Ibn Al-Haitham Journal For Pure and Applied Sciences

In response to the water crisis, further research is necessary to comprehend the impact of
human activities on nutrient concentrations in aquatic ecosystems, building on the extensive
studies already conducted to understand these impacts on the water quality of various aquatic
ecosystems. We hypothesized that human activities in the Tigris River's catchments could alter
the nutrient concentrations in the water along the river. The results showed that phosphate
concentration differed significantly among the studied sites due to distributed human activities,
while nitrate concentration did not. Water temperature did not affect phosphate and nitrate
concentrations. We concluded that human activities on the surrounding landscapes could be
more essential sources for nutrients in aquatic ecosystems than the role of ongoing climate
warming. Despite the role of warming in driving nutrient availability in aquatic ecosystems, our
findings suggest that studies focusing on the trophic status classification of aquatic ecosystems
should take into account the various activities in the surrounding catchments.

Crude oil is known globally as one of the major causes of environmental pollution. This
chemical compound exerts exhausting impacts on cultivable lands and water surfaces, leading to
profound damage to agriculture and aquatic life. Over the years, several bioremediation
approaches have evolved to manage this pollution problem properly. A phylum of
microorganisms known as cyanobacteria offers an efficient alternative to established
bioremediation methods. We conducted the present study to investigate the effectiveness of
cyanobacteria in eliminating residual total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH). Synechococcus algae
treated three concentrations of crude oil (0.6, 1.8, and 3 ppm) over four time periods (on days 3,
6, 9, and 12). The gas chromatography test showed that on days 3, 6, 9, and 12 of treatment, the
percentages of petroleum hydrocarbon removal were 34.66, 65.47, 83.98, and 93.12%,
respectively, at a concentration of 0.6 ppm of crude oil. We recorded removal rates of 29.44,
57.42, 80.60, and 90.41% for 1.8 ppm of crude oil, and 30.67, 51.52, 76.38, and 90.74% for 3
ppm on days 3, 6, 9, and 12, respectively. Ultimately, we discovered that cyanobacteria
(Synechococcus sp.) are effective biological pollutant removers, effectively eliminating
hydrocarbon compounds from the water

Although considered a good alternative to organophosphate pesticides, there are reports
indicating adverse effects of neonicotinoid insecticides on reproduction. The present work was
designed to determine the chronic effects of orally administered for treated with 20 mg/kg/b.w.
of imidacloprid pesticides and treated with 20 mg/kg/b.w. of nano-imidacloprid on biochemical
blood profile in male rats for a duration of 60 d. Result: the exposure caused a significant decline
in red blood cells (RBCs) and hemoglobin (H.b.) in all treated groups compared with the control,
while causing an increase in blood platelets (PLT) and white blood cells (WBCs) in all rats
treated as compared with the control rats. Furthermore, oxidative stress parameters showed a
highly significant (P≤0.05) increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) after 60 d of exposure and a
decline in reduced glutathione (GSH) and catalase activity (CAT). The imidacloprid pesticides
and nano-imidacloprid lead to an increase the amount of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides
(TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) in treated
groups, while the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level is reduced in treated groups as compared
with the control group.

Melatonin (Mel) is a conserved chemical that has been found in far-removed evolutionary
organisms. Additionally, it has been proposed that Mel is a stand-alone plant growth regulator
whose action is presumably similar to that of IAA and may moderate the effects of other plant
growth regulators. Twelve medicinal herbs were divided into parts, and their melatonin
concentrations were measured. These plants Ziziphus spina-christi, , Eucalyptus comaldulensis,
Melissa officinalis, Alhagi maurorum, Lavandula angustifolia, Vitex agnus-sactus, Piper
nigrum, Hordeum vulgare, Matricaria chamomilla, Borago officinalis, Solanum lycopersicum
and Citrus aurantium . Methanol was used to extract melatonin from dried plant parts at room
temperature for 6 hours. Then, cyclo (18) carbon was used to refine melatonin. Then, melatonin
was analyzed with an reversed-phase chromatography )RP-C18(-approved high-performance
liquid chromatography system "HPLC" technique with fluorescence detection and Thin layer
chromatography "TLC". Melatonin contents in extracts of Z.spina-christi, E. comaldulensis, M.
officinalis, A. maurorum, L. angustifolia,V. agnus-sactus, P. nigrum, H. vulgare, M. chamomilla,
B. officinalis, S. lycopersicum and C. aurantium were 420.494, 418.831, 409.750, 408.248,
385.145,239.967, 232.299, 220.569,215.804, 201.862, 108.517 and 106.744 ng/g of plant dry
weight, respectively. The extract of Z. spina-christi contained the most melatonin (420.494 ng/g
of plant dry weight). Not only do Mel concentrations vary between species, but also within
variants of the same species. Different environmental influences on plant growth and
development during successive stages of seed morphological and physiological development
may cause variations in MEL contents

We conducted a study on the quality of non-diatom planktonic algae in the Tigris River
during the autumn 2022 and winter 2023 seasons. The study focused on the impact of the
medical city waste discharge to the Tigris River at three sites: Al-Sarafiya Bridge in the north,
Medical City, and the Bab Al-Mu'adam Bridge in the south of Khader Elias. The study also
examined some physical and chemical variables of the river water. Findings showed that there
are 74 species (38 genera) of non-diatom algae in four orders. The blue-green algae
Cyanophyceae and Chlorophyceae had the most species, with 35 species belonging to 19 genera
and 16 genera per division, or 47% of all algae. Euglenophyceae had 5%, with 3 species and 2
genera, and Chrysophyceae had only one species and a genus, making up 2% of all algae species.
The study demonstrated that liquid waste had an impact on river water, leading to a rise in
nutrient concentration, the emergence of new pollution-tolerant planktonic algae species, and an
increase in diversity within the Medical City site, with the effect extending beyond its
boundaries.

Antibiotic resistance has dramatically increased among UTI patients with UPEC infections.
They are crucial to the pathophysiology of UTIs because UPEC invades the bladder through a
variety of virulence factors. Afa adhesins are produced by human-derived Echerichia coli and
have been shown to bind to the (DAF, CD55) as a receptor, while Yqi adhesin recreates a
denotative role in colonization, the initial stage of pathogenesis, during infection with E.coli .
E.coli isolates from 200 urine samples of credible UTI patients were detected. By employing
different media, VITEK, and the biochemical identification. Susceptibility to the Ciprofloxacin
antibiotic was established by using the disc diffusion approach, while the susceptibility to
Ciprofloxacin and other 15 antibiotics was achieved by the VITEK 2 compact system. A tissue
culture plate was used in order to analyze the adherence ability of bacteria. Genomic DNA was
pulled from cells according to the protocol of ABIO pure extraction. (Quantus Fluorometer) was
used to get the concentration of DNA. afa and yqi genes were detected in 22 E.coli isolates
amplified by PCR using certain primers. To ascertain whether the evaluated genes were present
in the bacterial isolates, PCR products were checked on a gel. Twenty-one bacterial isolates from
40,52.5% were resistant to ciprofloxacin. The highest resistance of UPEC isolates was to
ampicillin (34/40, 85%) and cefazolin (33/40, 82.5%), while the lowest resistance was to
amikacin and tagicycline (0/40, 0%). The results appeared to indicate that (11/25,44%) of tested
UPEC were strong biofilm-forming, while the rest of the isolates (14/25,56%) were moderate
biofilm-forming. The analysis of PCR products on an agarose gel revealed that out of 22 UPEC
isolates, 17/22,77.27%) had the afa gene and 7/22,31.81%) had the yqi gene. The aim of this
research was screening of afa and yqi genes in UPEC isolated from different UTI patients.

It was collected 145 samples from a variety of clinical sources, including urinary tract
infections, wounds, blood, respiratory tract infections, stool, sputum, and high vaginal swabs,
from various hospitals in Baghdad. Following the collection, we conducted microscopic
examinations, biochemical examinations, and diagnosis. The Vitek-2 Compact System
conducted the final analysis. It was gotten 50 isolates of Escherichia coli, and 34% of those were
from urinary tract infections, wounds, respiratory system infections, sputum, and vaginal swabs.
72% of the isolates were from urinary tract infections, 14% were from wounds, and 2% were
from respiratory system infections. Next, we conducted genotyping and tested for beta-lactamase
resistance. It was genotyped bacterial isolates using the ERICPCR technique to understand their
genetic relationships. The results showed three different patterns. We obtained (E19, E42, E50,
E75) from each type, which consists of a group of isolates genetically related to each other on
the genetic tree. We found genetic relatedness in isolates (E13, E140, E54, E30, E120, E60) that
showed no genetic relatedness (E36, E38). Phenotypical detection revealed the presence of
Extended-Spectrum B-Lactamase (ESBLS) beta-lactamase. The Double Disk Synergy Test
(DDST) results revealed that E36, E13, E38, E120, and E60, with a percentage of 41.7%,
possessed the ability to produce beta-lactamase, while E42, E50, E19, E30, E75, E140, and E54,
with a percentage of 58.3%, lacked this ability.

Periodontitis is a common disorder caused by imbalanced plaque biofilms and associated with
gradual deterioration of the teeth supporting apparatus. Obesity is documented as a significant
health concern and considered a primary risk factor for the progression of many diseases, such as
hypertension, diabetes, malignancies, and periodontitis. Proinflammatory cytokines released in
response to these health conditions are of great importance and establish the link between
diagnosis and treatment. The present study was conducted to assess levels of chemerin and
visfatin in saliva and to evaluate the impact of obesity on periodontitis. Ninety participants were
included in the study and dived into three groups: (Group I: obese and periodontitis patients, n =
30), (Group II: periodontitis patients, n = 30) and (Group III: healthy controls, n = 30). We
selected all participants based on their BMI measurement and examination of periodontal
parameters. Unstimulated saliva was the obtained sample for evaluation of chemerin and visfatin
using the ELISA technique. The study results found that chemerin and visfatin levels were
different among study groups, but group I members have the highest levels, followed by group II
and group III. In conclusion, obesity has a high impact on periodontitis through the expression of
proinflammatory biomarkers in saliva like adipokines (cytokines produced by adipose tissue).

This study shows that a clinical isolate of Pseudomonas spp. from different sources, like burn
patients, wound infections, and UTI patients, can make melanin pigment when 2% L-tyrosine is
present in both liquid and solid states. Morphological, biochemical, and VITEK-2 compact system
analysis led to the identification of these bacteria as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The higher melanin
producer isolates Ps81, which produces melanin at a rate of 3.018933 µg/ml, has been chosen for
further investigation steps. We extracted the pigment using several steps, including alkali
dissolving, acid precipitation, and washing with organic solvents. The pigment particles were
tested chemically and found to be acid-resistant, alkaline-soluble, and not soluble in water. They
were, however, soluble in methanol 100%, ethanol 70%, and DMSO, but not in ethyl acetate or
chloroform. The alkali melanin solution had a strong UV absorbance at 273.5 nm, which decreased
as the wavelength got longer toward visible light and infrared. The pigment's UV-visible spectrum
went from 200 to 800 nm. We further characterized the melanin pigment using FT-IR
spectroscopy. The infrared spectrum of pure melanin taken from Ps 81 showed a broad absorption
band around 3280.82 cm−1
. This means that -OH groups and N-H groups were present.

Sodium thiosulfate (STS) is a possible therapeutic candidate molecule in a range of diseases
and drug-induced toxicities due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic
capabilities. The current study aimed to find the effective dose of STS in adult male rats given
nicotine by evaluating serum MDA and blood partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) levels. Thirty-six
adult male Wistar rats, Rattus norvegicus (weighing 190–220 g) with an age of 3–3.5 months,
were chosen randomly and separated into six equal groups, administered for 28 days. Animals in
the control group were administered an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of normal saline, while
those in groups 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 received repeated doses of an i.p. nicotine injection of 1.5 mg/kg
b.wt. One hour later, they were I.P. injected with 150, 250, 350, 450, and 550 mg/kg b.wt. of
STS, respectively. Both medications continued to be given for 28 days. At the end of the
experiment, serum malondialdehyde (MDA) and PO2 were measured. Results showed a negative
relationship between blood PO2 concentration and five successive doses of sodium thiosulfate,
but a positive linear relationship among successive doses of sodium thiosulfate on serum MDA
concentration was observed. The estimated amount of sodium thiosulfate that caused a
considerable decrease in serum MDA levels and a rise in blood PO2 was found to be 450 mg/kg
bw.t. The current study\'s findings show that different doses of sodium thiosulfate can
significantly reduce the harmful effects of nicotine exposure by reducing the formation of
oxidative stress and the detrimental effects on respiratory function, which are characterized by an
increase in blood PO2 levels

The efficiency of solar systems was developed through the design of a torus waveguide, which provides high flexibility in the design of the solar system. The design was simulated using the optical design program (ANSYS Zemax Optic Studio 2022). The circular cross-section torus waveguide was shaped like the letters (U, S) to transmit solar radiation through total internal reflection inside the waveguide to the receiver (solar cell or thermal reservoir). To improve the solar system's efficiency, a group of optical parameters related to the waveguide's shape were changed to demonstrate the effect of changing them on the system's performance. These parameters include the radius of curvature of the waveguide, the width of the entry apertures, and the angle of rotation. The results showed that the designed waveguide shapes offer high flexibility in size and shape without significantly affecting the system's efficiency. This flexibility allows for greater diversity in the design of solar systems, depending on their intended purpose.

This research presents a synthesis approach for BSCCO superconductor with barium (Ba) substitution, involving a minor substitution at a fixed ratio of lead (Pb) and europium (Eu) through the chemical sol-gel method. The systematic exploration involves incorporating 0.1 of Eu instead of Bi into the BSCCO matrix to comprehend its impact on superconducting properties and the feasibility of producing superconducting material using the sol-gel route. Superconductor samples denoted as Bi1.6Pb0.3Eu0.1Sr2-yBayCa2Cu3O10+δ, where y varies from 0.0 to 0.3, were prepared. The investigation focused on understanding the effect of partially substituting Ba for Sr on superconducting properties. Transmitted electron microscopy (TEM) results revealed the creation of nanoparticles with an average diameter of 104.7 nm using the sol-gel technique. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis exhibited mainly the high-Tc phase (2223) compared to the low phase (2212) and a higher a/c ratio was observed at y=0.1. Electrical resistivity measurements demonstrated an improvement in critical temperature (Tc), reaching 113 K, and an increase in oxygen content at the same ratio. This comprehensive investigation explores the influence of Ba substitution on the structural and superconducting properties of the BSCCO system prepared by the sol-gel technique for further exploration and optimization of these HTS for specific applications.

The free electron laser (FEL) represents a significant advance over conventional laser systems by allowing a wide range of operating wavelengths without changing the active laser medium or undergoing extensive redesign. Central to this ability is the Wiggler component, which influences many of the properties of the emitting laser through its wavelength (????????) This study investigates the influence of (????????) on the FEL's performance metrics, including magnetic field strength, photon wavelength, and laser power, by utilizing MATLAB R2023a for simulation. The study employs a set of equations to explore how variations in (????????) affect these parameters. The undulator's role, a critical component of the FEL, is analyzed for its ability to convert high-speed electron kinetic energy into coherent light by manipulating electron trajectories through Lorentz force interactions. Results indicate a direct proportionality between (????????) and both the generated magnetic field and output photon wavelengths, suggesting that (????????) is a pivotal factor in optimizing FEL performance. The findings highlight potential enhancements in laser power and stability that could benefit a range of applications, from medical to military. This paper not only reaffirms the critical role of (????????) in the operational efficiency of FEL systems but also guides future design strategies for advanced laser technologies.

This research has been conducted to determine the level of radioactive contamination
from uranium and some heavy elements (Pb, Cd, Ni & Cu) in 60 blood samples taken from
individuals living in four areas (Ishtar, Jeser Diyala, AL-Wardiya, and Tameem) near the
Iraqi Atomic Energy Organization, south of Baghdad, bordered by the Tigris River to the
west and the Diyala River to the north. This organization was established in 1967 and was
used for legitimate nuclear operations. It was targeted during the Gulf Wars in 1991 and
2003, leading to leaks of containers containing uranium oxides and radioactive sources from
the organization to surrounding areas. Living near a nuclear testing site exposes residents to
internal and external radiation. The nuclear track detector for solid-state (CR-39) and
inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) were used to
determine the concentrations of uranium and heavy metals. The uranium concentration rates
in Ishtar, Jeser Diyala, AL-Wardiya, and Tameem were 0.583±0.02μg/L, 0.546±0.04μg
/L,0.439±0.05μg/L and 0.390±0.04μg/L, respectively. Based on the results obtained, it is
noticed that the concentrations of uranium in the villages of Ishtar and Jeser Diyala are
higher than in the rest of the areas, exceeding the acceptable limit set by the World Health
Organization (WHO). The highest concentrations of Pb (0.084 ±0.007) ppm and Cd (0.026
±0.006) ppm were found in Tameem, the highest concentration of Ni (0.038 ±0.008) ppm
in Ishtar, and the highest concentration of Cu (0.168 ±0.033) ppm in Jeser Diyala.

The configurations of the nuclear shell model were employed to study and inspect the form factor of a scattering electron in the 58Ni nucleus. The wave function of the model space was obtained through the (fp-orbits) and (fpd6) effective interactions within the model space by utilizing the Harmonic Oscillator wave functions as a single particle's wave function. In the (fp-LS) shell, the correction for the main calculations of model space was performed by the 1st-order perturbation theory to estimate the effects of core polarization with the (2ℏω) energy of excitation that has been carried out. Core polarization combined the model space with the discarded space (higher configuration core). Via model space, the interaction of effective (M3Y-P2) for linking the active particles of a model space with the particle-hole pair. The interaction of two bodies of Michigan 3-range Yukawa (M3Y) was used as a residual interaction for calculating the matrix elements of core polarization. Eventually, form factor theoretical results and the available experimental results were compared.

This research dealt with the preparation and study of the properties of (In2O3) as a film. Indium films were used by the vacuum thermal evaporation technique on a glass base, and then these films were thermally treated at a temperature of 300 in the presence of oxygen for some time (30, 60, 90, 120) minutes to obtain films. Through X-ray diffraction examinations, atomic force microscopy, and ultraviolet radiation, the thin, transparent indium films revealed that the prepared films are cubic crystalline semiconducting materials. The dominant orientation of this crystal is 222, and the energy gap ranges between 2.1 and 2.7 eV. It can be prepared in the form of a film and varies with the oxidation times and depends on the surface roughness and the root mean square of the roughness. The grain size depends on the oxidation period with constant temperature and oxygen pumping rate, as is clear from the atomic force microscope images attached to the research.

Nuclear fusion technology for power production is considered a renewable and clean energy
source, and it is used in many applications such as scientific research, systems for electrical energy
production, and fast charge particles such as protons, alpha particles, electrons, beta particles,
positrons, etc. In addition, there exists another application such as materials irradiation and
artificial elements production. There exist more than 51 fusion reactions in nature. The most
important thermonuclear fusion reactions are those used in one of the common hydrogen isotopes
such as deuterium, the D-D and D-3He reactions. A laboratory fusion cross-section data fitting
equations are calculated theoretically by using the least square fitting technique. Calculations
include results for average cross-sections <σ> and the related fusion reaction reactivaties <σv> for
the above two reactions. Both reactions D-D and D-3He occur in the energy and or temperature
range in between energetic ions coming from the measured Maxwellian distribution and atoms at
rest.

Artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms depend on different algorithms to track moving
objects. The surrounding environment, like lightness, affects detection accuracy. A new
algorithm is designed to detect moving objects in real time automatically and calculate the
speed of tested objects based on the deep learning algorithm RCNN using MATLAB software.
The suggested system consists of a phone camera, four balls in different colors (red, green,
blue, and black), and various environmental lights consisting of eight lights. Two luxmeters
were used to check the light intensity around the ball and the camera phone. Detecting moving
objects has gained a lot of desirability because of its applications like video surveillance, person
movement tracking, traffic investigation, and security systems like security systems or
surveillance. are four parameters used to evaluate the performance of the algorithms and the
system setup: accuracy, average time, detection percentage, and speed. Results show that the
quality of detecting and tracking the ball is almost 100%.

Thin films (CuxZn1-xS) with x = 0.75 nano crystallized were deposited from the alloy on glass substrates in a vacuum ~ 2 × 10− 5 mbar by thermal evaporation technique with 450±20 nm thickness. The effects of annealed temperature (deposits, 423, 523, and 623) K for one hour on the structure, morphology, and optical properties of Copper Zinc Sulfide (CZS) films were investigated. The structural properties of Cu0.75Zn0.25S films were examined using the X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique as a function of annealed temperatures. XRD presented the Cu0.75Zn0.25S films as polycrystalline in the environment by a mixed hexagonal structure of CuS-ZnS, preferred orientation along the (201) plane, and crystallite size varying from 8.41-23.28 nm with annealing temperature. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis was used to investigate the morphological properties of Cu0.75Zn0.25S films; the grain size of these films varies with annealing temperature in the range of (58.39 to 139.42) nm with uniform distribution. The influences of annealing temperature on the optical characterization of Cu0.75Zn0.25S thin film were examined using UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. Direct band gap values of Cu0.75Zn0.25S films are gained from optical absorption measurements with a range (2.3-1.8) eV as a function of annealing temperature. From the results obtained above, it appears to us that the temperature is the most suitable for practical applications, which directed that Cu0.75Zn0.25S thin film is suitable for solar cell applications.

Heterocyclic compounds are employed in many applications, and numerous researchers
have created liquid crystals by adding heterocyclic to the structures of these molecules. This
work includes the synthesis and characterization of new compounds that contain 5H-thiazolo
[4,3-b][1,3,4] thiadiazol united in multiple steps, starting with the synthesis of the aldehyde
compound [I] by reaction chloro ethyl acetate with 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde in the presence of
ethanol and potassium carbonate, followed by reactions with thiosemicarbazide, mercapto
acetic acid in sulphuric acid to produce compound [II] then reflux compound [II] with
hydrazine hydrate to product compound [III], after that reaction the later compound with nalkoxybenzaldehyde
[IV]n and a few drops of piperidine in THF as a solvent to produce new
Schiff᾽s-bases compounds contain 5H-thiazolo [4,3-b] [1,3,4] thiadiazol unite [V]n, FTIR and
1HNMR spectroscopy were used to analyze the compounds, a polarized optical microscope
(POM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to examine the characteristics of
the liquid crystals. In the Smectic A (SmA) and nematic phases, liquid crystal characteristics
are present in all compounds [V]n. In addition to the nematic phase, all compounds [V]n
showed enantiotropic dimorphism in the SmA phase. It was revealed that compounds [V]n with
5H- thiazole [4,3-b] [1,3,4]thiadiazol unit, the rigid-rod core of Schiff bases, and the formation
of a supramolecular hydrogen bond between the derivatives [V]n had liquid crystallinity,
depending on the chain length of the alkoxy group as a terminal substituent.

Antibacterial substances belong to a group of compounds that attack dangerous
microorganisms. Therefore, killing bacteria or reducing their metabolic activity will lessen their
adverse effects on a biological system. They originated from either synthetic materials,
microbes, or mold. Many of these medications treat the gram-negative bacteria from the critical
precedence group, such as pseudomonas, carbapenem-resistant acinetobacter, and
enterobacterales. This study aims to investigate the simultaneous analysis of specific
antibacterial spectrophotometrically. The WHO maintains this list of priority infections with
antibiotic resistance. Drug combinations in single dosage forms are becoming increasingly
popular in the pharmaceutical industry. This has created a significant issue for pharmaceutical
administrators, particularly in combating fake medications and pharmaceutical analysts and
developing reliable and accurate methodologies with minimal overlapping effects on
quantification. The basics of several spectrophotometric methods utilized to conduct multicomponent
analysis are collected in the current work, and the validation criteria that are an
essential component of the approaches are also described. Numerous analytical techniques,
including high-performance liquid chromatography, electrochemical methods, flow injection
techniques, gas chromatography, spectrofluorometric techniques, capillary electrophoresis, and
spectrophotometric techniques, have been reported to determine antibacterials. This study
conducts a concise narrative evaluation of the many spectrophotometric methods that have
been published for the simultaneous investigation of Levofloxacin, Sulfamethoxazole,
Metronidazole, and Rifampicin in their pure forms, pharmaceutical dosage forms, and
biological samples due to their sensitivity, simplicity, and cost-effectiveness.

An inherited tendency is necessary for the manifestation of celiac disease (CD), an
autoimmune, gluten-sensitive, inflammatory disorder of the small intestine. Gluten, a storage
protein in cereals, causes CD. An increase in oxidant compound generation, surpassing the
capacity of the endogenous antioxidant system, causes oxidative stress (OS). This study aims to
evaluate some oxidants and antioxidants factors in Iraqi females with CD. This hospital-based
cross-sectional study at Baghdad Educational Hospital in Baghdad, Iraq, involved 100 female
participants of reproductive age. Tests have been measured, such as total oxidants (TOS), total
antioxidants (TAS), malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), nitric oxide (NO), total protein
(TP), and Hb. The results of the present study showed that 72 of the female patients had Hb
less than 12, whereas 28 had Hb equal to or greater than 12. The anemic patient group had
elevated OS indices and a low TAS. Because of the damaged small intestine, CD patients
experienced an imbalance between oxidant and antioxidant parameters, which was increased
with anemia.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent
hyperglycemia. It may be due to impaired insulin secretion, resistance to insulin's peripheral
actions, or both. The aim of this study was to estimate the percentage impact of obesity on the
incidence of DM, as well as compare the levels of Apelin-36, glutathione-S-transferase, and
insulin resistance (IR) in subjects with and without DM for both sexes. This study included 120
subjects, divided into 60 as a control group and 60 as a patient group of both sexes; all were
adults between the ages of 30 and 65. The participants with fasting blood sugar, lipid profile,
glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), apelin-36, body mass index, insulin hormone, and IR were
tested. The results showed a significant difference in the males' age and body mass index but a
non-significant difference for females. Fasting blood sugar, HbA1c and Apelin-36, insulin
hormone, and IR for both sexes have a significant difference (P ≤ 0.05). There is no relation
between glutathione-S-transferase activity, insulin, and IR for both sexes' correlation; the area
under the curve in the study= 0.993, indicating a perfect ROC test for correctly identifying
individuals. An important role is played by higher levels of Apelin-36, which directly increase
obesity and DM. This study concluded that Apelin-36 serves as a reliable indicator for both
male and female patients with type 2 DM (T2DM); while women are less likely to develop
DM, they are more likely to experience common complications such as cardiovascular disease.
Men are more likely to develop T2DM due to their age and higher weight than women.

Doxycycline is one of the tetracycline-class antibiotics used to treat bacteria and protozoa
infections. The development method aimed to determine the Doxycycline hyclate in
pharmaceutical drugs using a novel, rapid, and sensitive colorimetric-flow injection approach.
The adopted method depended on forming a purplish violet colour complex for the doxycycline
hyclate-ammonium chloroaurate reagent in an alkali medium, which a homemade SFI Analyzer
measured. Both the physical and chemical variables were analyzed and improved. The
calibration plot was linear in the 5-70 μg.mL-1 for the green light source, with correlation
coefficient r= 0.9976 using the peak height of green light. The limit of detection was 0.5
μg.mL-1 for dilution of the lowest concentration in the linear area of the calibration plot with
RSD % less than 1 % of μg.mL-1 (n= 6) concentration of doxycycline hyclate of the green light
source. The technique was effectively used to determine the presence of doxycycline hyclate in
pharmaceuticals. The devised approach was tested against the conventional method (ultraviolet
(UV) spectrophotometry at 553 nm) and was shown to be more sensitive. Moreover, a t-test
was used to contrast "true value" with "practical value". At the 95% confidence level, it was
found that the values were not significantly different.

Flucloxacillin (Flx) derivative metal complexes(2S,5R,6R)-6-({[3-(2-chloro-5-
fluorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazol-4-yl] carbonyl}amino)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo
[3.2.0] heptane-2-methyl aster&proline with CoII, NiII, CuII, ZnII and CdII. They were
synthesized and identified using physiochemical techniques, including (elemental analysis
CHNS, metal analysis AA, Uv-Vis, FTIR, TGA, magnetic susceptibility, and conductivity
measurement). This study aims to investigate the coordination behavior of flucloxacillin and
proline, analyze their structural and electronic properties, and evaluate their potential biological
activities against bacterial and fungal strains. Additionally, theoretical calculations using
HyperChem software are conducted to assess the stability and electronic configurations of the
synthesized complexes. Flucloxacillin reacted with metal ions as a bidentate ligand using the
nitrogen of the β-lactone thiazolidine ring and the carboxylate ion, forming a five-membered
ring, according to the results and from the oxygen and amine group of proline as mixed ligand
complexes, with a six-coordination octahedral geometry proposed for all complexes. The
Hyper Chem-8.0.7 software was employed to compute the Heat of Formation (Hf), Binding
Energy (ΔEb), Total energy (ΔET), Vibration Spectra, and Electronic Spectra for the mixed
ligand and its corresponding metal complexes. The antifungal activity of mixed ligands and
their metal complexes was evaluated against Candida albicans, while their antibacterial activity
against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was also assessed. These tests were
conducted at a concentration of 5 mM in a nutritional agar medium.

Novel heterocyclic acid-base indicators 8-[3-(phenol)azo] theophylline (PAT) and 8[1-(6-
sulfonic acid naphthalene) azo] theophylline (SAT) were synthesized through the reaction
between m-amino phenol and 1-amino naphthalene -6-sulfonic acid with sodium nitrite to form
the diazonium salt at a temperature 0-5˚C in an acidic medium, then a coupling process
between the diazonium salt and theophylline compound to produce pigments at the same
temperature while maintaining the PH level at 5-6. This study aims to prepare acid-base
indicators based on azo dyes. The structural features of these indicators were examined via
elemental analyses [FTIR, UV-Vis, and HNMR] spectroscopies, thermal analysis (TGA), and
scanning electron microscopy (SEM); the dyes showed good Nanoscale properties. The
efficiency of these compounds to act as acid-base indicators has been investigated. This is due
to the ability of azo compounds to change their colors in acid and alkaline environments.
Compounds SAT and PAT showed good sensitivity towards changing the value of PH, and the
color contrast was apparent. The research aims to prepare acid-base indicators based on azo
dyes.

Due to superficial particles and remarkable packing technologies, the HALO-HILIC column
outperformed regular porous columns in terms of analysis time. This study analyzes and
identifies kaempferol and luteolin flavonoids in natural herbs. A fast, novel chromatographic
method combining superficially porous silica particles packed in a column served as the
separation tool for hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled with a UV detection
system is being introduced in this work. Flavonoid separation and quantification took six
minutes using only superficial porous particles in the HILIC column compared to hours using
fully porous particles in the RP columns. The findings demonstrated that the HILIC mode
might be utilized to determine kaempferol and luteolin levels in ginkgo plant samples. A
commercial HALO-HILIC column was used to create the calibration curve, which had the
following specifications: linear range (0.065-35 μgmL-1 for kaempferol and 0.065-9 μgmL-1 for
luteolin), RSD% not exceeding 0.54%, the limit of quantification (0.036 μgmL-1 for
kaempferol and 0.024 μgmL-1 for luteolin), and limit of determination (0.012 μgmL-1 for
kaempferol and 0.008 μgmL-1 for luteolin).

This study employed the biosynthetic technique for creating vanadium nanoparticles (VNPs), which are affordable and user-friendly; VNPs was synthesized using vanadium sulfate (VOSO4.H2O) and a plant extract derived from Fumaria Strumii Opiz (E2) at a NaOH concentration of 0.1 M. This study aims to investigate the potential applications of utilizing an adsorbent for metal ions to achieve environmentally friendly production and assess its antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity. The reaction was conducted in an alkaline environment with a pH range of 8–12. The resulting product was subjected to various characterization techniques, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission- and scanning- electron microscopy (TEM, SEM). The measurement of crystal size in NPs was conducted using Debye Scherer's equation in x-ray diffraction, resulting in a value of 16.06 nm. On the other hand, in the same direction, the size of VO2 NPs was determined through SEM and TEM. Also, this work investigates the antibacterial properties of VO2 nanoparticles against four bacterial strains, comprising two gram-positive-negative types and one fungus strain, to evaluate its antifungal efficacy. Notably, the application of newly produced VNPs has demonstrated a significant potential for anticancer activity in cell lines. The SW480 cell line was subjected to MTT assay at various concentrations. The results suggested a positive correlation between concentration and percentage of inhibition. By calculating the IC50 value, which was determined to be 60.3 mg/mL, it can be inferred that this NPs holds potential for targeted therapy in colon cancer treatment. Also, the present study investigates the antibacterial activity of VNPs synthesized using a biosynthetic approach. The cell line SW480 was utilized to evaluate the efficacy of the synthesized VNPs; XRD was employed to analyze the structural properties of the synthesized material.

The effect of couple stress, slip condition, changing rotation, and other variables on the
peristaltic flow of Powell-Eyring fluid in an inclined asymmetric channel with an inclining
magnetic field through a porous media is investigated in this study. Constitutive equations
obeying the Powell-Eyring fluid model are employed. In flow analysis, assumptions such as a
low Reynolds number and a long wavelength approximation are used. The stream function and
mechanical efficiency have closed form expressions devised. The stream function is expressed
mathematically. Through the collection of figures, the impact of various criteria is explained and
graphically represented Through the collection of figures, the impact has been explained of the
Hartman number (Ha), the Darcy number (Da), the inclination of the magnetic field (β), the
rotation (Ω), the porous medium parameter (w), the amplitude ratio (ϕ), the slip condition (????1),
and couple stress parameter (????) on stream function have been explained and graphically
represented by using the perturbation method which is analytic method. These numerical results
were achieved using the mathematical application MATHEMATICA.

The conditions under which the local bifurcation including (saddle-node, transcritical, and
pitchfork) of all stable points in a model of a food chain occur are examined in this paper. The
Growly-Martin model and the emotion of fear have both been important factors in the
development of a functional reaction in a food chain model, It has been shown that a
transcritical bifurcation and a pitchfork bifurcation can be discovered near to each of the sites
????1, A2, ????3???????????? ????4, and that a saddle-node bifurcation can be found close to the point where
positive equilibrium is located. In conclusion, a numerical simulation was run in order to
illustrate how the proposed model may display bifurcation in its behavior. This was done in
order to show how the impact of parameters on the dynamics of the proposed model.

The goal of this work, is to examine the concept of a double centralizer ( T, S ), and double
Jordan centralizer on prime and semiprime Г-rings, this is done by studying examples ,remarks
and results related to that concepts and looking for the conditions under which T equal S, we
prove the results, the first result , let A be a semiprime Γ-ring and T is a left centralizer, S is a
right centralizer, and they fulfilling x ???? T(y) = S (x) ???? y, for each x ∈ A, ???? ∈ Γ, thence (T,S)
is a double centralizer. The second, let A be a prime Γ-ring, U be a not equal zero ideal of A,
such that, T is a left centralizer, S is a right centralizer, and fulfilling x ????T(y) = S (x) ???? y, for
each x, y ∈ U, ???? ∈ Γ, thence (T, S) is a double centralizer. The third, let A be a prime Γ-ring, U
be a not equal zero ideal of A and we get, if T=S on U, thence T=S on A.

Using B-cubic spline base, the numerical solutions of optimal control of dynamical systems
of fractional-order have been examined. In order to determine the dynamical system's control
function through time whilst optimizing an objective optimal function. There are numerous
applications for the optimal control system in science, engineering and the one branch of applied
mathematics operations research. The primary goal of this study is to approximate the numerical
solutions for a fractional-order optimal control systems in both free and non-free terminal time
(TT). The collocation approach considers a numerical solution to this problem by using a B-cubic
spline base. A numerical comparison has been introduced between the analytical solutions with
numerical solutions using the proposed method. Exemplifications of implementations using
various computer simulations revealed that the proposed method is both accurate and efficient

The aim of this paper is to find the inequivalent ????-sets in the finite projective line of order thirty-two, ????????(1,32). The number of projectively distinct 4-set is five and all of them are of type ????(neither harmonic nor equianharmonic). The ????-sets, ????=4,…,11 have been done, where the number of projectively distinct are 5,11,53,148,481,1240,2964,6049, respectively. The ????-sets ????=12,..,17 classified depending on the projectively distinct 11-sets whose have non-trivial subgroups only, where the numbers of projectively distinct are 493,5077,2583,288,2412,697. The stabilizer group of each ????-sets is computed. The kind of groups that computed for the ????-sets are ????, ????2, ????3, ????4, ????3, ????2×????2×????2, ????2×????2×????2×????2 and the large group is the dihedral group of order eleven appears when ???? is equal to eleven. Also, the projective line ????????(1,32) is partitioned into three distinct 11-sets such that two of them are projectively equivalent, and into eight 4-sets of types ????1, ????2, ????3,. ????4, ????5, and into eight 4-sets four of them of type ????3, ????4.

Mathematical modeling based on time-delay differential equations is an important tool to understand the effects of delays in biological systems and to analyze how they influence the dynamics of the asymptotic behavior of these systems. The prey-predator model described in this paper includes diseases in the prey species, harvests in each population, and time lags in predation and gestation of the predator. The solutions of the model are positive and bounded for all times within a realistic region. The existence of all fixed points has been proven. When a time lag is present, the essential conditions for the local stability of the positive equilibrium and the occurrence of Hopf bifurcations can be determined by analyzing the associated characteristic equation. The characteristics of the Hopf bifurcation are determined by applying normal form theory and the central manifold theorem. Finally, we use numerical simulations to validate our analytical results. A Hopf bifurcation in the system occurs when the delay exceeds a certain threshold.

One of the generalizations of the usual metric function is the b-metric, which provides researchers with a broader field for deriving numerous results and applications related to fixed point theory. The aim of this paper is to develop three new fixed point principles in the complete b-metric space (£,????) when ???? is a continuous function in two variables. Here there are three directions to prove the existence and uniqueness of fixed points. First, we derive a result in terms of Branciari’s theorem by combining integral contractive conditions with the notion of a cyclic map. Second, we apply the notion of cyclic representation to maps satisfying general weak conditions, including a changing distance function, to simulate the content of Boyd and Wong's theorem. Using this result, an application to the existence and uniqueness of the solution of an integral equation is given. Finally, an implicit relation with a changing distance function is used to construct a cyclic contractive map. Some examples are also presented to analyze and illustrate the main results.

This paper introduces a new model with two parameters titled “Shanker Weibull distribution".
This distribution is obtained by merging the Shanker distribution with a scale of one parameter and
the Weibull distribution with a shape parameter. First, we present the mathematical structure of the
new distribution, which depends on the survival function for each of the Shanker and Weibull
distributions. The statistical functions of this new distribution are presented, such as the cumulative,
probability density, hazard and survival functions. In addition, we discuss the behavior of the
probability density function and the hazard function by mxamining their shape. We also present the
statistical properties of this distribution, which include mode, median and moments around the
origin. As a result of studying the moments around the origin, we obtain the variance and the first
expected value (mean), the moment generating function, the skewness, the kurtosis, the
characteristic function, the factorial generating function, the quantile function and the mean time to
failure.

In this paper, point estimation method for parameters ???? and ???? of the parameters of the Exponential-Rayleigh distribution which have been estimated by the use of a simulation technique by using two Bayesian estimation methods; the first Bayesian method of estimation consists of lindely approximation estimation method and the second Bayesian estimation method consists Tierney and Kadane approximation estimation method to estimate all the unknown parameters (????,????) of Exponential-Rayleigh distribution. The Bayes estimate of the unknown parameter is obtained by using the approximation methods of lindley (1980) and Tierney and Kadane (1986). Comparisons between these two methods were made by employing mean squares error criterion. Applying a simulation technique with different sample sizes, these methods are being compared. Simulation procedure is used to generate some sample sizes and mean squares error measure, and when we compared between the above two methods we find that lindely approximation estimation method has the less mean squares error.

This study investigates new concepts in grill topological spaces by employing specified sets in
which the α-open sets are defined. Many scholars, such as Choquet, who is considered the first to
lay the foundation stone for the concept of a grill and formulate its definition, were interested in
studying it. After that, many attempts have been made to study the properties associated with this
concept and to understand the relationships among these properties. There are several types of grill
topological spaces, including discrete and cofinite topologies. Properties of this set and certain
relationships are studied, as well as examining a group of functions, like open, closed, and
continuous functions, determining their relation with each other and giving examples and
properties associated with this set. This shall serve as the beginning of examining numerous
topological properties with this set.