Al-Nahrain Journal of Science

This work describes the synthesis of a new fructofuranosyl derivatives comprising1,2,3-triazole, 1,2,3-triazoline or tetrazole ringsvia 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction.To obtain these derivatives, 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzoyl-β-D-fructofuranose (1) with free hydroxyl group at position-2 was prepared asthestarting material. Reaction of compound (1) with 45% HBr solution in glacial acetic acid gave compound (2). The bromide (2) was then made to react with some nucleophiles (NaN3and KCN) to give 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzoyl-β-D-fructofuranosyl azide (3)and 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzoyl-β-D-fructofuranosyl cyanide (4).Treatment of compound (3) with cinnamic acid, cinnamaldehyde, acrylic acid, acrylonitrile, acrylamide and maleic anhydride, gave the triazoline derivatives (5-10).Cycloaddition reaction was also carried out withpropargyl chloride, propargyl alcohol and 1-hexyn-3-ol using (ph3P)3CuI as a catalyst to give the triazole derivatives (12-14).Reactionof the cyanosugar (4) with arylsulfonyl azides gave the tetrazole derivatives (16-18).Antibacterial and antifungal activities of some novelsynthesized compounds were studied and compared with that of two well known antibiotics (Ampicillin and Gentamycin)

Sometransition metal complexes Cr (III), Ni (II), Cd (II) and V (IV) Complexesof olefinic bistriazole as a ligandhave beensynthesized andcharacterized. The prepared complexes were identified and their structural geometries were suggested by using Flame Atomic Absorption technique, FT-IR and Uv-Visible Spectrophotometeras well as toMagnetic SusceptibilityandConductivity measurement. Semi-empirical methods(PM3and MINDO/3) were carried out to evaluate the vibration frequencies, heat of formation (∆Hºƒ) and binding energy(ΔEb)for all metal complexes.And it is also studyingtheir biological activity against two selected microorganisms(pseudomonasaeruginosaand staphylococcus aureus).

Inthepresentinvestigation,new eightpolymers of poly [(N–acryl)substitutedhydrazone ] were synthesized by two steps;first step includes treatment of 2, 4−dinitrophenyl hydrazinewith differentaldehydesor Ketones to obtain Schiff bases. The second step includesCondensation hydrazone groups (Schiff bases)with poly acryloyl chloride in DMF to obtain poly [(N –acryl)substituted hydrazone ]. All the synthesized polymers were characterized by FT–IR spectrum, UV spectrum, meltingand softeningpointsandsolubility, then studythe Biological activity for some of these new polymers

New fifteen polymers were prepared bymodification of polyvinyl alcohol; these polymers were prepared by two steps. The first step was included reaction 1 mole of poly vinyl alcohol with 1mole of adipoyl chloride to produce ester-acid chloride polymer .Second step was included reaction the produced polymer in step one with different amines to obtained new ester-amide polymers .Four of them were reacted with acid chloride(acetyl chloride and benzoyl chloride) in DMF to produces ester imide polymers in third step. All these polymers have different physical properties which may be used in different applications. The prepared polymers were characterized by FTIR, 1HNMR spectroscopy, and by measuring their melting points, softing points, solubilities

Anew simple and rapid colorimetric method has been developed for the determinationof benzidine in aqueous solutions. The method is based on the formation of a pink colored azo dye by diazotization of benzidine, followed by a diazo-coupling reaction between the resulting product andβ-naphthol. The maximum absorbance of azo dye at 525 nm. Beer's law was found to be obeyed in the concentrationrange of 0-12 μg. ml−1 with molar absorptivity12360 L. mol−1.cm−1. The optimum reaction conditions and other analytical parameters were evaluated

The pieceof this study describes theestimation of three trace elements (chromium, nickel and vanadium) using Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometer in twenty two sera samples workers of the detergents industries in Baghdad city. Also, twenty two sera samples were used as a control in this study. It is found that chromium concentrations in the sera samples of workers are with the control cases, vanadium and nickel concentrations are decreased in the sera of workers cases compared to that control cases. The result is analyzed statistically by using ANOVA method to the decide differences between the results at 99% confidence level. It was found that the chromium concentration in the range of ages 15-29 years. are significantly differences ,nickel concentrations in the sera samples of workers in the range of ages 15-29 and 45-58 years are showed significantly differences, and it was found that the differences in the vanadium concentrations in all ranges of ages of workers

Selenium, an essential micronutrient, may affect several cardiometabolic risk factors, suchas glucose homeostasis and lipid concentrations. The aim of this study is to examin the relation between serum selenium concentrationswith serum lipids in diabetic patients and in diabetic patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVD).A case control study conducted in the National Diabetes Center, College of Medicine at Al-Mustansiryia University.Fasting glucose, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein–cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), and very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL-C),HbA1c and Serum selenium were determine.Diabetes mellitus (n=256) divided into tow groups, group I (n=156) diabetic patientsand group II (n=100)diabetic patients complicated with CVD. Normal healthy subjects were taken as control (n= 100).In the present study a significant decrease in selenium levels was found in patients groups compared to control also there is decrease in selenium levels of diabetic patients with CVD (group II) compared with diabetic patients (group I).These findings indicatethatthe decrease in serum selenium was associated with elevated serum concentrations of fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, LDL-C, VLDL-C, triacylglycerols and duration of diabetes. In generaldespite their classification according to sex or diabetes type highly negative correlations (p<0.0001) were found with linear regression equations between fasting serum selenium concentration and HbA1c in patients group II. In conclusion the significant reductions in the level of selenium in diabetic patients may be response on the developing the diabetic to anther disease like CVD

This research describes the synthesis ofsome newdifferent substituted bicyclic phenyl derivatives. Toobtain the target compounds, the reaction steps shown in scheme(I)and (II) were of a feasible strategy.The synthon terphthalic acid hydrazide [2] which was prepared from methyl terphthalate [1]with hydrazine hydrate, was used for the preparation of sixtypes of new heterocyclic derivatives.Acid hydrazide [2] reacts with carbon disulfide in the presence of potassium hydroxide and p–hydroxy benzaldehyde to give the corresponding potassium carbodithioate salt [3] and shiff’s base [5] derivatives respectively. Treatment of the latter salt with p-bromophenacyl bromideafforded thiazolidine -2-thione[4],cyclization of shiff’s base [5] using mercapto acetic acidresulted in the formation of -4-oxo-1,3 -thiazolidne [6].1,2,4 –triazolo [3,4b] -1,3,4 –thiadiazine [9] was synthesized from basic cyclization of the intermediate product [8] which was obtained from the reaction between2 –mercapto –1,3,4 –oxadiazole [7] and p-bromo phenacyl bromide.Furthermore,the hydrazino–1,3,4 –oxadiazole [10],which was obtained from the reaction between of compound [7] with hydrazine hydrate,was then reacted with CS2/ pyridine and acetylaceton to give the corresponding 1,3,4 –triazolo [5,1b] oxadiazole [11] and pyrazole [12] derivatives respectively,scheme(II).All synthesized compounds structures were characterized by measurements some of its physical proprieties and some specific reactions and spectral methods FTIR,1H NMR for compound [6] and [8]

The densities (ρ) and refractive indices (nD) of binary mixtures of acetonitrile with benzene, toluene,m-xylene and mesityleneincluding those of pure liquids, over the entire composition range expressed by mole fraction x1of acetonitrile were measured at temperatures (298.15, 303.15,308.15, and 313.15) K under atmospheric pressure. From the experimental data, the excess molar volumes (EmV) and the deviations in refractive indices (Δn) were calculated.These resultsare fitto a Redlich-Kister type polynomial equation.The results indicate the presence of weak interactions between acetonitrile and aromatic hydrocarbon molecules. The deviations in EmVvalues follow the order toluene< benzene < m-xylene < mesitylene. The results are discussed in terms of the intermolecular interactions

Zinc Sulfide (ZnS) is important II-VI semiconductors material for the development of various modern technologiesand photovoltaic applications. ZnSthin film was prepared by using chemical spray pyrolysis technique.The spray solutions contains ZnCl2and SC(NH2)2withmolar concentration 0.1M/L. ZnS thin films was growthonto hot glass substrates at substrates temperature400оC.The Structureofthe prepared filmwas studiedfrom X-ray diffractionpattern,the results shows that the film was polycrystalline with hexagonalstructure,the grain size ofZnS filmwas calculated, it was139 Åat the high peak. The optical properties of the film were studied using measurement from UV–VIS spectrophotometer; the results appear thatagood optical transparency of about 65 % wasobserved in the visible region.The optical constants were studied as a function of the photon energy within the wavelength in the range (300-900) nm. The refractive index was calculated in the visible region, it was 2.45 at 500 nm. Theoptical band gaps for the direct and indirect transition were estimatetoo and it was3.2–3.1eVrespectively

The aim of this study was to measured the alpha emitters concentration of (15) different kinds of imported cigarettes.The nuclear reaction used U-235(n, f) obtained by the bombardment of U-235 with thermal neutrons from (Am-Be) neutron source with thermal flux of (5×103n.cm−2.s−1).The Results obtained showed the values of the Uranium concentration, and varies from (0.041 ppm) in five stares kind to (2.374 ppm) in Macbeth (chocolate) 100 ́s kind. All the result obtained are within the limit levels as given by UNSCAR data

AlNiCo thin film where deposited on glass substrate by evaporation under 10−6torr presses to have 2μm thickness. The micro structure and optical properties were studied, after that the films were annelid under 10−3press torr for different times at 300oC results show that the films structure was prevent after annealing also grain size change and increase in transmission with wavelength and annealing time

We have studied the effect of Al2O3dopant on the optical properties of a polymer polystyrene. Pure and Al2O3 doped polystyrene samples were prepared using the hot press method. The adding percentages of Al2O3 in the prepared samples were (0, 20, 40, 50, 60) wt%. The thickness of the samples were measured by using indicating micrometer and ranged (1.2-1.4) mm. Transmission and absorption spectra have been recorded in order to study the effect of increasing Al2O3percentageon the optical parameters such as absorbance, transmittance, absorption coefficient, refractive index, extinction coefficient, and, real and imaginary parts of dielectric constant. This study reveals that all these parameters affect by increasing Al2O3percentage

The main goal in Quantum Cryptography is high security and this can be achieved by using single photon sources. The present work is a theoretical analysis devoted to investigate the interference pattern of biphoton amplitude generated by spontaneous parametric down conversion (SPDC) in a nonlinear crystal (BBO) pumped by femtosecond optical pulses. We have studied the visibility as a function of Gaussion aperture width for different parameters, such as the crystal length. The best visibility can be obtained at crystal length of (1.5 mm) .In our results,patterns occur and increase with increase of crystal length and decreasing aperture diameter. When usingslit aperture (vertical and horizontal direction), the coincident count ismore symmetry in horizontal with dimension (1×7) mm.Withdouble crystal andparallel direction,the visibility decreasesdramatically with increaseinthe Gaussian aperture width, while ata distance between crystals equal to(3mm) the visibility vanishesslowly at crystal thickness (L=0.5mm)

Elastic longitudinal electron scattering form factors have been studied for 9Be)21,23(==−TJπin the frame work of 1p-shell model,which considered as the core of 4HeWith five neucleons disturbuted out of the core. The basis of no-core shell model space withωh)20(+truncations are used also to study the effects of effective charge on the elastic longitudinal form factors. A good agreement of results are obtaining with the experimental data for both models considered in this work. The reduced transition probabilities B(C2) calculated for the two kinds of model space and for the effective charges which are used in this work

The effect of 2 barsteam pressurewas studiedon theMmandMs mineral sources ofcalcium sulphate dihydrateCaSO4.2H2O with and without milling respectively,which is than compared with autoclave calcium sulphate hemihydrate Mα ; α-hemihydrate,and CaSO4.2H2O annular; Maby usingFTIRspectroscopy technique at a wave number range 500-4000 Cm-1.The transmittanceratio; {T*-ratio =[ (T660/T1620) x 100] } for Mα,Ma, and Mm, was 96.96 %, 95.26% and72.47%respectivelycomparedwith82.70%at Mm which is treatedwith 2 bar steam pressure; MP2. The transmittance ratio; [T*-ratio] decreased in Ms after the steam pressure (1-6 bar) treatment. The effect oftime0.5 to 2.5 honpassing under 6 bar steam pressure on Mmdisplays the wave numbersat the range2000 -2500 Cm-1whichnearlyreaching the same to spectrum of Mα.FTIR–spectrum at the range500-1500 Cm-1forAL-ahliyah gypsum ( gypsum-Iraqi plaster ); Mhwhich is calcium sulphate dihydrate heated in open vesseland Mm ontreatmentby6 bar steam pressurefor 2.5 h; MP6was studiesthe destruction of this spectrumrange comparingwithMα. The disadvantage of steam pressure on gypsum was observed by stretching ofOH-group at the rang 3000-4000 Cm-1in Mm, where the increasing of steam pressure in MP2and MP6 causedin disappearing the wave numbers of3609and3553 Cm-1compared with the wave numbers appearing in MαandMh.This study showed the steam pressure may be used asa good parameter to change Mm to Mα which equivalent to the physical properties of dental material

This research was performed to study the effect of some physical & chemical material which found domestically in order to control the growth of E.sakazakii. The effect of different concentrations of NaCl exhibit that 3.5% of the salt killed the bacteria after 30 min of incubation, while the low concentration showed a less inhibition in numbers of cells.In using different concentrations of chlorine showed that 6% concentration was effective in killing the bacteria in 10 min, while 9% conc. destroyed the bacteria in 5 min. when using different conc. of citric acid reaching pH: 5 & 3 bacterial growth inhibited to low levels in comparing the control. And when we use NaOH to gain a pH: 9 & 11 bacterial growth were inhibited to 40 & 25 colony forming unit/ml after 30 min. of incubation

This study designed to evaluate the effected of L-arginine, vitamin E and their combinations on sperms morphology (sperm quality).Twenty (20) male albino mice was included in this study and dividing into four groups (Controlgroup, Vitamin E treated group, L-arginine treated group, and Vitamin E+ L-arginine treated Group). The animals were kept under suitable conditions of temperature (24±2 ◌C) and light program (12-14 hours/ day). Results revealed that mice treated withvitamin E +L-arginine(0.80±0.141) showed a significant (p≤0.05) decrease in numbers of abnormal sperm without head, treatment mice with vitamin E +L-arginine(1.68± 0.10) gave a significant decreased in numbers of abnormal sperms without tail, mice treated with vitamin E (1.00 ±0.38) and (L-arginine + vitamin E) (0.52± 0.14) significantly decreased sperms without hook, furthermore mice treated with vitamin E (11.04+1.63)significantly decreased sperms defective head when compared with control groups. the period of experiments were 30 days. The percentages of abnormal sperm morphology were calculated by counting 200 spermatozoa

The objectives of this study were to 1. Determine soil texture, microbial com0munities, chemical and physical properties of soils collected from nine different localities of Sulaimani governorate; 2. Measuring the rates of nitrogen mineralization of plant residues and it's correlation with tested parameters. After analysis, soils were classified into six textures (sandy loam, loamy sand, silty loam, silty clay loam, loam and clay loam). Statistical analysis of varianceindicated there were no significant differences among soil textures in fungal counts (ranging from 4.09–4.49 log of CFU per 1 g dry soil) whereas total bacteria showed significantly higher in clay loam and silty clay loam in compare to other soil textures(ranging from 6.07–8.77 log of CFU per 1 g dry soil),soil chemical analysis showed that the soil organic matters and total nitrogen contents are strongly correlated with each other (r2=0.96, p≤0.001), and both parameters indicated positive correlation with the major microbial groups (r2=0.798, r2=0.772, p≤0.001) respectively, whereas they are negatively correlated with mineralization rate (r2=-0.379, r2=-0.338, p≤0.001) respectively; finally the effects of soil texture on N-mineralization showed that thisprocess tends to be greater in coarse-textured soils than fine textured soils

A total of 95 stool samples were collected from pediatric patients suffering from diarrhea in order to isolate bacteria belonging to Salmonella typhimuriumspecies. After performing microscopic examination, cultural characterization, biochemical and Api 20E identifications, only 9 isolates showed positive Salmonella typhimurium. Following the separation of endotoxin from each isolate the biological activity of endotoxin was estimated by using E-TOXATE kit (Limulusamebocyte lysate test) and the isolate Salmonella typhimuriumA3 showed the lowest concentration that gave positive result (0.5 μg/ml).Partial purification of endotoxin using sepharose Cl-6B gel chromatography for A3 endotoxin was applied and after purification two peaks were obtained. Chemical characterization involving the estimation of carbohydrate and protein contents showed that the first peak contained the higher carbohydrate contents (38.6%) and lower protein contents (1.15%) as compared with the second peak which showed carbohydrate and protein contents 13.2 and 5.75% respectively. In addition, the first peak showed maximum activity of (≥0.1μg/ml), the second peak and the crude endotoxin showed 2.5 and 0.5μg/ml respectively

In this study consideration is given to the hydrodynamic characteristics of a buoyancy-driven convection loop containing an electrically-conducting fluid in a transverse magnetic field in one-dimensional model. We study three problems. In problem one, we analyze the unsteady flow in closed loop in whichtherightsideisisothermalheatedandtheleftsideis isothermal cooled, whilethetopandbottomregionsareinsulated. In problems two and three, we analyze the steady and unsteady flow in closed loop in which the bottom region is isothermal heated and the top region is isothermal cooled, while theright and leftsidesare insulated regions.The Laplace transformation technique is used to solve problems one and three, while in problem two we found an analytical solution

The main purpose of this paper is to extend the result of B.Zalar about centralizers to θ-centralizers on Lie ideals

In this paperwe give some definitions related tospectral theory of a linear operator T defined on a fuzzy normed spaceand we provethatspectrumσ(T) and resolvent setρ(T) are nonempty for a fuzzy bounded linear operator defined on certainfuzzy normed spaces. Moreover,we show ρ(T) isτ-open and σ(T) isτ-closed

In this paper, we are present a noveldirectionto identify efficient and inefficient strategies of the game problems, based on the features of system of linear inequalities. Definitions and simple illustrated example have been presented

Image based steganography is the most popular method for data concealment.In this paper a new approach for data concealment in background segments of color imagecalled JSEG,(J-image segmentation)is presented. A criterion to local windows in the class-map resultsof the “J-image”, is applied in which high and low values correspond to possible region boundaries and region centers, respectively then a region growing method is used to segment the color image to regions based on the multi-scale J-images. The adopted system combines the effect of two methods to enhance the security of the data. System encrypts the datawith a crypto algorithmand then embeds the encrypted text in a segmentation background of color image file and then merged background with other regionssegmentation.The (increase in PSNR) leads to provide high secret communications, so the attacker cannot notices the difference between the stego-image and the original cover

The demand for effective internet security is increasingexponentially day by day. Businesses have an obligation to protect sensitive data from loss or theft. Such sensitive data can be potentially damaging if it is altered, destroyed or if it falls into the wrong hands. So they need to develop a scheme that guarantees to protect the information from attacker. Cryptology which is the science and study of systems for secret communication is at the heart of providing such guarantee. Breaking knapsack cipher using Population Based Incremental Learning (PBIL) is suggested in this paper. Results of this implementation are compared with results of Poonam Grag, Aditya Shastri, and D.C. Agarwal(2006) which had made an enhancement on the efficiency of genetic algorithm attack on knapsack cipher suggested by Spillman in 1993. The result of comparison shows that Population Based Incremental Learning has less complexity and enjoys high speed (i.e. correct results will be generated with less number of generation compared to that generated using genetic algorithm) also the overhead for genetic algorithm operations is significantly higher than for Population Based Incremental Learning

Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) is one of the web sites design languages in the internet. HTML language differs from programming languages in that any editor (e.g. notepad, WordPad) can be used to write the code of the HTML language.On the other hand, and contrary to what one familiar with the role of the compiler while translating the high-level written code, this editing facility has a shortcoming of not being able to check the lexical and the syntax of the written HTML code. While any compiler takes into its responsibility to check for any lexical and syntax error asa part of its overall function, the interpreter of HTML provides the facility to translate the form of HTML codes to the target representation to be executed only. For this, the main aim of this paper is to propose and present an intermediate stage -semi compiler-to check the lexical and syntax of an HTML code before delivering it to the interpreter

In this paper a simple and accurate method is proposed to recognize Arabic (Indian) numerals using Fourier descriptors as the main classifier feature set, and to improve the recognition accuracy a simple structure based classifier is add as a supplementary classifier. The recognition system was tested on 450 samples collected from 5 students and the test results indicate that the recognition ratio is%89.6when only 5 Fourier descriptors are used as discriminating features set, and the ratio is raised to%98 when 4 Fourier descriptors are used in addition to the simple structure based classifier.