Hilla university college Journal For Medical Science

Several factors contribute to insufcient vaccination, including lack of awareness of its importance and issues related
to both demand and supply. This study aimed to assess mothers’ attitudes and practices toward child and maternal
vaccination, as well as the association of potential risk factors.
Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted between January 20 and July 31, 2024, at Jiblah University
Hospital.
Results: A total of 300 mothers participated in the study. Of these, 38% were aged between 16–25 years, 60.7% had
2–3 children, and 13.3% were literate. The attitude score among mothers was 92% (275 out of 300), and the practice score
was 93% (280). There was a signicant association between residence, monthly family income, and total score of mothers’
practices toward child vaccination, with p-values of 0.014 and 0.005, respectively. However, no signicant association was
found between mothers’ attitudes toward child and maternal vaccination and their socio-demographic factors (p > 0.05).
Conclusion: Despite a highly positive attitude and good practices toward children’s vaccination, there were gaps in
attitudes and practices concerning maternal vaccination. Mothers demonstrated limited awareness of the susceptibility
of pregnant women to diseases like in uenza, tetanus, and whooping cough.

The objective of this systematic study was to offer a comprehensive examination of use of posterior dental implants.
especially from the perspective of length and diameter. Electronic searches were done in Google Scholar, Utilizing
the following keywords: “Dental Implant,” “Wide Diameter Implant,” “Narrow Diameter Implant,” “Limited Space,”
PubMed and Embase were consulted. “Long Implant”, “Short Implant”, “Posterior Region” and their synonyms to
discover relevant publications published between 2004 and 2024. About 190 studies were screened during the mentioned
period based on their title and abstracts. Yet, only 18 studies were included in the review, which satised the study
requirements inclusion and focused on the success of implant diameter, length, or both. A total of 10 studies (55.5%) discussed the application and performance of implant diameter, 5 studies (27.8%) on length, and 3 studies (16.7%) correlated
on both diameter and length. According to the reviewed articles, for the posterior location, the narrow-diameter implant
had a similar success rate and minor bone loss compared to the standard. The wide-diameter implant is used when there
is a high load-bearing application and is preferred in instances of inadequate initial xation or failure of the current
implant. Furthermore, short implant length was used in cases of resorption and atrophy to avoid bone augmentation
while the long implant had a very low risk of failure compared to the short implant

Background: The measurement of retinal nerve ber layer (RNFL) these days is possible with the high resolution
optical coherence tomography (OCT).
Objectives: To measure the peripapillary retinal nerve ber layer thickness in subjects with emmetropia, mild myopia
and mild hypermetropia by using OCT.
Materials and methods: This is cross sectional descriptive study with a total of 182 healthy subjects who had visited
Ibn Al Haitham eye teaching hospital the ages of the participants were between 18 to 40 years. The participants were
randomly selected and categorized to three groups (emmetropic, mild myopic hypermetropia) each group was studied
for the effect of age, axial length, spherical equivalent on RNFL thickness and the data were analyst using Pearson
coefcient and multivariate linear regression models. The RNFL thickness was measured and compared in these three
groups by using OCT.
Results: The correlation of spherical equivalent with average RNFL and the four quadrants thickness was insignicant.
The axial length showed a weak negative correlation in the three study groups but that was statistically not signicant.
The right eyes on compared to the left showed signicantly thicker nasal and temporal quadrants.
Conclusion: Mild myopia and hyperopia do not affect the peripapillary RNFL thickness signicantly, on increasing
the spherical equivalent there is increasing in RNFL thickness but this was statistically insignicant, on increasing axial
length there is reduction in RNFL thickness and this was insignicant.

Objective: The present study aimed to enhance the effectiveness of meloxicam, a nonsteroidal anti-in ammatory drug
(NSAID), through topical application using vesicular drug delivery systems, focusing on several innovative formulation
strategies. These strategies aim to improve the drug’s solubility, skin permeation, and overall therapeutic efcacy while
minimizing systemic side effects.
Method: A phospholipid bilayer made from egg lecithin and surfactants (Span 60 and Span 80) in varying ratios
was used to develop a transferosome dispersion via a thin lm method. This blend was then combined with the
polymer Carbopol 934 to form a gel. The evaluation included both the transferosomal vesicles (including entrapment
efciency, vesicle size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential) and the transferosomal gel, assessing characteristics
such as physical appearance, viscosity, spreadability, entrapment efciency, drug content, and in vitro drug release to
comprehensively characterize the nal formulation.
Result: According to the evaluation results, F7 is the best formula since it has a good consistency and a pH level of
7.21 ± 0.13, which is acceptable for the skin. Further, it has a high drug content of 99.8% ± 6.4, an entrapment efciency
of 92% ± 1.3, and a good viscosity of 2354 ± 1.1. The drug release rate is also 98.7%.
Conclusion: The development of an optimized transfersomal gel for meloxicam using various edge activators and
different ratios of egg lecithin has shown promising results in enhancing the properties of the formulation.

Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) is a skin problem characterized by the formation of blisters. It primarily
affects newborns, young children, and adults with pre-existing medical conditions. This condition is caused by an
infection from the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. The cause of this case is the breakdown of desmoglein-1, a protein in
the skin, due to the action of exotoxins. This results in the outer layer of the skin’s cells peeling off. The SSSS is caused by
the dissemination of toxins throughout the body, leading to a widespread rash and a severe manifestation of symptoms.
Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome manifests as the formation of blisters on the outermost layers of the skin, caused
by the release of exfoliative toxins from S. aureus. Erythematous cellulitis develops with the rapid exfoliation of skin
cells. A sign of SSSS is a small number of blisters restricted to the infection site that progress to widespread exfoliation
that affects the entire body. The condition is managed using antibiotics that specically target S. aureus. This illness
may occasionally be mistaken for other conditions that cause supercial blistering.

Background and objective: Intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) has the potential to provide both diffusion and perfusion information without an exogenous contrast agent, its application for the brain is promising, however, feasibility
studies on this are relatively scarce. The present study aims to assess the evaluate the feasibility of using intravoxel
incoherent motion (IVIM) to measure diffusion parameter variations in stroke.
Methods: To this end, we searched international databases (Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, and Scopus) and extracted related studies using the appropriate keywords. Collected data were analyzed with the aid of the random-effects
model and STATA (version 15).
Results: A total of eight studies met the eligibility criteria, and the total sample size was 293 subjects. The mean
age was 65.68 ± 13.68 years. The results showed a signicant decrease between the ischemic core compared with the
contralateral normal region for f value in stroke patients (SMD= −1.38, 95% CI −2.07 to −0.68, P < 0.001). Also, there
was a signicant decrease between the ischemic core compared with the contralateral normal region for D value in
stroke patients (SMD = −3.14, 95% CI −3.38 to −2.89, P < 0.001). The D* parameter of the IVIM signicantly decreases in
the ischemic core compared with the contralateral normal region in stroke patients (SMD = −0.33, 95% CI −0.50 to 0.16,
p = 0.09). Also, the results showed that the fD* parameter and ADC of the IVIM signicantly decrease in the ischemic
core compared with the contralateral normal region of stroke patients (SMD = −0.86, 95% CI −2.15 to 0.43, p < 0.01), and
(SMD = −2.04, 95% CI −3.76 to −0.31, p < 0.01), respectively.
Conclusion: Our ndings highlight the promising role of IVIM-DWI in offering quantitative insights into the
pathophysiological alterations associated with acute stroke. By revealing signicant reductions in diffusion parameters,
particularly in perfusion fraction (f) and diffusion coefcient (D) values within ischemic regions compared to healthy
tissue.

Background: With a high death rate, stroke is a very concerning condition. It continues to rank third in terms of both
death and disability combined and as the second most common cause of death. The annual number of new stroke cases
exceeds 12.2 million. RtPA is the only pharmaceutical agent that has been approved to treat stroke, which is unfortunate.
It is recommended that rtPA be given within 4-5 hours of an appropriate diagnosis of stroke onset. During a stroke, the
angiotensin II type 2 receptors (AT2R) serve to protect the brain. Compound 21 (C21), a selective non-peptide agonist of
the angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R), protects against impairments in neurological function and cerebral damage
brought on by ischemic stroke.
Materials and Methods: Twenty-eight-year-old adult Randomly selected Sprague-Dawley rats were split into four
equal groups. The sham group was anesthetized concurrently with the other groups. Control that had 30 minutes of
ischemia induction followed by 60 minutes of reperfusion. The vehicle group received the identical therapy as the
control group, but before 120 minutes of reperfusion, they received an intraperitoneal injection of the vehicle (1 milliliter
per kilogram of 10% DMSO). Treatment groups received the same care as the control group, but they are injected
intraperitoneal with Compound 21 (0.3 mg/kg) prior to 120 minutes.
Results: The induction of ischemia/reperfusion in rats (control group) signicantly (P≤.05) elevated the size of the
infarction area in the brain compared to the treatment and sham groups. This work investigated the neuroprotective
efcacy of C21 in the context of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Histological examination demonstrated considerable cerebral tissue damage in the ischemia/reperfusion gr. (p<.05), which was markedly diminished in the C21 group
(p<.05). PCR ndings indicated Rbfox3 expression was considerably decreased (p <.05) in the control gr. relative to
sham gr., whereas it was signicantly elevated in C21 gr. (p <.05). The results indicated C21 may alleviate cerebral
dysfunction caused by ischemia-reperfusion damage in male rats via modulating the Rbfox3 signaling pathway, leading
to a reduction in apoptotic events.
Conclusion: There was a decrease in the infarction and damage score in the group receiving C21 treatment, which is
thought to be neuroprotective against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in the male rat model. Additionally, a rise in fox3
gene expression all contributed to the antiapoptotic impact following ischemia-reperfusion damage.

Background: Measles considered a highly contagious and serious disease affecting mainly children in their early years,
with morbidity and mortality. The effective preventive measure against measles is vaccination.
Objective: To identify the epidemiological characteristics of patients with measles admitted to Maternity and Children’s Teaching Hospital in Babylon Governorate.
Materials and Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted using structured questionnaire on
convenient sample of children infected with the measles virus and hospitalized in Maternity and Children’s Teaching
Hospital, Babylon Governorate, Iraq. During three-monthperiod from the rst of January to 30th of March, 2024. A special
semi-structured validated and reliable questionnaire was used for interviewing. It consisted of two parts, the rst part
included demographic data related to age, sex, place of residence and the history of vaccination, receiving vitamin A, as
well as the number of deaths among all diagnosed patients.
Results: About 1,103 cases of children infected with the measles virus were reported in the main referral Maternity and
Children’s Teaching Hospital in Babylon Governorate. The total deaths due to measles were fteen patients, indicating
a case fatality rate (1.36%). A convenient sample of 204 admitted patients were studied through interviewing their
companions. The results revealed that males outnumbered females (58.8%). Most of the samples in this study were
infants, followed by children in the age group (1–3) years old. The nutritional status of more than half of the study
sample was poor, 106(52%). About one-third of patients had received the vaccine 77 (37.7%), while about two-thirdsof
them had not received the measles vaccine 127 (62.3%). While two-thirds (67%) did not receive vitamin A supplements.
Respiratory tract infection was the most common complication reported in 125 (61.3%), the case fatality rate was 1.36%.
Conclusion: Measles is an epidemic that forms a real public health problem. Males were highly affected, the majority
of cases were below one year of age, most of the affected children didn’t receive the measles vaccine, and the majority
were not receiving Vitamin A. Case fatality was relatively high.

Background: Combined hormonal pills that are used for contraception are widely used around the world as a straightforward, secure, and reversible approach to contraception. Over time, many side effects of these contraceptive pills have
been discovered, including prothrombotic effects, one of which is the effect on clotting factor VII.
Objectives: To evaluate the impact of combined hormonal contraceptives on FVII active state percentage and, consequently, the prothrombotic risk associated with these medications.
Materials and Methods: It is a case-control study involving 50 users of COC of different types and compared with other
50 non-user controls after obtaining their verbal consent. The study was conducted at Al-Zahraa Teaching Hospital in
Al-Najaf. The tests were conducted in the laboratories of Babylon Medical College using the FVII and performed by the
manual method.
Results: The study and control groups’ ages were in the range of (18-45) years. the second generation, which is a
combination of levonorgestrel/ethinyl estradiol, is the most commonly used type with 56% percent. The second one is
the third generation, which is a combination of gestodene/ethinyl estradiol with 32% and the third one is the fourth
generation, which is the combination of drospirenone/ethinyl estradiol with 12%.
Conclusion: Combined oral contraceptive pills increase FVII activity signicantly more than users, and this increment
was highest in third-generation contraceptives.

This review focuses on the problem of the headache occurrence in children after COVID. Studies indicated that
headaches and fatigue are common long-term symptoms in school-age children following COVID-19 infection. The
prevalence of persistent post-COVID headaches in children varies between 5% and 25.4%, often lasting for at least
3 months. Exploration of potential pathophysiological mechanisms of post-COVID headaches in children includes
the trigemino-vascular system, viral-induced in ammation, immune system dysregulation, and compromised cerebral
blood ow. Age-related immune responses and the expression of receptors like ACE2 may also play a role in pediatric
headache development. The features of post-COVID headaches in children encompass increased episode frequency,
heightened levels of anxiety and depression, and the use of preventive medications. Headaches are commonly associated
with additional symptoms such as fatigue, sleep disturbances, neurological issues, and concentration difculties. The
intensity and duration of these headaches can vary, with some children experiencing persistent symptoms for over
18 weeks. Comprehending the prevalence, duration, and underlying pathophysiology of post-COVID headaches in
children is essential for formulating effective management and treatment approaches to enhance the well-being of
this demographic. Possible causes of post-COVID headaches in children in relation to the trigemino-vascular system,
in ammation initiated by the virus, as well as immune dysfunction and poor blood circulation to the head are also
discussed. Age-related changes in immunity and the level of receptors, including ACE2, could also be the cause of
headaches in children with COVID-19. Given the information about the incidence, length, and etiology of post-COVID
headaches in children, the aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive overview of the persistent burden of
post-COVID headaches in children to create strategies and approaches for improving the quality of life of those affected