Al-Nahrain Journal of Science

5-Fluorouracil(5-FU)isusedwidelyasananticancerdrugtotreatsolidcancers,suchascolon,breast,rectal,andpancreaticcancers;althoughitsclinicalapplicationislimitedbecause5-FUhasgastrointestinalandhematologicaltoxicity.Anapproachtoimprovethecancercellselectivepropertiesof5-fluorouracilisthechemicaltransformationintoreversiblederivatives(prodrugs)whichareconvertedtotheparentdrugbyvirtueofenzymaticand/orchemicalhydrolysiswithinthecancertissue.Inthepresentstudy,threederivativesof5-fluorouracilhasbeendesignedtobesynthesizedas5-fluorouracilphosphoramidateprodrugs,compounds(I,IIandIII)toselectivelydeliverthe5-fluorouracilintothecancercells.ThegenerationofthetargetcompoundsI,IIandIIIwereaccomplishedfollowingone-potreactionprocedures.ThereactionandpurityoftheproductswerecheckedbyTLC,thestructureofthefinalcompoundswasconfirmedbytheirmeltingpoints,infraredspectroscopyandelementalmicroanalysis.ThehydrolysisofcompoundsI,IIandIIIinaqueousbuffersolutionofpH6,pH7.4andinserumwerestudied.CompoundsI,IIandIIIhadacceptablerateofhydrolysisatpH6(t=45.05min,t=41.22minand t=38.80minrespectively)andenoughstabilityatpH7.4(t=348.72min,t=395.31minand t=345.38minrespectively);andenoughstabilityatserum;thereforethesethreecompoundscanselectivelydeliver5-fluorouracilintothetumorcellswhichhavepHapproximateto(6).Accordingtotheresultsmentionedabove,compoundsI,IIandIIIcanbegoodcandidatesas5-fluorouracilprodrugsthatcanselectivelydelivertheparentdrugintothecancercellsbytheeffectofpHand/orenzyme

Asimple,rapidandsensitivebatchandflowinjectionspectrophotometricmethodshavebeendevelopedforthedeterminationofparacetamolinpureformandpharmaceuticalpreparations.Theproposedmethodsarebasedontheoxidativecouplingreactionofparacetamolwith4-aminoantipyrineinpresenceofammoniumpersulfateinalkalinemediumtoproduceanorange-reddishproductthathavingabsorptivitymaximumat461nm. Theoptimumreactionconditionsandotheranalyticalparametershavebeenevaluated.Linearitywasobservedfrom2-16and100-700gmL-1paracetamolbybatchandflowinjectionprocedures,respectively.StatisticalanalysisoftheresultsandcomparisonwithresultsbytheBritishPharmacopoeiamethodarealsoreported

TheaimofthisstudyistoevaluatethelevelsoftraceelementsMagnesium(Mg),Zinc(Zn),Copper(Cu),andSelenium(Se)inbloodseraofasthmaticpatientsbyAtomicAbsorptionSpectrophotometry(AAS).TheconcentrationsofMg,Cu,andZnhavebeendeterminedbyFlameAtomicAbsorptionspectrophotometry(FAAS),and SewithflamelessGraphiteFurnaceAtomicAbsorptionSpectrophotometry(GFAAS).Thestudyinvolves(55)asthmaticpatientsasstudygroupand(28)subjectsascontrolfrombothgenders.SerumlevelsofMg,Cu,andSeweresignificantlyhigher(p<0.001forall)inpatientswhencomparedwithhealthysubjects,whileZnlevelwasrelativelysignificant(p<0.05).Ourobservationsconfirmtheefficacyandapplicabilityof(AAS)indeterminationoftraceelementslevelsinbloodseraofasthmaticpatients andtheeffectoftheseelementsinpathogenesis andtreatmentofthedisease

Theaimofthisresearchsynthesiscompoundsdifferentheterocyclicnewrings,sulfurandnitrogencontaininginstructures,substituted-N-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazol)[THCz],throughthepreparedα-chloro-N-tetrahydocarbazolacetamide[2]whichwaspreparedtwoways.Thefirstmethodbycondensation[THCz]withchloroacetylchlorideinthepresenceoftriethylamineanddrybenzeneassolvent.Thesecondmethodtheprepared[THCz]2Hg[1],thencondensationwithchloroacetychlorideinDMSO.Whichwastreatedhydrazinehydratetogiveα-hydrazine-N-tetrahydrocabazolacetamide[3].Thehydrazinederivative[3]withfiveacidanhydrids[Maleic,Phthalic,Succinic,GlutaricandCitraconic]toproducenoveldiazinewhichcontaintheacidreferedaboveonsubstituted-N-tetrahydrocarbazolacetamide[4a-e]respectively.Thecompound[2]wastreatedwitheachofureaandthioureatogivecompounds[5,6]respectively.Followedthecyclizationofcompounds[5,6]byusedp-phenylphencylbromidegaveoxazol[7]andthiazol[8]onsubstituted-N-tetrahydrocarbazolacetamide,furthermore,newSchiffbase[9a-e]werepreparedthroughthereactionofthehydrazinederivative[3]witharomaticaldehydes.Thepreparedcompoundsidentifiedbyspectralmethods[UV,FTIR,H-NMR,13C-NMR]andmeasurementsomeofitsphysicalpropertiesandsomespecificreaction,furthermorewewerestudiedtheeffectsofthepreparingonsome strainsofbacteria.

Newmetalcomplexesoftheligand2-thioaceticacidbenzothiazolewiththemetalionsFe(III),Rh(III),Pd(II),Pt(IV)andAu(III)werepreparedinalcoholicmedium.ThepreparedcomplexeswerecharacterizedbyFTIRSpectroscopy,electronicspectroscopy,elementalanalysis,1HNMR,13CNMR,magneticsusceptibilityandconductivitymeasurements.Molarratioandcontinuousvariationstudiesinsolutiongavecomparableresultwiththoseobtainedfromsolidstatestudy.Fromthespectralmeasurements,monomerstructuresforthecomplexeswereproposed

Newmetalcomplexesoftheligand2-thioacetic-5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazolewiththemetalionsNi(II),Cu(II),Zn(II),Cd(II)andSn(II)werepreparedinalcoholicmedium.ThepreparedcomplexeswerecharacterizedbyFTIRSpectroscopy,electronicspectroscopy,massspectroscopy1HNMR,13CNMR,magneticsusceptibilityandconductivitymeasurements.Fromthespectralmeasurements,monomerstructuresforthecomplexeswereproposed.Squareplanargeometrywasproposedforthecoppercomplex.Theothercomplexeswereproposedtobetetrahedral.PreliminaryinvitrotestsforantimicrobialactivityshowthatallpreparedcompoundsdisplaygoodactivitytoStaphylococcusaureus, Escherishiacoli,PseudononasaeroginosaandCndidaalbicans

Baghdadcityhasexperiencedarapidurbanexpansionoverthelastdecadesduetoacceleratedeconomicgrowth.Thispaperreportsaninvestigationintotheapplicationoftheintegrationofremotesensingandgeographicinformationsystems(GIS)fordetectingurbanbuiltupgrowthfortheperiod1961-2002,andevaluateitsimpactonsurfacetemperatureinBaghdadcity.Thepurposeofthisstudyistoanalysisandverifiesthespatialdistributionpropertyofthesurfacetemperaturewithurbanspatialinformation,relatedwithlandcover/landuseandNDVIusingremotelysenseddataandGIS.Surfacetemperature,landcoverpatternandNDVIwereextractedfromLandsat7ETM+data.Thensurfacetemperatures,waslinkedtolandusedataofBaghdadregionforfurtherinvestigationsoftherelationshipbetweentemperaturebehaviorandurbanstructures.TheNormalizedDifferenceVegetationIndex(NDVI)wasusedtoexaminetherelationbetweenthermalbehaviorandvegetationcoveramount.Theresultsshowedthatthenegativeaveragecorrelationmorethan85%wasidentifiedbytheresultsfromthecorrelationandregressionanalysisoftheextractedsurfacetemperaturefromLandsatdataimagewithNDVI.Alsothisresearchverifiedthedistributionofurbansurfacetemperaturewasverydifferentdependsonvariouslandcovertypeofsurroundingareas.Waterandforestcovertypesshowlowdaytemperaturedifferencescomparedtoresidential,commercialcovertypes.TheintegrationofremotesensingandGISwasfoundtobeeffectiveinmonitoringandanalyzingurbangrowthpatternsandinevaluatingurbanizationimpactonsurfacetemperature

Acomputationalinvestigationhasbeencarriedoutinthefieldofnon-relativisticcharged-particleopticsusingthechargedensitymethodasaboundaryvalueproblemwiththeaidofapersonalcomputerundertheabsenceofspace-chargeeffects.Thisworkhasbeenconcentratedondesigningatwo-electrodeelectrostaticimmersionlenswhoseelectrodesarecylindricalinshapeseparatedbyanairgap.Thevariableparametersofthetwoelectrodesaretheappliedvoltageratioandtheradiiofthetwocylindricalelectrodes.Theaxialpotentialdistributionofanelectrostaticimmersionlenshasbeencomputedbytakingintoconsiderationthedistributionofthechargedensityduetothevoltagesappliedonthetwocylindricalelectrodes.PotentialshavebeendeterminedanywhereinspacebyusingCoulombslaw.Theopticalpropertiesoftheimmersionlenshavebeeninvestigatedunderfiniteandzeromagnificationconditions

Sb2S3thinfilmswereobtainedbyevaporatingthepowderofSb2S3compoundontoglasssubstratesmaintainedatroomtemperatureandatsubstratetemperature423Kundervacuumpressureof(210-5)torr.ThecompositionofSb2S3powderwasdeterminedbyatomicabsorptionspectroscopy.Thedepositedfilmsatroomtemperaturewereamorphousbutthedepositedfilmsat423Kwerepolycrystallinestructure.Opticalparameterslikeabsorptioncoefficient,energygap,andrefractiveindexweremeasuredbytheanalysisoftheexperimentaltransmissionspectrumoverthewavelengthrange(200-1100)nm

Frequencyandtemperaturedependenceofdielectricconstant ()anddielectricloss ()inpureepoxyresinandpolymercompositeswithglassfiberarestudiedinthefrequencyrange40Hz-110MHzandinthetemperaturerange(25-150)0C.Theexperimentalresultsshowthatandincreasedwiththeadditionofglassfiberinepoxyresin.Thevalueof ()decreasedwithincreasingfrequencywhichindicatesthatthemajorcontributiontothepolarizationcomesfromorientationpolarization.DielectriclosspeakswerealsoobservedinthecompositematerialsathightemperatureduetoTgofepoxy.Thevalueof ()increasedwithincreasingtemperature,andisduetogreaterfreedomofmovementofthedipolemolecularchainswithintheepoxyathightemperature

Thegammaraybuildupfactorforapointisotropicmonoenrgeticsource(0.1,1and10MeV)havebeenstudieduptoadepthof10meanfreepaths(mfp)forwater,iron,leadanduraniumdioxide(UO2).Alsotheexposurebuildupfactorforgammaradiationinheterogeneous(doublelayer)shieldingweredeterminedfordifferentorderoflayer(layerclosertothesourceconsistofeitheralowatomicnumbermaterialfollowedbyahighatomicnumbermaterialorahighatomicnumbermaterialfollowedbylowatomicnumbermaterial)

Thisresearchhasbeendonebyreinforcingthematrix(polyester)resinwithnaturalmaterial(frondpalm). Thefiberswereexposuretochemicaltreatmentbeforereinforcement.Differentvolumefractionswereused(0%,15%,20%).Afterpreparationofcompositematerialsomeofthephysicalpropertieshavebeenstudiedofsamplespreparation.TheywereTensilestrengthtest,Impacttest,and Thermalconductivity.Thethermalconductivitywasstudied,thevaluesofthermalconductivitywereincreasedwithincreasingofvolumefractionofallspecimensandalsothetensilestrengthandflexuralstrengthweredecreasedwithincreasingvolumefractionoffibers,whiletheimpactstrengthwasincreasedwithvolumefraction15%butwithcontinuouityofreinforcement,theimpactstrengthwasdecreased,andalsothechemicaltreatmentoffibersimprovedthemechanicalandthermalproperties

Theaimofthisprojectistomeasuretheuraniumconcentrationinteethmalesamplescollectedfromdifferentnationalities.TheuraniumconcentrationinteethsamplesweremeasuredbyusingCR-39trackdetector.Thenuclearreactionisusedasasourceofnuclearfissionfragmentsis(n,f)obtainedbythebombardmentofU-235withthermalneutronswithflux(5000ncm-2s-1)from(Am-Be)neutronsource.Theconcentrationvalueswerecalculatedbyacomparisonwithstandardsampleswhichprepared.Theobtainedresultsshowthattheconcentrationisrangingfrom(0.720.1ppm)inEgyptto(0.240.03ppm)inPilipinoformale,theuraniumconcentrationwasthehighestinEgyptformale

Afieldstudycarriedouttocalculatethedisplacementheight, Zd,androughnesslength, Z0,forBaghdadcityaccordingtoseveralcommonlystandardcriterions.Meteorologicalequipmentssuchasanemometer,windvaneandthermometerwereusedtoobservewindspeed,winddirectionandairtemperatureattwolevelsof15and20m.Theresultsshowthatlargevariationsin Zdand Z0dependstronglyonroughnesselementheight,winddirectionandthechangesintheupwindfetch.Also,Baghdadcityisclassifiedasmediumdensityandurbansurfaceaccordingtothevaluesofmeasured Zdand Z0

Background:AlthoughprevalenceofMRSAstrainsisreportedtobeincreasing,therearenostudiesoftheirprevalenceincommunity-acquiredprimarypyodermasinIraq.Aims:ThisstudyaimedatdeterminingtheprevalenceofMRSAinfectionincommunity-acquiredprimarypyodermas.Methods:prospectivesurveycarriedoutinDermatologyDepartmentofBaghdadTeachingHospitalinBaghdad.MaterialsandMethods:Eighty-sixpatientswithprimarypyoderma,visitingthedermatologyoutpatient,werestudiedclinicallyandmicrobiologically.Sensitivitytestingwasdoneforvancomycin,sisomycin,gentamicin,framycetin,erythromycin,methicillin,cefazolin,cefuroxime,penicillinGandciprofloxacin.Results:Theculturepositivityratewas83.7%.Staphylococcusaureuswasisolatedinallcasesexcepttwo.Barringone,allstrainsofStaphylococcusaureusweresensitivetomethicillin.Conclusions:Methicillinresistanceisuncommonincommunity-acquiredprimarypyodermasinBaghdad.TreatmentwithantibacterialactiveagainstMRSAisprobablyunwarrantedforcommunity-acquiredprimarypyodermas

InthisstudyweusetwotypesofmethodsfordetectingRotavirusin91stoolspecimensfromchildrenwithacutegastroenteritis.Theaimofthisstudytodeterminetheperformance(sensitivity&specificity)oflatexagglutination(LAT)andenzymelinkedimmunos-orbentassay(ELISA)forevaluationchildrenacutegastroenteritisbyRotavirus.Fecalsampleswerecollectedfromninetyonechildrensufferingfromacutegastroentritis.theiragerangedbetween(1132)months.Thehighestsensitivitywas(92.5%)obtainedwithLATfollowedbyELISA(84.09%).whilethehighestspecificitywas(93.6%)obtainedwithELISAfollowedbyLAT(86.3%).thehighestpredictivepositivityvaluewasobtainedwithELISA(92.5%)followedbyLAT(84.09%).LATiseasytoperformanceandgavehighsensitivitywithacceptedspecificitytherefore,couldbeappliedsuccessfullyforroutinediagnosisandEpidemiologicalstudy.ButELISAtechniquesallowquantitativeestimationofRotavirusantigens

ThecapabilityofaSerratiamarcescensisolatetobiosurfactantproductionfromspilledweathereddieseloilhasbeenstudiedinbatchculture.Severalculturalandenvironmentalconditionswereanalyzedtooptimizedconditionforgrowthandbiosurfactantproduction.Resultsshowedthattheoptimizedconditionswhichforgrowthwas,pH7,incubationperiodfor72h,supplementationoftheproductionmediumwith(NH4)2SO40.4%andweathereddieseloilinaconcentrationof5%whichyielded8.6g/lbiomass.Optimizedconditionforbiosurfactantproductionwas,pH8,incubationperiod96h,(NH4)2SO40.2%andweathereddieseloilinaconcentrationof6%whichyielded10.5g/lbiosurfactant.Temperature30Cwasoptimumforgrowthandbiosurfactantproduction.Surfaceactivepropertiesofisolatestudiedduringcultivationwithweathereddieseloilattheconcentration6%(w/v)atdifferentincubationperiod.TheisolatehassynthesizedextracellularcompoundswhichincreasetheE24%emulsionindexofculturemediumto58%andemulsificationactivityto0.9.Thepresenceofthesesubstances(crudeform)lowerthesurfacetensionofthecultureuntil43mN/m.Bacterialcellsurfacehydrophobicity(BAH)asmeasuredbyanalyzingcellaffinitytowardsaliphatic,aromaticandmixedhydrocarbonswasalsodetermined.Theisolatewasfoundtohaveasurfacehydrophobicity(Hydrocarbonaffinity)inthefollowingorder:aliphatic,mixedandmonoaromatichydrocarbons.Thepresentstudyconcludespossibilityofusingsurfaceactiveagents(Biosurfactant)producedbySerratiamarcescensmainlyin:petroleumindustryinenhancedoilrecoveryandinvarietyofbiotechnologicalapplications,includingbioremediationofhydrocarbonscontaminatedsites

Background:thalassemiaisoneofmostdangerousdisease;itisaninheritedimpairmentofhemoglobinproduction,inwhichthereispartialorcompletefailureofthesynthesisofglobinchain.Objective:theaimofthisstudyistodeterminetheprevalenceofHepatitisCVirus(HCV)infectionamongthalassemicpatientsinIbn-albaladyhospitalinBaghdad.Patientsandmethods:Thestudywascarriedouton111transfusiondependentbeta-thalassemia(74malesand37females)withameanage12.51yrsattendingtotheIbnAlbaladyHospital,inBaghdadduringtheperiodMarch2008toSeptember2008.Thecontrolgroupwasthirtyone(12malesand19females)withmeanageof11.5yrsandinvestigatedtoserveasacontrolgroup;theywererandomlyselectedfromcommunity.Bloodsamplewascollectedinmorningforbiochemicalassays(hepatitisCvirus(HCV),GlutamicOxaloacetic(GOT),GlutamicPyruvicTransaminase(GPT),Alkalinephosphates(ALP),Totalserumbilirubin(TSB),Directserumbilirubin(Dir.SB),Indirectserumbilirubin(Indir.SB).Results:Outof111thalassemicpatientstherewas51(46%)serawasconfirmedpositiveforanti-HCV-antibodies.Theremaining60(54%)wereseronegative,whileamong31healthycontrolsonlyone(3.22%)wasseropositivetheresultwasstatisticallyofahighsignificantdifference(P=0.0001).Outof51seropositive,13(72.3%)patientswerepositiveamongthoseabove20years,whileonlyone(16.7)waspositiveamongthosefrom(04)years.Itwasfoundnosignificantcorrelationin(sex,TSB,Indir.SB,ALP)betweenpatientswithHCV+vecomparedwithHCV−ve.Thecurrentstudydemonstratedthattherewasahighlysignificantdifferencein(GPT,GOT,andDir.SB)levelsbetweenpatientswithseropositiveHCVandpatientswithseropositiveHCV.Conclusions:ThemaincausesofliverinjuryinthalassemiaarehepatitisCvirusandthefindingsuggeststhatHCVisthemaincauseofabnormalliverfunctioninpatientswiththalassemia

WefoundtherelationshipsbetweenMarcinkiewicz-inequalitiesandlineartrigonometricoperatorsinthequasi-normedspaces Lp,μ,0