AL-MA’HAD

The family is the primary educational institution in society that bears the responsibility of raising individuals and evaluating their behaviour.
The phenomenon of violence in general, and family or domestic violence in particular, is not an individual phenomenon. Rather, it pervades the majority of human society with its different cultures, and this phenomenon has worsened until it threatens the entity of families, especially after the emergence of the Corona pandemic, quarantine measures, deteriorating living conditions and increasing economic pressures. suffered by the majority of families. Which led to the growth of violence as it became an epidemic parallel to the Corona epidemic, which calls for confronting it and providing protection for the family, as domestic violence is considered a flagrant violation of human rights guaranteed in international covenants of Huma.International attention to the family is not enough to provide real protection for it. Rather, states must cooperate through developing a comprehensive strategy that guarantees human rights, condemn domestic violence, and do not take customs and traditions as a pretext for not fulfilling their international obligations to curb this phenomenon, as one of the most important obstacles to this curtailment is the absence of solutions. And effective treatments, in addition to the absence of accurate statistics on the number of victims of this violence, its motives and causes, in addition to the lack of information about it in most cases because it is considered a family secret.

Expiration of administrative contract composes a bunch of legal effects against the right of the two contracting parties , these effects are represented by rights and commitments, they are different in relation to the contracting side from the contracted with side due to the privileges that management included on during the expiration of administrative contract and all other stages of the contract, that is because the management when be a party in a contract it works as a general authority, this description let it to prefer the state benefit on personal benefit that all governments endeavor to through contracts signed by it's different tools, the management is able to amend articles of contract in any stage with a specific space according to the requirements of state benefit and that what is being clarified in this research of showing these rights and commitments for both contracting parties during the expiration with showing the attitude of the comparative state in Egypt and Lebanon of these rights and commitments in this important stage of the administrative contract's period and compare it with the Iraqi law.

Israel tried to employ a number of platforms to broadcast its propaganda during the Al-Aqsa Flood operation and used a number of propaganda methods in order to deliver its message. This matter was clear in the tweets of (Avichai Adraee), the official spokesman for the IDF, on the X platform, as he sought to mislead public opinion about The way of distorting the facts, justifying many actions, and trying to demonize the other party.
With this study, we sought to answer the following question: What are the Israeli propaganda methods employed in Avichai Adraee’s tweets on the X website during Operation Al-Aqsa Flood?The (content analysis form) was used from knowledge of the methods used by (Avichai Adraee) in his tweets, and based on that, the study reached a number of results, the most prominent of which are:
1. The category (style of naming) ranked first, as the results of the study showed that (Avichai Adraee) used a number of labels with which he described (the Hamas movement and its leaders), the most prominent of which are (Hamas terrorist), (Hamas ISIS), (saboteurs), (Al-Arouri is the leader of ISIS), (Hamas is ISIS), and (Hamas is ISIS). We note that he tried in a large number of tweets to liken the movement to (the terrorist organization ISIS) and even published a picture of the ISIS flag, claiming that the occupation soldiers found it among the equipment of (Hamas Movement). .

The federal supreme court was aclear position through itscompetences in monitoringthe constitionality of law and adjudicating disputes that occur between the federal goverrnent and the goverments of the ownership and managements of the region by its decision issued,as it rejected the ownership and management of oil and gas and contracting processes with foreign companies in this area from the jurisdiction of the federal authorities,after it also recognized the unconstitutionality of the oil and gas law of the Kurdistan region,in addition to the role of the International court of Arbitration of the French Chamber of commerce by its decision issued in favour of the Iraqi state.

The basis of democracy is the belief in its principles and values as one package without compromising one principle or value at the expense of another. It is not enough to present it ready without taking into account the possibility of implementing it or not. Any society cannot be considered democratic and exercises citizenship rights on the ground unless its educational institutions and political parties are capable of preparing real citizens. As far as educational institutions are concerned, they should depend on a philosophy that frames the relationship between the teacher and the learner and the method of applying and practicing it. Therefore, education in Iraq should be based on new and modern foundations that emulate the requirements of the current eraAs for political parties in Iraq, indeed the change that Iraq witnessed in 2003 and the resulting entitlements for the new era, the democratic transformation requires the presence of effective informal political institutions and an enlightened public opinion that can contribute to revitalizing the new political environment.

The study aimed to explore the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on working women and the role of psychological and vocational counseling in enhancing their psychological well-being. The study employed a descriptive analytical qualitative methodology on a sample of 30 working women, in addition to 10 psychological counselors. The sample was purposively selected. The results revealed the presence of several social obstacles and challenges faced by working women. The pandemic was found to have a role in the social transformation of Jordanian society, accompanied by an increase in psychological disorders such as anxiety and social phobia. The study also indicated that men continue to resist sharing private space with women during and after the pandemic. Furthermore, the study highlighted the obstacles imposed by husbands on their working wives, starting from a lack of understanding of their situation during the crisis and demanding their involvement in kitchen work, such as baking, despite the reopening of bakeries and restaurants after the pandemic. The study demonstrated economic effects represented by material consequences resulting from the impact on many women's jobs, causing them both material and psychological damage, such as wage reductions, job loss, and subsequent withdrawal from the labor market.

In the past, the prevailing view of the concept of national security for any country was that it was entirely linked to its military force capable of maintaining its security from every danger. The military alone leads to the threat of security and not its protection. A state cannot achieve its security if it is unable to secure the minimum level of its internal stability based on the minimum level of justice, equality and development. Including the decision maker towards the internal and external environment.

The research shows the constitutional terms of reference mentioned in the core of the constitution document and related to the Federal Supreme Court in the text of Article (93) of the Iraqi Constitution for the year 2005 in force, and these terms of reference were mentioned exclusively, so the Federal Court cannot bypass the constitutional text. To institute it, as well as clarifying the terms of reference of the higher courts in comparative law and the procedures followed to institute a constitutional case in both the United States of America and the United Arab Emirates.

The concept of components is relatively modern، which has been discussed in studies of constitutional systems characterized by their social fabric’s diversity and plurality at the religious، sectarian، and national levels. Among the most important reasons that called for the cognitive discussion of this concept is the state of disharmony felt by individuals or people of some components due to the negative historical accumulations، especially those mostly related to the identity of national، sectarian، or religious affiliation that they suffered within the national framework. Given that Iraq is among the countries characterized by this plurality and diversity at the aforementioned levels، managing this diversity has been done through legal tools represented by constitutional organization that seeks to achieve a national balance between them that preserves their political، economic، and cultural rights، regardless of the numerical standard that may be used to differentiate between them

Medical Experiments on humans is inevitable as it is considered the only way for medical science advances but there are some problems that have resulted from varied technical methods in the medical field thus we introduce this research to identify the civil responsibility of the medical experiments .
Thus the concentration is on essence of medical experiments by introducing its definitions and overview the characters, regulations and legal conditions to make them .Also the research discusses the responsibility bases of the physician by analyze several acts and their attitude from this question especially Iraqi legislation which made little to organize it .The research explained the consequences resulted from holding this responsibility represented by compensation that is estimated by authorities .We conclude this research by conclusions and recommendations .

The damage for which compensation is due and liability is established must be verified, and potential damage is not sufficient to establish liability or claim compensation. However, this theoretically clear standard for compensating for damage may raise some difficulties from a practical standpoint when it is difficult to distinguish between what is considered actual damage and what is considered potential damage, and of this type is the damage of depriving a person of an opportunity that was likely to bring him gain, such as missing the opportunity to appeal a judicial ruling due to a delay. The lawyer submits the appeal within the legal time limit, where there is a potential gain that may or may not have been achieved, and the defendant’s action has eliminated the possibility of its realization. In such a case, should this lost gain be viewed as potential damage for which no compensation is due? Deprivation of the same opportunity is seen as a real harm. And determining the appropriate compensation mechanism in estimating the value of the damage for the loss of the opportunity to benefit, which the Iraqi legislator did not address within the provisions of the Iraqi Civil Law No. (40) of 1951, in terms of clarifying the basis of compensation upon which the court issues its ruling to the injured party due to the loss of a likely gain for the injured party or due to the occurrence of The injured party suffers an avoidable loss, and also in terms of clarifying the elements of damage related to missing the opportunity, the existence of which the court takes into account before issuing a ruling to the injured party to compensate him for the damages of missing the opportunity to benefit.

International protection from crimes affecting computer data and systems is achieved through international cooperation in all fields, while respecting the principle of international sovereignty and human rights, and at the same time achieving justice by law enforcement agencies by tracking down and arresting criminals. The International Criminal Police Organization, Interpol, which is deployed in various countries, and its role in combating and eliminating crime, as well as international cooperation at the international level, through judicial assistance, by exchanging information, transferring procedures, and carrying out some judicial procedures in the event that they cannot by carried out by the competent country. Judicial representation, and among the aspects of international cooperation is also the extradition of criminals between countries, the exchange of experiences and the development of skills, and this is done by conducting training courses and seminars for law enforcement agencies.

The information technology and Digital transformation development which appeared lately، created the need of contact between the states in the Economic، Scientific fields and others. Also، the urgent need to get benefit from that scientific Renaissance in entering contracts was found، and the legislations or law amendment in administrative or civil fields were erupted as a result of that progress to permit entering contracts through modern technology means using internet networks. The main contracts are the administrative E-contracts، that accompanied this administrative progress. The comparative legislations stipulated the possibility of entering the administrative contracts through Electronic means، or internet networks. As far as proving these contracts، it is remarkable that the comparative legislations organized the E-signature to be the same as well as the regular signature on real papers before the regular or administrative Court

The information technology and Digital transformation development which appeared lately، created the need of contact between the states in the Economic، Scientific fields and others. Also، the urgent need to get benefit from that scientific Renaissance in entering contracts was found، and the legislations or law amendment in administrative or civil fields were erupted as a result of that progress to permit entering contracts through modern technology means using internet networks. The main contracts are the administrative E-contracts، that accompanied this administrative progress. The comparative legislations stipulated the possibility of entering the administrative contracts through Electronic means، or internet networks. As far as proving these contracts، it is remarkable that the comparative legislations organized the E-signature to be the same as well as the regular signature on real papers before the regular or administrative Court

The discretionary power of the legislator is defined as the freedom to make comparisons between alternatives and objective options regarding the legislative organization that it aims to achieve, without the constitution imposing on the legislator a path in itself that he must follow or a specific directive that he must adhere to.
As long as the Constitution determines the jurisdiction of each of the three public authorities within the limits it sets for them, it prohibits each public authority from exercising the jurisdiction of another authority in application of the principle of separation of powers, so that the laws issued by the legislator are required not to contradict or violate the provisions of the Constitution. The Constitution in application of the principle of the supremacy of the rules of the Constitution within the principle of the hierarchy of legal rules.
Although the principle of the supremacy of the Constitution stipulates that the legislative authority, like other public authorities in the state, must be subject to the provisions of the Constitution and work within its framework, this does not mean that the legislative authority does not enjoy some freedom of discretion and choice while it is in the process of exercising its powers entrusted to it by the Constitution by enacting legislation, especially since the law As a tool for organizing public relations in society, it is affected by developments imposed by practical reality, and the legislation issued by the legislative authority must keep pace with developments and developments occurring in the areas of public life.

The discretionary power of the legislator is defined as the freedom to make comparisons between alternatives and objective options regarding the legislative organization that it aims to achieve, without the constitution imposing on the legislator a path in itself that he must follow or a specific directive that he must adhere to.
As long as the Constitution determines the jurisdiction of each of the three public authorities within the limits it sets for them, it prohibits each public authority from exercising the jurisdiction of another authority in application of the principle of separation of powers, so that the laws issued by the legislator are required not to contradict or violate the provisions of the Constitution. The Constitution in application of the principle of the supremacy of the rules of the Constitution within the principle of the hierarchy of legal rules.
Although the principle of the supremacy of the Constitution stipulates that the legislative authority, like other public authorities in the state, must be subject to the provisions of the Constitution and work within its framework, this does not mean that the legislative authority does not enjoy some freedom of discretion and choice while it is in the process of exercising its powers entrusted to it by the Constitution by enacting legislation, especially since the law As a tool for organizing public relations in society, it is affected by developments imposed by practical reality, and the legislation issued by the legislative authority must keep pace with developments and developments occurring in the areas of public life.

The study of security in its comprehensive sense is one of the most important requirements for research in Gulf security. As the research into the determinants of Chinese foreign policy, its governing factors, and the challenges facing the Gulf countries represents a basic goal of the research. Therefore, the research was divided into three axes, the first axis of which is addressed (Determinants of Chinese Foreign Policy) a detailed study of all the factors governing political decision-making in Chinese foreign policy and its goals in the Gulf. The second axis is entitled (The position of the Arab Gulf states in Chinese foreign policy in the light of international changes) and it also aims to clarify the position of the Gulf states in Chinese foreign policy and its importance. The third axis, entitled (The future and prospects of Chinese-Gulf cooperation in light of the current security challenges), will be a future study that includes an outlook on the pattern of cooperation between China and the Arab Gulf states.

The position of the notary is among the significant and regulatory roles in legitimizing legal actions undertaken by individuals in various economic, industrial, social, financial, legal, etc. Additionally, it constitutes one of the fundamental guarantees in protecting numerous rights and duties of individuals and administration simultaneously. The notary is a state employee (permanent staff) of the state, holding an undergraduate degree in law. Pursuant to the Notary Public Law No. (33) of the year 1998, he is assigned the position of managing the Notary Public Department upon successful completion of a training course lasting no less than three months at the Judicial Institute. Subsequently, he exercises the authorities and tasks sanctioned by the effective Notary Public Law. Therefore, the position of the notary requires legislative intervention to enact a new law aligned with the current stage and developments witnessed in life across various fields starting with the appointment of the notary and the process of preparing them professionally and objectively, extending to the powers vested in the notary. There must be a balance between the tasks and duties entrusted to the notary and the rights and privileges granted to them, ensuring a dignified life for this category of employees that corresponds to the importance and risk of the tasks they perform.

This study examines the religious that were agreed upon between Iraq and the United States of America.
Muhammad Khal is an Iraqi strategist. Confronting the developments of the regional Middle East environment, especially in the Middle East region. The study also sought to clarify the role of Iraqi governments in developing partnerships, as well as the concept of partnership and its distinction in other terms such as agreement or treaty…. Etc. The study also examines the developments of the Middle Blue regional environment in relation to AL-Arat and some of the countries surrounding it, and at the regional and international levels.

Non-international armed conflicts have witnessed a remarkable development with the historical eras that humanity has gone through. Since ancient times and until not long ago, legislative and political attention was focused on international armed conflicts rather than non-international ones, in terms of legislative interest and in terms of the meager guarantees enjoyed by the victims. Because of the terrifying escalation in the number of this type of conflict in the countries of the world, the international community began to pay some attention to it - such as the development of legislative texts that regulate it or the intervention of international organizations to ward off this threat to world peace - and this interest has increased with the disturbing development that has occurred in the arena of non-international armed conflicts, Which was represented by the external interference of some countries, especially the largest ones, in the conflicts taking place in other countries and their support for groups or armed rebellious movements in them, which led to a crisis and complexity in the concept of this type of armed conflicts and the process of distinguishing between them, which resulted in patterns of conflicts that are neither international nor non-international Which prompted the International Committee of the Red Cross to carry out its humanitarian duty in such conflicts in terms of adapting or clarifying the nature of these modern conflicts in the legislative and service fields to ensure greater protection for victims on the one hand and limit the spread of these conflicts on the other hand, despite the fact that the Committee still suffers from the restrictions of certain states' shackles to obstruct its work.

This paper navigates the intricate landscape of academic inquiries into the complexities of violence in the Middle East. Focusing on various research approaches, I attempt to illuminate their differences and contextual applications, emphasising the need for comprehensive investigations into the root causes of violence in \'repressive settings.\' Such inquiries offer essential insights into motivational factors and variables influencing the radicalisation process towards violent extremism.
While exploring the utility of radicalisation in understanding home-grown terrorism in European settings, a noticeable disparity emerged between its application in Europe and the Middle East. Drawing from a diverse range of theories in political science, international relations, law, and psychology, this analysis sheds light on the multidimensional nature of the subject.
The significance of historical context is underscored, echoing Mundy\'s call for a careful examination of historical arrangements, practices, and processes to understand the relationship between organised violence and the Middle East. The exploration of sectarian identity as a framework revealed its role as a political tool rather than the root cause of violence. A pivotal contribution is the identification of state fragility as a crucial variable in the causal model of the rise of violent actors, explaining variations in terrorism occurrences across states with shared historical and religious backgrounds.
Examining pathways towards violence, I highlight temporal aspects and the prominence of models favouring cognitive or behavioural approaches, with step/phase models emerging as valuable tools in addressing how radicalisation occurs.
Through an analysis of different levels—micro, meso, and macro— it becomes possible to uncover the environmental factors contributing to terrorism. The three-level analysis in International Relations provides a systematic framework, encompassing international, domestic, and individual levels.
In essence, this paper proposes a pathway and framework for researchers to analyse the processes of violence and its emergence, contributing to a nuanced understanding of the region\'s context and offering valuable insights for future research endeavours.
Keywords: Radicalisation, Middle East, Violent extremism, State fragility, Three-level analysis (or International Relations theory), Root Cause Theory.

Administrative investigation is the means through which the administration can hold an employee or person charged with a public service accountable, and it must be carried out by the administrative investigator, whether an individual or a committee. The latter is the body granted by law the powers to take appropriate investigative measures to reach the truth regarding the job violations attributed to the employee, which may result. It must recommend disciplinary accountability by imposing one of the disciplinary penalties specified by law. The law stipulates a set of conditions that must be met by the administrative investigator, who has a special personality that distinguishes him from the criminal investigator. The administration has broad authority when choosing the administrative investigator, and there are legal reasons for his response, and we have reached conclusions. Several of them include the necessity of including in the disciplinary code the conditions that must be met by the administrative investigator. We did not support the style or method of the single administrative investigator, but rather we preferred the committee method. We also called for the participation of female investigators in some committees due to their specificity, with the need for the administration to take into account the title and job grade of the employee referred when selecting the administrative investigator from among the committees. Before that, we also called for the necessity of legislating a special law for administrative procedures for investigation, trial, and appeal

The competition between USA and Russia in Qazvin is the immerse resources of Oil and Natural Gases, which is a crucial factor in international politics. USA perceives its dominance on global energy as neceesry for sustaining its dominance worldwide. Russia realized the energy resources of Middle Asia away from the role and contributions of Russia will remove its influence and diminish its active role in this region. The American oil companies can increase contact with Washington which could weaken political and economic ties to Russia, which might trigger fears of Russia, prompting her to compete with the U.S in the region.

The most important thing that can be summarized in this extract is the discussion of the annexation procedures in the competent courts, the results of the annexation, and the resulting rights and obligations that arise from the guarantor of the child of noble lineage. There are rights closely related to this subject, such as guardianship and the powers that emanate from it, breastfeeding, inheritance, alimony, and what becomes... At birth, a person has rights that affect the child of noble lineage, the rights and obligations related to the family, implementing the correct and proper integration of the person joined to it, the importance of recognizing noble lineage as a definition, and joining as a legal term, and after all that, a review of the judicial procedures that accompany each stage of joining the child. How do the courts organize the care and maintenance of a child of noble lineage? All of this and more will be reviewed in this research in a scientific attempt to reach a definition of the terms created by the law, explain the judicial procedures, determine the sources of validity, and diagnose cases of defect or deficiency, if any, in order to recommend their correction and treatment. Litigation procedures with regard to annexation procedures and regulating the rights of those without lineage from a judicial standpoint in the courts, and how the legislator was diligent and the judicial authority was keen to preserve the interest of the minor of noble lineage, and how the law laid the foundations through which the minor is annexed in Iraqi law, and the procedures to ensure the provision of an appropriate family, and these

Manifestations of intellectual extremism constitute a system of historical challenges facing human societies in the modern era. Today, global political and social life is witnessing terrible waves of fanaticism in its various political, social, cultural and religious manifestations. The reality is almost devoid of sad images of fanaticism and violence, and most thinkers agree that violence and extremism In their different forms, they constitute the most serious social and cultural diseases that contemporary society suffers from. Feelings of intolerance, discrimination, and the tendency to extremism constitute mines for political, cultural and social life that can explode at any time and place. They are the first age groups that require attention and care due to the seriousness of this stage and its importance to society, as they are the most enthusiastic, sensitive and active members of society, as they represent a pivotal sector in society, and intellectual extremism is one of the dangerous phenomena that threaten the security of society in general. This phenomenon has taken a new dimension in modern societies. Where extremism produced phenomena such as violence, terrorism and aggression against innocent people and nations That's chaos and insecurity in society .

The scientific, technological and cyberspace revolution has influenced the shifts in the concept of power to keep pace with the development of global politics to bring to the fore a new concept called cyber power, and has helped to spread the concept of power at the (internal and external) levels and to the actors employed, the force is no longer the preserve of the state, but has been divided among more non-State actors — including violent and non-violent actors — and individuals, after the state was the sole monopoly of power, making the ability of The state's dominance in this area is in doubt. This has led to the emergence of unconventional sources of threat to international security, after technological power has been closely linked to the international conflict in a new form, the so-called "cyber conflict".
The research aims to read the interconnection between cyber power and international security and to learn how the new electronic environment is employed by non-State actors (violent and non-violent) and their impact on the threat to the international security system. The research is based on the premise that the more non-State cyber-power is employed in their interactions, the more negatively and threatening international security will be, and new patterns of international conflicts will emerge as States generally are unable to respond to cyber threats. Thus, the research was divided into two main themes, the first of which was the recruitment of non-State cyberspace actors and its impact on international security. The second focus was on the recruitment of violent non-state cyberspace actors and its impact on international security.