Maaen Journal for Medical Sciences

https://majms.alkafeel.edu.iq/journal/vol4/iss2/1/
Background: Repurposed medications were the only means of aiding in the prevention and initial treatment of COVID19 infections in the lack of effective treatment.
Objective: The goal of this study is to determine whether preventive measures affect the rate of COVID-19 infection in
the contact people and whether age, sex, and medication use correlate to prognosis.
Methods: The questionnaire responses were used as a source of data, and 829 patients have a full recovery. With the
exception of 114 volunteers who interacted with COVID-19 patients, the patients served as respondents; however, their
outcomes were negative.
Results: The use of computed tomography (CT), x-rays, clinical signs, and medical expertise is frequently far more
prevalent in males than in girls. Depending on the age difference, a CT scan was employed for diagnosis in younger age
groups. symptoms that were more prevalent in men and markedly different in women. More women experienced joint
pain, gastrointestinal distress, depression, and exhaustion. Before and throughout the infection, every patient in the age
groups that were evaluated took one or more preventive measures. Additionally, the fourth and fifth groups used
antiviral drugs significantly more than the other groups. Azithromycin, Remedisivir, anticoagulants, and corticosteroids


all promote healing and reduce mortality.
Conclusion: We concluded a great differences in the complaining between the two sexes, female had more fatigue,
depression, GI upset and joint pain. Drugs including azithromycin, Remdesivir, corticosteroids, and anticoagulants are
used by patients to treat their infections faster and reduce mortality.

https://majms.alkafeel.edu.iq/journal/vol4/iss2/2/
Renal ischemia reperfusion damage is a severe syndrome that can develop after kidney transplants, kidney-targeting
surgery, or other clinical situations that restrict blood flow to the kidneys. This study evaluated the effectiveness of the
JAK1 inhibitor upadacitinib in lowering RIRI in a rat model. The rats were stratified into 4 groups after a 1 week
acclimatization period. The study found that HMGBox and inflammatory substances like TNF-a and IL-6 impact RIRI.
Upadacitinib\'s inhibition of the JAK1/STAT3 pathway minimized RIRI by significantly lowering these molecules. It also
significantly reduced NF-kB activation, thereby reducing the inflammatory response and programmed cell death. The
drug\'s ability to decrease BCL2/BAX level showed a significant reduction in kidney damage and apoptosis compared to
the control group. The study concluded that upadacitinib may be able to prevent renal ischemia reperfusion and enhance
patient outcomes. Further research is needed to examine its medicinal applications and efficacy.

https://majms.alkafeel.edu.iq/journal/vol4/iss2/3/
The aim of the current study was to formulate and evaluate dompridone nanoparticles and loaded in oral fast dissolve
film, for enhance the solubility of poor water soluble dompridone by nanoparticles and fasten the action by prepared as
oral thin film and also to improve patient compliance. Domperidone is the recommended medication for nausea and
vomiting brought on by viral infections, chemotherapy, migraines, and food poisoning. Domperidone nanoparticles
were made using two type of polymers (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose HPMC-K15 and methylcellulose MC-A4C) in a
range of ratios (1:1, 1:2, and 1:3) drug:polymer ratio by solvent antisolvent technique. In nanoparticle formulation,
HPMC-K15 and MC-A4C were selected due to their advantageous characteristics: they are water-soluble, form robust
films, are biologically compatible, and have a proven history in pharmaceutical applications. The prepared formula
undergoes to characterization for particle size, PDI, FESEM and x-ray diffraction. The results obtain show all formulas
within nano size range and monodisperse. The X-ray powder diffraction examination showed that the dompridone had
changed from a crystalline to amorphous state. Following that, the optimum nanoparticles formula was used to prepare
the oral film using the technique of solvent casting with HPMC E15 acting as a film forming agent and glycerin as a
stabilizer. The prepared oral film, appear as a white, opaque, soft thin film with drug content 98.85 ± 1.13 %, and a good
folding endurance. Invitro release of drug show, the cumulative proportion of dopamine released from the film containing the nanoparticles was 43 %, while only 21 % for film consist of pure dompridone, at 2 min.

https://majms.alkafeel.edu.iq/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1074&context=journal
Abstract
Background: Sepsis is a major complication for seriously ill people with shock, major infections, serious burns, or
severe trauma. Inflammation imbalance is the primary underlying cause of sepsis progression and persists continuously
over the entire sepsis course. Empagliflozin is an orally administered medication for diabetes that selectively inhibits
sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 to improve kidney elimination of glucose. It has been discovered that sodium-glucose
cotransporter 2 exhibit anti inflammation and multiple effects, suggesting that they may be beneficial and prevent
infections.
Aim of study: This study was undertaken to assess Empagliflozin\'s cardioprotective efficacy in septic mice through
its potent anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects by decreasing the cardiac marker N-terminal proebrain natriuretic peptide, the pro-inflammatory markers Nuclear factor kappa B and interleukin-6, and the apoptotic marker caspase-3.
Methods: The study involved 35 male Swiss albino mice from Cancer Research Center in Iraq. They weighed 30e35 g
and were 8e12 weeks old, housed in an animal house at the University of Kufa. There were five groups of mice (n ¼ 7):
(control group)Mice was received their normal diets prior to sampling, (sham group)Mice was exposed to anesthesia and
laparotomies, (sepsis group)Mice was exposed to the cecal ligation and puncture technique,(vehicle group)Mice were
given the same quantity ofdimethyl sulfoxide once daily for three days prior to thececal ligation and puncture; the last
dose was given an hour before to thececal ligation and puncture, and (Empagliflozin-treated group)Mice was received
intraperitoneal injections of Empagliflozin at a daily dosage of 10/mg/kg for three days before to the cecal ligation and
puncture; the final dose was given an hour before to the cecal ligation and puncture. To determine the serum level of Nterminal proebrain natriuretic peptide, laparotomy was performed and blood was collected directly from the heart.
While tissue samples were collected from hearts to measure nuclear factor kappa B, interleukin-6, and caspase-3 levels
by using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay kits. Histological examinations were performed on the heart histological sections, assessing the degree of heart injury and scoring system parameters.
Results: Compared to the control and sham groups, the sepsis and vehicle groups had significantly increased mean
levels of N-Terminal ProeBrain Natriuretic Peptide, Nuclear factor kappa B, Interleukin-6, and Caspase-3. Compared to
the sepsis and vehicle groups, the Empagliflozin-treated group had significantly lowered mean level ofN-Terminal
ProeBrain NatriureticPeptide, Nuclear factor kappa B, Interleukin-6, and Caspase-3. The histopathological analysis of
the control and sham groups for heart tissue revealed normal morphology. Sepsis and vehicle groups for myocardium
exhibit significant cardiac tissue damage. Empagliflozin-treated group showed low myocardial damage.
Conclusion: The present study revealed that Empagliflozin cause significant improvement in heart function through
anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects via down regulation of the cardiac marker N-terminal proebrain natriuretic
peptide, the pro-inflammatory markers Nuclear factor kappa B and interleukin-6, and the apoptotic marker caspase-3.
Keywords: Empagliflozin, Sepsis, NT-proBNP, NF-kB, IL-6, Caspase-3

https://majms.alkafeel.edu.iq/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1075&context=journal
Abstract
Background: In 2017, scabies was officially classified as a neglected tropical illness by the World Health Organization
(WHO), in an attempt to raise awareness and support initiatives to eradicate it. Additionally, the WHO\'s strategy for
neglected tropical diseases 2021e2030 has recently included scabie, intended to prevent the Sustainable Development
Goals from being neglected, in recent years, scabies appears to have grown widespread in Iraq most likely as a result of
the country\'s densely populated areas and high levels of interpersonal interaction, this study fills crucial gaps and offers
nuanced insights into the prevalence of scabies in Basra prevalence, the cross-sectional study design naturally restricts
our capacity to assess risk.
Objective: Identify the frequency of scabies among patients attending Al-Faihaa Educational Hospital, clarify the
relation between scabies and patients\' age, gender and determine the seasonal variation for scabies occurrence.
Method: A cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted on scabies outbreak in Al-Faihaa Educational Hospital
which located at Basra in the South of Iraq during January and December 2023. Basic data obtained from infectious
disease registries. All registered cases during 2023 were incorporated into the study, after which the data was digitized
and examined using SPSS version 23 to create frequency tables for variables that were chosen for analysis. Data included
socio-demographic information (age, sex, and seasonal variation). Their usual history of itching that gets worse at night,
the location of lesions, and a history of interaction with other family members who have scabies were used to diagnose
them with the disease. Microscopic identification of the mites and eggs using 10 % potassium hydroxide is necessary for
a definitive diagnosis.
Results: Information collected from (9935) scabies patients. Imaging and statistical testing of the data were performed.
Research found that (5 %) of patients who frequent the dermatology department at Al-Faihaa Teaching Hospital suffer
from scabies, and scabies was more frequent among females (53 %) than males (47 %), and research revealed that scabies
was more frequent in the age group less than one year (8 %) the frequency of scabies was increased in January (11 %) and
February (9 %), (P ¼ 0.01, asymp.sig.0.098). The study found that scabies were highly frequent at age groups (less than 1
year) (8 %), while lower frequency was at age groups (11-20) years (1 %), (P ¼ 0.05, asymp.sig.0.537).
Conclusions: This study was the first to investigate the relationship between the occurrence of an infectious disease
such as scabies in citizen populations in Al-Faihaa Educational Hospital, the prevalence of scabies was (5 %).



According
to this study, scabies infestations were more common in infants and children than in adults, the frequency of scabies was
increased in January and February.

https://majms.alkafeel.edu.iq/journal/vol4/iss2/8/
Abstract
Indomethacin is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug useful to reduce pain, rheumatoid arthritis and fever. Indomethacin, a Class II drug characterized by high permeability and low solubility. The goal of study was to develop Indomethacin nanoparticles by nanoprecipitation method and subsequently investigate if this nanoparticle formulation leads to
enhanced solubility and a faster dissolution rate. Nine different formulas were prepared by using three different polymers
(HPMC E50, PVP- K30, and poloxamer ¡188) in three different drug: polymer ratio 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3. Different types and
concentrations of polymer used in this study, and the results reveal and found to have a significant (p ≤ 0.05) effect on
Indomethacin nanoparticle size. The selected formulation N2 contain PVP-K30 in drug: polymer ratio 1:1, has a smallest
particle size (94.3 nm) and largest surface area 23.6 m2
/g. This formula N2 was freeze dried and subjected for further
characterized surface morphology by SEM, and compatibility study by FTIR and DSC. The drug content of N2 formulation
contain (95.13 ± 0.5 %) of Indomethacin nanoparticles, and the dissolution study demonstrated that the optimized formulation N2 achieved 100 % dissolution within 50 min, compared to only 20 % for raw Indomethacin. In summary, Indomethacin nanoparticles formulation is a suitable method for improving the solubility and release profile of it.

https://majms.alkafeel.edu.iq/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1076&context=journal
Abstract
Periodontitis has been shown to be a risk factor for systemic diseases, particularly diabetes mellites, and cardiovascular diseases. Hence, the medical practitioners should have sufficient knowledge regarding the link between periodontal disease and different systemic diseases and the adverse effect of periodontal diseases on the outcomes and
prognosis of systemic diseases. The aim was to determine the extent of awareness of internal medicine specialists and
general medical practitioners regarding the association between periodontal diseases and systemic diseases. Electronic
questionnaire were disseminated among Iraqi medical doctors. These questionnaires were composed of general questions about the doctors, awareness of periodontal diseases. And awareness of the link between periodontitis and other
systemic diseases. Descriptive statistics and chi-squared test were used to analyze the collected data.
Eighty-six medical doctors participated in this survey from various hospitals across Iraq. 84.8 % of the participants
were aware of the existed relationship between oral health and general health. Most of the participants from physicians
referred their patients for dental checkup as part of their management plan of the diseases the patients have. However,
around 39 % of the specialized medical doctors were not aware of the positive impact of treating periodontitis on
glycemic control. In addition, there is a little awareness regarding the spread of pathogenic bacteria to other parts of the
body. As a conclusion, most of the participants in our study had a considerable amount of knowledge about periodontal
diseases. However, it is important to stress the value of taking a detailed periodontal history and screening patients for
periodontal problems. Moreover, it is recommended to increase medical doctors’ awareness regarding the oral bacterial
dissemination and the positive impact of periodontal treatment on systemic diseases.

https://majms.alkafeel.edu.iq/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1073&context=journal
Abstract
Numerous investigations carried out in impacted countries have enhanced our knowledge of the leptospirosis
epidemiology, a serious zoonotic illness that has spread throughout the world. Reliable global incidence numbers are
unavailable, and the infection is underreported. According to a thorough analysis and modelling exercise, there are over
a million human cases and about 60,000 fatalities worldwide each year. Although temperate countries can also experience it, tropical locations are where it is most common. Sub-Saharan Africa, the Caribbean, Oceania, South and
Southeast Asia, and sections of Latin America have the highest infection rates. Even though leptospirosis is a tropical
zoonotic disease that is often overlooked, it is rapidly becoming a significant global concern. It appears to co-infect with
unrelated diseases, such as malaria and dengue. Every year, the incidence of leptospirosis rises. Consequently, immunization and increasing public awareness particularly among high-risk groups are essential for diagnosing, managing,
and preventing this illness. Currently, leptospirosis is diagnosed using diagnostic techniques such as the enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay, polymerase chain reaction, epifluorescence assay, and microscopic agglutination test. The most
extensively used gold standard test for leptospirosis diagnosis is MAT. Given the significance of this illness and its
recent high incidence, the current study sought to learn more about leptospirosis’ epidemiology and diagnostics.

https://majms.alkafeel.edu.iq/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1077&context=journal
Abstract
Acromegaly is a rare endocrine clinical syndrome characterized by long-term elevated production of growth hormone
(GH) due to a pituitary adenoma tumor. The main problem of acromegaly patients (AC-PTs) is prolonged elevated GH
concentration, which leads to increased insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) production, causing the characteristic tissue
and bone overgrowth. The appearance of diabetes in AC-PTs was linked with the high risks of cardiovascular morbidity,
indicating that individuals with both conditions face heightened health challenges. Acromegaly typically has a higher
cancer incidence rather than the general population. Without early diagnosis and effective treatment, excess GH can have
widespread systemic effects, often leading to significant morbidity and mortality due to its multi-systemic effects.
Specifically, our study is based on 33 comprehensive analyses of various articles, as evidenced by the references
contributing to understanding the association between acromegaly and mortality risks. Multiple factors in acromegaly
may decrease the mortality risks, such as the lifelong observation of IGF-1 and GH levels; in contrast, regular screenings
for associated conditions like cancer are essential for optimizing patient outcomes. Regular follow-up to evaluate
treatment efficacy and manage complications is important for maintaining health and reducing risks linked with
acromegaly. This systematic review aims to investigate the factors contributing to increased mortality in AC-PT, with a
focus on cardiovascular complications, metabolic disturbances, malignancies, and the impact of delayed diagnosis. The
best clinical approach to care for acromegaly should include various specialists in endocrinology, pulmonology,
neurology, cardiology, and psychiatry to provide the best management of acromegaly due to the vast range of complications. Early diagnosis, controlling hormonal changes, and treatment of Acromegaly may improve life expectancy in
these patients and help reduce mortality rates