Al-Nahrain Journal of Science

In this research, we did this qualitative and quantitative study in order to improve the assay of aspirin colorimetrically using visible spectrophotometer. This method depends on aqueous hydrolysis of aspirin and then treating it with the ferric chloride acidic solution to give violet colored complex with salicylic acid, as a result of aspirin hydrolysis, which has a maximum absorption at 530nm. This procedure was applied to determine the purity of aspirin powder and tablet. The results were approximately comparative so that thelinearity was observed in the high value of both correlation coefficient (R=0.998) and Determination Coefficient or Linearity (R2=0.996) while the molar absorpitivity was 1.3×103mole−1.L.cm−1. This improvement cancelled the acid or base aided hydrolysis which is widely used during aspirin assay. This method could be also applied to salicylic acid

The study included the using of semi-empirical method to calculate the Molecular Orbitals Energies, This calculation let to suggest the best surface active material can be used to modified the adsorption efficiency of LAS (Alkyl benzene Sulfonate) on Iraqi Bentonite by comparison the theoretical results with experimental results which achieved in previous experimental studies between LAS and modified Bentonite by 1-Hexadecylpyridinium bromide (HDPYBr). The theoretical calculation showing the good Efficiency of Hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (HDTMACl) and 1,12-dipyridiniododecane dibromide (DPYDDBr2), to modified adsorption of LAS on Bentonite.Alsoa theoretical calculation was made to (HDPYBr) which was studied in previous experimental studies.This study shows that the adsorption efficiency of LAS as the following:-HDPYDDBr2> HDPYBr > HDTMAClThe study including also of the comparison of the stability of the four substance according to the enthalpy of formation which calculated from the theoretical solution, and from the different between the energy of HOMO and LUMO energies levels for the four sub starts

Fourteen rock selected samples from lower and middle parts of Zubair Formationin Zubair 109 (Zb-109) and Zubair 43 (Zb-43) boreholes of Zubair oil field at southern Iraq, they have been subjected to standard palynological processing techniques were used to extract the acid resistant organic matter. Microscopic analysis of the sedimentary organic matter of the two boreholes revealed abundant and diverse palynomorphs of (35) species of spores belonging to (23) genera,(9) species of pollen grains belonging to (6) genera and (21) species of dinoflagellate cysts belonging to (13) genera.Two assemblage palynozones have been also identified based on the index palynomorphs contained in each zone.The age assignment of each palynozone is based on international correlation with Australia,Middle East and Europe countries

This work involves the study of the effect of chloride ion on the passive layer which is formed on the surface of three aluminium alloys (Al-Cu-Mg), (Al-Mg), and (Al-Zn). The concentrations of chloride ion used were (1x10-3, 1x10-2, 0.1 mol.dm-3). The study was performed in 1x10-5mol.dm-3NaOH solution which was corresponded to pH value of (9). The data of polarization behaviour were calculated by Tafel extrapolation method and the comparison of this data in the absence and presence of chloride ions were discussed

Derivative spectrophotometric techniques (first, second, third and fourth derivative) were developed for the determination of four β-lactam antibiotic binary mixtures; in combinations containing these compounds. The simultaneous determination of these compounds was accomplished by derivative (1D, 2D, 3D and 4D) spectrophotometric technique and applying zero-crossing technique amoxiclline trihydrate with cephalexin monohydrate (mix I) using 1D spectrum zero crossing at valley 238.2 nm,and 2D spectrum at valley 263.8 nm,respectively, amoxiclline trihydrate with cloxacillin sodium (mix II) using 2D at valley 281 and 4D at valley230.6, respectively, cephalexin monhydrate with cloxacillin sodium (mix III)using 1D spectrum zero crossing at 272 nm and 2D spectrum at 253.2 nm,respectively and ampicillin trihydrate with cloxacillin sodium (mix IV) using 1D at 282nm and 2D at 271.6 nm,respectively. From this studying it was noticed that in all the applications of the previous methods the correlation coefficient of calibration curves not less than0.999 and the relative standard deviation not exceed to 0.214.The four described procedures were successfully applied to the determination of these compounds in synthetic mixtures and in preparations with high percentage of recovery, accuracy and precision .The procedures do not require any separation step

In this approach we review the electrical conductivity of porous silicon (PS) within this frame work,we study the variation of (PS) conductivity as a function to the limiting parameters such as porosity and temperature. We interpret such conductivity and mobility depended on the properties of the PS layer and the quantum confinements effect in (PS)

This paper provides theoretical studies of photovoltaic and modeling techniques using equivalent electric circuits. The use of equivalent circuits makes it possible to investigate the characteristics of a PV cell. The method used here is implemented in orcad pspice program. The same modeling technique is also applicable for modeling a PV module. Details are also given of methods of measuring the panel parameters RsIsc,andIs. Several techniques are described to create new components (PV), in the orcad-pspice simulator library that can be directly called by their equivalent circuits

The impression material is used mainly in the area of removable partial and complete denture and in the construction of inlays, crowns and bridges. They are used also in dental laboratories for duplicating master casts.Recent studies have evaluated the bond strength of selected impression materials. This research was performed to study the shear bond strength of impression materials to tray by testing forty samples, each of which consisted of two blocks of acrylic with the impression material sandwiched between them. Tray adhesive was used to increase adhesion between impression material and custom tray. Also this research showed that by the use of perforation impression materials adhere firmly to the impression trays. Therefore perforation -adhesive combination gave acceptable results.Experimental results indicated that polyether impression material showed higher shear bond strength values to cold-cure acrylic than addition silicone impression material for both control and perforated samples without adhesive application. The shear mean bond strength values of polyether to the tray material after adhesive application were decreased. While, the shear mean bond strength increased significantly when addition silicone was used with the adhesive and with the combination samples

In this model we have used the balance forces theory for a vertical column of air for calculate the pressure equation, also calculate the variations of density, pressure, temperature and molecular weight with altitude from sea level up to 700 km. The equations parameters are derived analytically using the hydrostatic equation. In addition, the equations of the gravitational acceleration, speed of sound and scale height are derived. Equation of temperature and equation of molecular weight merged in single equation is called equation of molecular temperature. Results of these equations have been from solving by using computer. Finally these results are discussed, which represent the variation of atmospheric parameters with altitude. We can use this model for study effect of earth’s atmosphere onairplanes and moving bodies inside it

The films of amorphous germanium (a–Ge) were prepared by evaporation under high vacuum conditions (10-6) torr. The influence of various deposition rates within the range(2 –10)Ǻ/sec on the dc electrical conductivity (σRT) and energy gap (Eg). The temperature dependence of conductivity for various deposition rates recorded in the range (303–503)K consist of two conduction regions within the temperature range (303–413)K and (413–503)K.From the absorbance spectrum Eg (energy gap) were obtained according to Tauce formula. It is found that Egdecreases from 1.08eV to 0.91eV when the rate of deposition increase from (2 –10)Ǻ/sec while the electrical conductivity (σRT) increases from 1.28×10ֿ4(Ώ.cm)ֿ¹to11.53×10ֿ4(Ώ.cm)−1respectively

In this paper the Lambda Cold Dark Matter (ΛCDM) model was used for studying star formation inside a box of size (240Mpc/h)3 by simulating eight million dark matter particles and eight million gas particles together with cosmological density Ω=0.25, dark energy density ΩΛ=0.75, baryon density Ωb=0.04, fluctuation amplitude σ8=0.9 and Hubble constant H0=100h kms-1Mpc-1. The gadget-2 code was used for simulating the particles from early Universe, z=30 (450 million years) to z=0 (13.4 billion years).In the box the structures formation were shown including galaxy clusters, voids and filaments which observed clearly at low redshift, z=0.In the temperature-density planes, the thermal processes of cooled gas show the density and temperature values which were different at each redshift, and the gas cooled in the box at nearly 104K caused star formations atcertainredshifts. It was also found that stars were formed from z=7.3 which increased with decreasing redshifts. In addition, the total number of star formed in the box was 226217 stars.Sixteen processors of high performance supercomputer of Nottingham University-England were used in the simulation

The optimum design of electrostatic quadrupole lens of cylindrical concave electrodes is computed with the aid of transfer matrices method, where the axial field distribution and the optical properties are determined. The trajectory equation of motion in Cartesian coordinates is solved and the path of charged -particles beam traversing the axial field is determined. Then the beam trajectory along the lens axis is used to calculate the optical properties of the lens.The optimization calculations are made to find the optimum optical properties and the design of an electrode shape of lens. The calculation procedure include determination both of electrode shape parameter and excitation, then the aberration parameters in both horizontal and vertical planes along the optical axis are computed.Both spherical and chromatic aberration coefficients are reduced via changing the geometrical shapes of electrodes by taking the different gap angles of electrode into account. The results show that the choice of the limited value of the gap angle gives us the optimum optical properties and the best values of the aberration coefficients

This study aimed at monitoring, mapping, and assessing the land degradation in the upper Mesopotamian plain of Iraq. The country suffers severely due to land degradation and desertification problems, especially in its central and southern parts. Five vegetative, soil, and water indices related to land degradation were applied to two Landsat TM and ETM+ imageries to assess the extent of land degradation for the study area during the period from 1990 to 2000. A computerized land degradation severity assessment was adopted using ERMapper 7.1, Erdas Imagine 9.2, ArcView 3.3, and ArcGIS 9.1 environments to process, manage, and analysis the raster and thematic datasets. The indices used in this research are: The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index “NDVI”, The Normalized Differential Water Index “NDWI”, Tasseled Cap Transformation Wetness“TCW”, and a new index proposed in this study that is the Normalized Differential Sand Dune Index "NDSDI". The results showed a clear deterioration in vegetative cover (2620.4 km2), an increase of sand dune accumulations (1018.8 km2), and a decrease in soil/vegetation wetness (1720.4 km2), accounting for 12.9, 5.0, and 8.5 percent, respectively, of the total study area. In addition, a decrease in the water bodies area was detected (228.1 km2). Sand dunes accumulations had increased in the total study area, with an annual increasing expansion rate of (10.2 km2year-1) during the ten years covered by the study. The land degradation risk in the study area has increased by 111% during the study period. The statistical analysis of the results indicated that the soil/vegetation wetness is the biggest influence in the process of land degradation in the study area. The high performance of the NDSDI is promising and effective for identifying the sand dunes accumulations in the area of study. This study finds reveals that most of the counties in the study area are exposed to a serious risk of land degradation and drought water bodies

The waste soda lime glass was converted to glass-ceramic by adding certain amounts of alumina, lithium oxide and titanium oxide. The effect of quenching in air on the microstructure and the mechanical properties were investigated. SEM observations clearly revealed that the presence of homogeneously dispersed tiny single crystals with average size of 4μm for quenching sample which increased with holding time at the nucleation temperature of 650°C to reach a maximum size of 10μm. The results of Vickers hardness tests indicate that the hardness value of the as quench soda lime based glass-ceramic is 724 kg/mm2. This value starts to decrease with increasing holding time at nucleation temperature to reach 687 kg/mm2after 96 h for the crystals growth

The effects of plants aqueous extracts (Myrtle, Harmal, Henna, Thyme and Fenugreek) against some clinical species of microorganisms were studied. These isolates included: Pseudomonas sp., Klebseilla sp., Escherichia coli, Proteus sp., Staphylococcus aureusand Candida albicans. The susceptibility of these isolates was tested against plants aqueous extracts by the agar well diffusion method. The results showed that the aqueous extract of Myrtle inhibited the growth of all tested microorganisms at concentration 5%, followed by Harmal when all tested bacteria were inhibited at concentration 10% except C. albicansinhibited at 20%. Compare with Henna when all bacteria were inhibited at concentration 20% except C. albicanswas resistant, followed by Thyme which only two bacteria (Klebsiella sp. & Staphylococcus aureus)were inhibited at 20% while the remaining microorganism were resistant. On other hand all tested microorganisms were resistant to Fenugreek even at high concentration

Fresh bovine brain and spinal cord samples were collected for separation ceramide. Tissues were homogenized with organic solvents to extract ceramide which purified by using silicic acid column and obtained one fraction with yellow color. Subsequently, the purified extract analyzed and identified by using TLC, spectrophotometer, infrared assay. The resultsconfirmed that the purified extract was identified as ceramide in comparison with commercially standard ceramides. In addition, this work included several genetic and histopathological assays to demonstrate the antitumor activity of ceramide.It was found that 30 μg/ml of exogenous ceramide had antiproliferative activity against cancer cell lines (RD, Hep–2, AMN–3, and AMGM5) particularly against cancer cells model AMGM5; the percentage of growth inhibition was 80%. Moreover, ceramide was significantly induced apoptosis in cancer cell lines (RD, Hep–2, AMN–3, and AMGM5), the percentage of apoptotic cells was 18, 28, 30, and 50.3% respectively. Furthermore, histopathological study was carried out; it was found that administration of exogenous ceramide particularly at 250 mg/kg was revealed a putative regression of tumor growth and volume in adenocarcinoma mice

The present study was carried out to shed light on the effect of Mitomycin C on some immunological and cytogenetical parameters in albino male mice. The effects of the drugs were investigated after one day treatment with a single dose(0.005 mg/ml). All treatments were paralleled by controls. The results revaled that the dose of MMC significantly decreased the total count of leucocytes, lymphocytes and neutrophils, while the monocytes and eosinophils showed no significant differences, as compared to controls.Such observation was positively correlated with the phagocytic index and plague forming cells. Moreover, the mitotic index showed significantly decreased, as compared with controls. In contrast, the spontaneous formation of micronuclei and chromosomal aberration in the bone marrow cell was significantly increased. The results showed that the MMC had immune suppressive effect. Also, the genotoxic and mutgenic effects was observed

The aim of this study was to detectthe auto immune Type 1 diabetes among the disorders with thyroid dysfunction (hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism).The study included 50 patients suffering from thyroid dysfunction, their aged was from (1-30) years. They were selected randomly from the Al-kindy center for infertility and indocrinology.The control group consisted of (20) healthy subjects comparable for age and sex of study groups. Thyroid function tests (thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH], thyroxin, and triiodothyronine) measured in by usingminiVIDAS system and auto-antibodies for Beta cells in pancreas estimated in the same patients by using immunofluorescent method (IFAT), the method named BIOCHIPS Mosaic. Results of thyroid function test revealed that 25 patients were evaluated to have hyperthyroidism and 25 patients with hypothyroidism and the results of BIOCHIPS showed hyperthyroidism group was having auto-antibodies specific to islets cells with 8 percent of all the subjects (two from 25 patients) .While there was no signs of auto antibodies for islets cells in hypothyroidism group. The study revealed that the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction was higher in women than men

The aim of this work is to present numerical methods for solving the first order linear Fredholm-Volterra integro-differential equations of the second kind. These methods namely are the repeated Trapezoidal method and the repeated Simpson's 1/3 method. These techniques transform the integro-differential equations to a system of algebraic equations. Some numerical examples are presented to illustrate the efficiency and accuracy of these methods

In this paper, we introduce and study new types of generalized closed subsets of topological space, and we will summarize the relationships between them and we will proved every pointed on it. Also we will introduce and study new types of continuous functions on it, also, we will summarize the relationships between them, and proved everypointed on it. Several properties of these concepts are proved

In this paper,we will study and construct the distance function betweentwo fuzzy sets in a fuzzy metric space and give an example to illustrate this function.

In this paper, the problem of solving one-dimensional parabolic moving boundary value problem (heat equation) which involves a singularity in its initial and boundary conditions is solved using the varitional approach which is by using the direct Ritz method

Letbemapsofa compactconnectedRiemannianmanifold,with or withoutboundary.For > 0sufficientlysmall, weintroduce an–Nielsen coincidence numberthatisa lowerboundforthe number of coincidence points of all self –maps that are -homotopic tofandg.We prove that there is always mapsthat is–homotopic to fandgsuch that andhaveexactlycoincidencepoints

In this paper the TV-satellite images have been analyzed to estimate their quality by using contrast of image edges method. The edges of the image have the most important image information and details that describe its contents. The contrast of edges hasbeen determined using Michelson formula after modifying it into two different equations based on the mentioned formula. This method has been applied to the TV-Satellite images (same image) from the same channel (Abu Dhabi) of different satellites which are Arabsat, Hotbird, and Nilesat. The results show that the image on Nilesat has the best contrast of edges in the two ways than the images on Arabsat and Hotbird

One of the most problems in computer application is the storageand transmission of images that makes the field of developing the image compression. For that, various compression methods have been proposed using different techniques to achieve high compression ratios and high image quality. One of the image compression methods is transformed based image compression using integer wavelet transform (IWT), which is the main purpose of this paper. This paper describes an algorithm of compression and decompression using (IWT). In IWT, we perform all possible decomposition of an image (i.e. until image size 2×2), after that the resultant coefficients are arranged according to their impotency using zigzag arrangement and divided on factor related to their impotency (increase the factor with low impotency), to make low impotency coefficient related to zero. Remap the values to the range (1.255) (i.e. byte). Then perform lossy or lossless Run Length Coding (RLC) to construct the codebook of the compressed image. The effects of different RLC and different initial quantization factor, image contents and compression ratios assessed. The results provide a good reference for application developers to choose a good wavelet compression system for their application