV IgM positive, the current study sought to determine the prevalence of HAV infections among patients in the province of Diyala. In the present study, a total of 180 blood specimens were collected from patients, who referred to diagnostic individuals in Diyala Province, Iraq from October /2022 till Agust 2023. The presence of HAV in the specimens was investigated using ELISA technique. The results of the current study revealed that the overall positivity rate of HAV IgM was 13.3%. HAV IgM positivity was higher among 1-2 years old group. While, it was insignificantly higher among females compared to males (54.2%). Furthermore, HAV IgM positivity rate was insignificantly higher among Rurales compared to urbans (58.3%, 41.7%). Additionally the results showed that HAV IgM positivity rate among those used unsterilized water (70.8%) was significantly higher than that sterilized water (29.2%). Moreover, the results found that those with un vaccinated with HAV vaccine had significantly higher (79.2%) HAV IgM positivity rate. The present study founded that it is important to increase our knowledge about the frequency of HAV infections among patients and early diagnosis of HAV infections is essential in community for infection control. Key word: Hepatitis A virus, IgM, ELISA, Prevalence and Diyala.

02.02.809BAbstractPancreatic cancer is a highly aggressive and lethal form of cancer with limited treatment options. Therefore, exploring novel therapeutic strategies is crucial to improve patient outcomes. Researchers are currently investigating the potential therapeutic effects of scopoletin and silver nanoparticles on pancreatic cancer patients, The researchers focused on pancreatic cancer and conducted experiments involving the synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles. They utilized fenugreek extract to create these nanoparticles and tested various concentrations of both the nanoparticles and scopoletin. The purpose was to evaluate the potential anti-cancer and anti-angiogenic effects of these substances.The aim of this researchis to identify the most effective dose that can reduce the levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), which are markers associated with cancer progression.The study was performedin vitro, The samples were categorized into three distinct groups. The control group, comprising 30 samples, consisted of healthy individuals of both genders, aged between 23 and 45 years

The solution casting method was used to make pure polymeric blend film [Polyvinyl Alcohol-Polyethylene Oxide][PVA-PEO] and polymeric blend films reinforced with MnCl2.4H2O salt in various the weight (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50) % wt in the current study. The effects of weight ratio of salt on structuralproperties for all reinforced polymeric blend films were studied.FTIR spectra were used to establish the interaction between the polymer (PVA) and the polymer (PEO) reinforcedby MnCl2.4H2O salt, which causes some changesin the vibration modes and the position of the bonds.The effects of weight ratio of salt on optical properties for all reinforced polymeric blend films were studied, as the transmittance and absorbance spectra were recorded within the range of wavelengths (190-1100) nm, and it was found that the energy gap value decreases with an increase of the added salt’s weight ratio. Effects of salt’s weight ratio on electrical (dielectric) properties for all reinforced polymeric blend films were studied, and the practical results showed a decrease in the dielectric constant (ε ́) with an increase in frequency for all polymeric blend films, while the practical results also showed an increase in the alternating electrical conductivity (σa.c) with increasing frequency for all polymeric blend films, as well as an increase in both the dielectric constant and alternating electrical conductivity with an increase in the added salt’s weight ratio at same frequency.

Acinetobacter baumannii one of the important multidrug-resistant (MDR) opportunistic nosocomial pathogens, in part due to its high capacity of acquiring resistance to diverse antibiotic groups. Twenty five Clinical sample samples were gathered from various sources from Baquba Teaching Hospital, from the period june2022 to October 2022 after consulting with the expert doctor, from both in-and out-patients, and the samples were sent to the lab. Each sample's data was entered onto a unique form, and they included: 10 (sputum samples from respiratory tract infections; 5 burn samples; 4 wound samples; 6 samples for urinary tract infections. After being cultured on MacConkey agar and Blood agar, the isolates were identified. Oxidase and Catalase biochemical tests were performed on the samples, and Vitik2 was employed to make the final diagnosis. Twelve isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii were found after culture and identification; of these, five were found in sputum, two in burns, two in urinary tract infections, and three in wounds. Results of 10 different antibiotics' sensitivity tests on A. baumannii isolates from various clinical sources at the Baquba Teaching Hospital showed that the bacterium showed varying degrees of resistance to the medications

The rabid growth of the vehicles accidents on our roads are increasing as well as the number of human lives lost and the costs of repairing damages due to these accidents in order to reduce the dangers associated with accidents. A lot of researchers and specialists turn to electronic systems based on machine learning, deep learning techniques algorithms or any other artificial intelligence methods to detect and generate an emergency signal can reduce the time gap between the accident happening and the arrival of medical help. The main purpose of this review article was to identify and collect all the studies that have been done previously to detect roads traffics based on using machine learning techniques particularly deep learning. This paper will present all the methods that have been used and the experimental results of these studies and the research gabs they contain. We are following a systematic search plan passed on selected the papers that have the most similar keyword to make sure that all paper are exactly matching this paper subject so we apply this plan by using Springer, Elsevier, Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) xplore ,Google scholar, Arxiv, Sciencedirect and Researchgate datasets.From the all previous mentioned datasets we found 37 papers only 26of these papers are corresponded with the review subject

Dialysis and end-stage renal illness have opposing effects that might cause significant changes in glucose levels.A total of 100 uremicpatients that were subjected to hemodialysis were tested to determine level of glucose, the uremic patients were in two groups diabetic and non-diabetic with consideration that the patients might be taking insulin or diabetes medication and eating before or during hemodialysis. The study aims to evaluate the effect of hemodialysis on the diabetic uremic patient in relation to the non-diabetic uremic patient by measuring blood glucose level for both study groups. The results show the distribution of patients studied according to study groups. Non diabetic Patients constitute 65 % and 35% of the cases are diabetic. The results also show the distribution of patients according to sex. Could be seen a predominance of male sex, represented by 54% of those studied and 46% are females. Hypoglycemia during dialysis was observed for most of non-diabetic dialyzed patients and only 3 (4.6%) of those was developed hyperglycemia.

In the setting of a single machine, this study suggests approximation localsearch strategies to identify approximate solutions to the multi-objective sequencing problem, where the problem is the total of the four objectives: total completion time ∑Cjj= 1,....,n, total lateness ∑Lj, maximum lateness Lmaxand maximum earliness Emax.Descent Method (DM), Simulated Annealing (SA), and genetic algorithm (GA) are three approximate local search techniques that are computer-implemented Matlab programs. On the basisof the outcomes of computing tests, conclusions are modeled on the effectiveness of the local search techniques.

There are a lot of problems with fake news, which can make people think of things that aren't true. Social media is one of the fastest ways to get information out there because it has a big impact and can manipulate information in both good and bad ways. The goal of this paper is the optimal use of deep learning algorithms to solve the problem of the paper. The research problem is how accurately and to what extent can an individual distinguish between fake news articles using natural language processing and classification algorithms. What are the steps that can be taken to provide a solution?compared to the previous different methods to solve this problem, including some common deep-learning methods. In this paper, we can find fake news canbe found by using the term inverse frequency document (TF-IDF) for feature extraction and a hybrid algorithm of One Dimensional-Convolutional Neural Network (1D-CNN) and Dense as the classifier. The experiments that the proposed dense-based 1D-CNN algorithm substantially outperforms other up-to-date related algorithms with an accuracy of 100%.

In this work, a pure polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) polymer film reinforced with magnesium oxide(MgO) ,graphene oxide (GO) and poly(o-phenylene diamine) (PoPDA) with different weight ratios (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 wt%) prepared by the solution casting method. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-raywere used to characterized the nanocomposite. And study the thermal conductivity for the quaternary hybrid composite films (GO -MgO-PoPDA-PVA), it was noticed that there is a rise in the rate of the thermal conductivity coefficient (k) with a rise in the weight ratios of reinforcement.

In this study, nanostructuredZnNiCo2O4and MnNiCo2O4electrodes were fabricated by spray pyrolysis method and annealed at 550oCfor 2 h. The structural, optical, and Photoelectrochemical properties were studied. The structural properties were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The resultsshow thatthe sampleshave a cubic spinel structures.The atomic percentage determined by (EDX) and the thickness (cross-section) of films measured by (FE-SEM), as well as the surface roughness measured through (AFM) are all used for analysis.The optical properties were investigated by UV-visible spectrophotometer, and the energy band gaps ofZnNiCo2O4 and MnNiCo2O4were estimated to be approximately2.2 and 2.4 eV respectively. The photoelectrochemical, comprising of photocurrent density, linear sweep voltammograms (LSV), and Mott-Schottky (MS), displayed flat band values of (1.5 eV and -0.55 eV) Vs NHE for ZnNiCo2O4and MnNiCo2O4 respectively, where the conduction band and valance band values of ZnNiCo2O4were (C. B= -0.6 eVand V.B= 1.6 eV ), while those of MnNiCo2O4were (C.B= -0.65 eV and V.B= 1.75 eV ). The corresponding photocurrent densities for ZnNiCo2O4and MnNiCo2O4were 35 μA/cm2and 50 μA/cm2, respectively

The composition of the phases and the microscopic structure of Ti-X% Cu (0, 0.5, 2.5, 5)%prepared alloys was investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the antibacterial activity was assessed to investigate the effect of the Cu content on the antibacterial activity with or without coating with sliver nanoparticles and graphene nanosheets. The alloys were coated using pulse laser deposition. The alloys of Ti-X%Cu were prepared by the metallurgy process. Finally, the thermal conductivity was studied to determine the effect of increasing the copper content and the coating with nanoparticles. Electron microscopy (SEM) of the alloys before coating showed that the pure titanium is homogeneously distributedand the (Ti-0.5%Cu, Ti-2.5%Cu, and Ti-5%Cu) there are precipitates of (200–800) nm while in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imagesof the coated alloys thesilver nanoparticles were distributed (20-26) nm, and graphene oxide was found to be less than (100) nm. The rate of inhibition of bacterial growth increases with increasing concentration copper and with the presence of coatings,and the best inhibition ratio for the sample was (Ti-5%Cu with AgNPs/rGONPs).On the other hand,thermal conductivity of the alloys after coating is less than it was in the uncoated alloys.

In this work, bismuth nickel ferrite (BixNi1-xFe2O4) supported by activated carbon (AC) with x=0, 0.3 and 0.5 were made and studied using the sol-gel method, and the samples were calcinatedat 350 and 650 °C for 3 hours. XRD, FTIR, FESEM, and EDX spectroscopy were used to examinethe chemical structure and morphologyof bismuth nickel ferrite on activated carbon (BixNi1-xFe2O4/ C). The XRD patterns show that when the temperature of the synthesized material is raised, the intensity and spread of the peaks decrease. This leads to more crystallization. FTIR studies were done in the frequency range (400–4000) cm-1, and the FTIR spectrum of (BixNi1-xFe2O4/ C) shows the two significant absorption bands near the frequency ranges 500 cm-1and 700 cm-1. FESEM with particles that were between 17 and 60 nm in size was used to study the surface morphology. The EDS plots revealed the existence of no extra peaks other than constituents of the taken up composition.The decrease in saturation magnetization (Ms) and remanence magnetization (Mr) is seen through the utilization of a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM)

Mauddud Formation was studied in Ratawi oil field, Southern Iraq to determine the depositional environment and effective diagenesis processes.The lithology of the formation is limestone in all studied wells (Rt-2, Rt-4, Rt-17 and Rt-19).lower contact of Mauddud Formation with Nahr Umr Formation is gradational, but the upper contact is unconformable with Ahmadi Formation.In this work, 114 thin sections were examined and showsfour microfacies (wackestone, packstone, grainstone andargillaceous mudstone), which depositedin the Inner-Mid to Outer ramp environment. The most significant diagenesis processes were micritization, dissolution, cementation, compaction, and dolomitization, which had an impact on the texture and porosity of the Mauddud Formation.

In this paper new theorems a bout fixed point are given for applications in 2-metric space. The common fixed points of two operators exhibit a shared periodicity in their occurrences. The theorem demonstrates that, certain conditions, there exists a specific pattern or sequence of operators where the fixed points exhibit a commonperiodicity

With enormous amounts of microscopic images created in the research of microbiology, conventional methods of computation have turned more and more difficult to handle. On the contrary, deep learning models are inclined to hold outstanding performance in speed and accuracy. Recently, the microbiologist community embraced deep learning models, thus leading to the appearance of new applications with unprecedented discoveries and perspectives in the research of microbiology. In this paper, various microorganisms classification systems are implemented using various types of microscopic image datasets, including parasites, fungi, bacteria, and viruses. The backbone of these systems is pre-trained convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for detecting microorganisms. This study conducted an exhaustive analysis of various pre-trained CNNs models in the field of microorganism classification,as well as their experimental design and validation and the future extent to which they will present profound perception for the researcher’s active in this field. The highest accuracy for parasite classification was achieved by InceptionResNetV2 with a value of 98.44%. While the highest accuracies for fungi, bacteria, and virus classification were achieved by DenseNet201 with a value of 100%, 86.72%, and 77.43%, respectively.

Captioning an image is the process of using a visual comprehension system with a model of language, by which we can construct sentences that are meaningful and syntactically accurate. These accurate phrases can explain the natural language (The seen content of the image). As a relatively young field of study, it is gaining growing attention. To accomplish image caption, semantic information about the images must be gathered and conveyed in natural language. Computer vision and natural language processing are both used in the difficult task of image captioning. That issue has received a lot of proposals for solutions. An abbreviated survey of image captioning studies is given in this paper. We concentrate our efforts on neural network-based approaches that deliver current outcomes. Neural network-based techniques are broken down into subcategories in accordance with the implementation architecture. The most recent methodologies are then compared to normative data sets. Methods based on neural networks are classified into subcategories according to the framework being used.

It was found that the effect of PVA-doped Eosin-Y on the optical properties of the composite films was intentional as the PVA films were deposited by a solvent casting process with a thickness of 25 ± 1 μm and were grafted with different absorptions of Eosin-Y. The optical diffusivity (%) was described within the wavelength range of (200-900 nm), as well as the effect of the doping ratio on the optical properties of the prepared films. The results showed that layers with indirect developments are acceptablein the interband that are affected by the doping ratio. The band gap of the doped films decreased to (2.20 eV), (2.17 eV), and (2.13 eV)for doping ratios of (2%, 4%, and 6%), respectively, compared to the pure film's 3.89 eV.

Routing is the process of delivering a packet from a source to a destination in the network using a routing algorithm that tries to create an efficient path. The path should be created with minimum overhead and bandwidth consumption. In the literature, routing protocols in VANET were categorized in many ways, according to different aspects. In the present study, we prefer the classification based on the number of hops to reach the destination node. The literature, these are single-hop and multi-hops protocols. We first discuss the two types and then compare the MDDV (multi-hops protocol) with VADD (single-hop protocol). The comparison is theoretically and experimentally implemented by providing a network environment consisting of SUMO, VIENS and INET++ libraries within OMNeT++ simulator. The code for each protocol is written in C++ language and integrated in the OMNeT++ simulator. Several evaluation measures are used including: throughput, end-to-end packet delay, packet delivery ratio, and good put. Results reveal that none of these two protocols is ideal for all possible scenarios of VANET traffic. VADD protocol performs better for high vehicle density (with an improvement of about 15% over MDDV) and high transmission rates, whereas MDDV protocol gives better performance for low density (with enhancement of about 10% over VADD) and low transmission rates.