Iraqi Journal of Science

This study introduces a series of novel cyclic imides, which incorporate two biologically significant components - the thiazole ring and sulfonamide. These target imides were developed using a method of multistep synthesis. The chosen starting material was the compound sulfamethoxazole, which is known to contain a biologically active sulfonamide. In the first step, sulfamethoxazole was reacted with chloroacetyl chloride, yielding compound [1] (4-N-(2-chloro acetamido) sulfamethoxazole) followed by reaction of compound [1] with thiourea provided a cure [2]. (4-(sulfamethoxazole-].4-y1)-2-aminothiazole) was obtained. Compound [2] played a major role and was successfully included in the third stage of the reaction with various cyclic anhydrides including succinic, phthalic, maleic, glutaric anhydride etc. This reaction led to the synthesis of the corresponding aromatic acids [3-6]. The fourth step of amic acid dehydration using the fusion method [3-6] successfully achieved the goal, resulting in the synthesis of new imides [7-10]. Additionally, the study involved the synthesis of a new cyclic imide [11] (sulfamethoxazole thiazole tetrachloro phthalimide) through a one-step process. This process involved the fusion of compound [2] and tetrachlorophthalic anhydride. Finally, the newly synthesized imides were screened for their antimicrobial activities, and the obtained results were promising.

The research study focuses on the efficient and accurate detection and determination of cobalt ions. The detection method involves the formation of brilliant green aggregates with calcium hexacyanoferrate in the presence of nitric acid. (Nagham-four sources of white snow light-emitting diodes arranged in three rows corresponding to three detectors) (The NAG-4SX3-3D Analyzer is an optical, chemical, electronic, and detection tool that receives a cumulative signal (no amplification is required). The total distance travelled is 760 mm with regard to YZ(mV) - tsec (dmm). It was selected for its precise calculation of the energy transducer profile. The linear range for measuring cobalt (II) ions is 0.05 to 20 mM. For concentrations of 5 and 10 mM, the relative standard deviation (RSD) for eight repeated intraday measurements is less than 0.36%. The calibration graph gradually dilutes the lowest concentration to determine the limit of detection (LOD) of 349.236 ng per analyte sample. The correlation coefficient (r) for the linear dynamic range is 0.9893, and the linearity is 97.80% (R2 %). The results of the proposed method were compared to the already-available UV-spectrophotometric technique at a wavelength of 510 nm and found to be comparable..

This study involves the synthesis of eight α,β-unsaturated ester compounds, obtained from 2-mercaptobenzoxazoles 3-10 by a two-step reaction. The first step included S-allylation of 2-mercaptobenzoxazole (1) with allyl bromide to furnish 2-(allylthio)benzo[d]oxazole (2) in a good yield (71%). The second step involved a cross-metathesis reaction of compound 2 with acrylate esters, which afforded the title products 3-10 in yields between 70 and 86%. The structure of the prepared compounds (2-10) was confirmed by FT-IR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopy.

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanotubes have gained particular interest as a material for gas sensors because of their vertical arrays, prepared by the anodization procedure. The presence of several oxygen vacancies in these nanotubes facilitates gas diffusion and provides additional active sites. This study examined the impact of voltages on the process of depositing iron nanoparticles onto arrays of TiO2 nanotubes (TNTs) for use as a gas sensor. The TNTs are manufactured using a straightforward and economical electrochemical anodization technique, specifically for gas sensor applications. By varying the deposition voltage (2-6 volts), ordered Fe-TNTs were efficiently manufactured using a simple two-step electrochemical process. It utilized energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) to study morphology, structure, and composition. Furthermore, gas sensor testing was implemented to examine the gas sensor’s response. An increase in the Fe doping voltage with TNTs altered the structure of the nanotubes, particularly at the highest voltages, according to XRD analysis. The best sensor for Fe-TNTs was made by doping Fe with TiO2 nanotubes at a doping voltage of 3 volts, depending on how well the gas sensitizers worked. The study demonstrated that using iron can increase TiO2's efficiency as a gas sensor.

Hormones play a vital role in regulating physiological processes throughout the human body. These chemical messengers are synthesized and secreted by specialized glands and organs known as endocrine tissues. The aim of the study is to investigate the linkage among different serum hormones including: estradiol, insulin, kisspeptin, leptin, leptin receptor (R), and testosterone with anthropometric measurements like age, body mass index (BMI), Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), and waist to hip ratio (WHR) in women to find a new mechanism for early detection of various diseases. A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted to examine various health indicators among 150 healthy Iraqi women between the ages of 19 to 49 years. They were divided into three groups, each involving 50 women, according to their weight and BMI: control, overweight, and obese. Venous blood samples withdrawn from all subscribers to obtain serum, which was then analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure levels of hormones. A highly significant elevation of WHR was found in obese women compared to overweight and control women. Also, there was a significant rise in HOMA-IR and hormones such as insulin, kisspeptin, leptin, and its receptor in obese women in comparison to the control group. Obese and overweight women exhibited a notable reduction in estradiol levels, while testosterone levels showed a significant decline exclusively in obese women. Obese women exhibited highly significant negative association among estradiol and testosterone with anthropometric measurements, whereas strong significant positive correlations discovered among anthropometric measurements with hormones, leptin-R and kisspeptin. The study's findings of significant differences in hormone levels associated with elevated anthropometric measurements, particularly in obese women, suggest these hormonal imbalances may contribute to the development of certain diseases.

In this work, new conductive polymer (4900 μs.cm-1) poly 6-((4-sulfamoylphenyl)carbamoyl)cyclohex-3-ene-1-carboxylic acid (PSCC) was prepared on a Low Carbon Steel (L.C.S) surface by an electrochemical polymerization process for its monomer 6-((4-sulfamoylphenyl)carbamoyl)cyclohex-3-ene-1-carboxylic acid (SCC) to study the effect of this polymer against corrosion of the L.C.S in salt environment (3.5% wt NaCl) at four temperatures; 25, 35, 45, and 55 oC. Two types of nanometal oxides, ZrO2 and ZnO, were applied as additives to the polymer (PSCC) to enhance the ability of this polymer on corrosion protection L.C.S alloy. Potentiostatic polarization tests evaluated the corrosion performance of the coatings. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) study the coatings' topography and morphology of the surfaces. The study determined and analyzed the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters associated with the activation energy required for the corrosion reaction to occur. The results indicate that the prepared polymer effectively reduced the corrosion of L.C.S, and the addition of nanometal oxides further enhanced the polymer's performance in protecting the alloy from corrosion.

Fifty blood samples were collected from minibus drivers aged 18-50 years a minimum driving experience of 2 years. The control group involved fifty age matched men who lived in other areas in Baghdad. The results illustrated that the level of both superoxide dismutase and glutathione enzymes were significantly decreased in the drivers group (9.87 ±0.32 μg/ml and 17.73 ±0.41 mg/ml respectively) as compared to the control group (38.00 ±1.78 μg/ml and64.92 ±2.04 mg/ml respectively). The level of catalase enzyme showed a highly significant increase in the drivers group (327.76 ±11.77 μg/ml) as compared to the control group (93.98 ±2.67 μg/ml). The results also showed a highly significant increase in the level of serum tumor necrosis factor alpha in the drivers group (332.17 ±11.84 pg/ml) as compared to the control (52.75 ±2.72 pg/ml). DNA damage showed a significant increase in the drivers group (4.51 ±0.15 pg/ml) as compared to the control group(1.20 ±0.04 pg/ml).

Fifty blood samples were collected from minibus drivers aged 18-50 years a minimum driving experience of 2 years. The control group involved fifty age matched men who lived in other areas in Baghdad. The results illustrated that the level of both superoxide dismutase and glutathione enzymes were significantly decreased in the drivers group (9.87 ±0.32 μg/ml and 17.73 ±0.41 mg/ml respectively) as compared to the control group (38.00 ±1.78 μg/ml and64.92 ±2.04 mg/ml respectively). The level of catalase enzyme showed a highly significant increase in the drivers group (327.76 ±11.77 μg/ml) as compared to the control group (93.98 ±2.67 μg/ml). The results also showed a highly significant increase in the level of serum tumor necrosis factor alpha in the drivers group (332.17 ±11.84 pg/ml) as compared to the control (52.75 ±2.72 pg/ml). DNA damage showed a significant increase in the drivers group (4.51 ±0.15 pg/ml) as compared to the control group(1.20 ±0.04 pg/ml).

This study was carried out to study the ability of producing bioethanol from latus leaves as an organic waste rich with cellulose. The study results show that the pre-treatments (alkali and acidic pre-treatments) increase the amount of the sugar released in the media that is accessible for the bacteria to use in the fermentation. The newly recorded bacteria Klebsiella oxytoca (SAR) was able to ferment the latus leaves and produce bioethanol. The amount of ethanol produced by the bacteria was increased as the experiment period increased, until the seventh day when it began to decrease. In order to increase the purity of the acquired bioethanol, the resulted ethanol was distilled to reduce the water content in the solution, while the dehydration process did not have any effect on bioethanol purity.

Foodborne diseases are increasingly reported to be caused by Escherichia coli O157:H7. Therefore, the current study was conducted to determine the incidence of this bacterium in locally produced soft white cheese. A total of 36 samples were collected from local markets in different places of Baghdad city. The process of bacterial isolation was performed by culturing onto different media, such as MacConkey Agar, Eosin Methylene Blue Agar and Sorbitol MacConkey Agar (SMAC). The identification of bacteria was achieved by biochemical tests and confirmed by a molecular technique. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (m-PCR) was used through the detection of rfb O157 and flic H7 genes. Some genes of virulence factors, such as Shiga-toxin genes (Stx1and Stx2), were also investigated by PCR. In this study, the results showed that the total number of E. coli isolates was 6/36 (16.7%) and only 1/36(2.8%) of the isolates were of the E. coli O157:H7 strain.
The identified isolate of E. coli O157:H7 was positive for the Stx2 gene; 1/6 (16.7%) of E.coli isolates, while it was negative for Stx1; 0/6 (0%). In terms of occurrence, this bacterium was less found than those reported by previous researches in Iraq. This study demonstrated that soft white cheese made locally in Baghdad City has a significant probability of containing the Shiga-Toxin E. Coli (STEC).

Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) is the most highly prevalent type of skin cancer in the world, where BCC incidence has increased significantly in the last few years. There were many components of the immune system that were reported to play a remarkable role in BCC appearance and development. Among them, three specific clusters of differentiation (CD) biomarkers (CD25, CD68 and CD10, also termed as MME) were studied as prognostic markers with increased levels in the sera of immune-related cancers. The current investigation aimed to evaluate the levels of these biomarkers in the sera of 33 patients who have BCC compared with 55 healthy individuals (control). The results demonstrated significantly increased levels of CD25, CD68 and CD10/MME in the BCC group compared to the controls, suggesting a potential role as biomarkers, in addition to their correlation with BCC aggressiveness. The present investigation could be the first in Iraq that tried to evaluate the levels of these CDs in BCC patients. The present investigation suggests potential implications of these CDs for the development of immunotherapeutic strategies and as prognostic markers for BCC, along with their possibility of predicting the risk of new BCC tumors.

This investigation aimed to determine the prevalence of Cryptosporidium in children residing in Kirkuk, Iraq. DNA was extracted from 64 stool samples that had tested positive for Cryptosporidium oocysts via microscopic examination. The extracted DNA was then analyzed using 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing. Significant differences were found in the prevalence of parasite in rural community (65.6%) compared to urban community (14.17%). Whereas, non-significant differences were observed in the rate of infectivity in male (50%) as compared to (29.7%) in female. The results also revealed significant differences between infectivity rate and age groups (P=0.004). In contrast, the use of the PCR system demonstrated that this technique is a more specific and sensitive method for the detection and identification of protozoan parasites like Cryptosporidium. Overall, the results confirmed that C.Parvum was frequently the species demonstrated in Kirkuk.

Visceral leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease on the rise in different regions of Iraq, especially in areas with poor hygiene and among refugee populations. The effectiveness of existing chemotherapy for leishmaniasis is constrained by its high toxicity, cost, and the development of drug resistance. The current research examined various concentrations (ranging from 125 to 1000 μM) of lupeol to evaluate its ability to boost the generation of nitric oxide, which has anti-leishmanial properties, in an ex-vivo macrophage model. Griess assay was used to detect the nitric oxide (NO) production in Leishmania donovani infected U937 cell-line macrophages along 24 and 48 hours post treated. The nitric oxide concentration was significantly increased (P≤0.05) in the treated infected-macrophages after 24 and 48 hours post treated. Furthermore, the infectivity index was calculated for ex vivo amastigote-macrophage infection and the results showed a significant decrease in the percentage of invasion at higher concentrations of Lupeol at all periods of incubation (P≤0.05); whereas, the average of amastigotes per cell in lupeol-treated macrophages increased significantly (P≤0.05) only after 48hours of incubation. The results indicate that lupeol has the potential to enhance anti-leishmanial nitric oxide production by macrophages, enabling them to eliminate intracellular amastigote forms of the parasite. Further details on effect of Lupeol can be studied as a promising anti-leishmanial compound.

Recently, advancements in nanotechnology have opened up new avenues for enhancing healthcare outcomes by leveraging the unique properties of nanomaterial. Scientists have previously developed complexes of bacteriocins with nanomaterials or bacteriocin-nanoconjugates for diverse biomedical applications that utilize bacteriocins. The usage of bacteriocin–nanoconjugates has several benefits, including enhanced stability over extended use, defense against proteolytic enzyme degradation, and synergistic efficacy. The requirement to provide new antibiotic alternatives is becoming more pressing in this regard. Because of their special qualities, metal oxide nanomaterials are currently attracting a lot of attention as possible antimicrobial and anti-cancer agents. The bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance (BLIS) from Acinetobacter bumannii used to synthesiss selenium nanoparticles. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XDR) analysis and UV visible spectrometry were used to characterize the biosynthesized nanoparticles and ascertain the product's chemical and physical properties XRD verified the hexagonal structure, AFM analysis used to reveal the roughness and distribution of nanoparticles indicated the size range at 81,23 nm, and FESEM validated the surface morphology. The UV-visible spectroscopic analysis revealed that the synthesized nanoparticles exhibited their highest absorption peaks at a wavelength of 270 nm. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) at 250 mg/ml Biogenic selenium nanoparticles demonstrated comparable in order to ascertain the optimal antimicrobial activity against pathogenic microorganisms through the use of a well diffusion method, pathogenic microorganisms were isolated clinically infections in Iraqi patients and identified using the VITEK-2 Compact. The cytotoxicity assays demonstrated that the treatment with biologically synthesized selenium nanoparticles did not markedly compromise the viability of human lymphocytes.

The normal expression of follicle-producing genes, as well as the hormone balance, and reproductive physiology all have a significant impact on female fertility. Infertile Iraqi women were compared to controls who appeared to be in good health to assess the gene expression of the growth differentiation factor B9 (GDF9B) gene. The second goal was to quantify the gene expression of a particular miRNA (miRNA 378-5p), that specifically targets the GDF9B gene. The study included 50 samples from infertile women diagnosed with polycystic ovarian syndrome and hyperprolactinemia, along with an additional 50 samples from healthy fertile women The ELISA technique was used to measure the levels of the hormones FSH, LH, AMH, and prolactin. Also, real-time qPCR was used to measure the gene expression of the GDF9B gene and of its target’s miRNA 378-5p gene. The results showed an increase in the levels of hormones in the patients compared with the healthy females, with almost three-fold of change. There was also a decrease in the expression of the GDF9B gene and an increase in the expression of miRNA 378-5p gene by 0.2- and 0.3-fold change, respectively, in the patients compared with the healthy subjects. The relevance of the GDF9B gene and its function in ovarian development were confirmed by the lower expression of this gene in infertile women. Moreover, the high level of miRNA 378-5p suggests that the expression of genes is controlled post-transcriptionally and that their functions are restricted. Hence, excessive hormone levels may be linked to ovarian abnormalities that interfere with reproduction.

This study aims to determine the quality of the Groundwater in Budgam Tehsil by using physicochemical parameters. To achieve this objective, groundwater samples were collected from 15 different locations within the study area using a random sampling method from tube wells. The study area was analyzed for various physicochemical parameters, including temperature, electrical conductivity (EC), pH, turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), total alkalinity (TA), total hardness (TH), calcium, magnesium, iron, chloride, nitrate, and fluoride concentration. Groundwater suitability was examined by using WHO, BIS, and ICMR standards, which indicates that the quality of groundwater was suitable for drinking purposes. According to this study, all places are within the admissible limit and acceptable for drinking purposes, except for W1, W3, W4, W7, W11, and W15, which require treatment with an oxidizing filter, green-sand filter, or mechanical filter. The higher concentration of Fe may be the result of water's interaction with the ferromagnesian minerals of the Panjal Trap in the deeper aquifer. Iron can change the taste and color of water, yet in minor amounts, it is not usually damaging to human health. However, high iron levels may encourage the development of particular bacteria in water, which can be detrimental to human health. Based on the findings, the water quality of the analyzed tube wells is fairly good in terms of the monitored elements and physicochemical properties which is safe for drinking purposes and is not expected to pose any substantial health risks to consumers.

The study goals encompassed the evaluation of the effectiveness of kaolin liners in preventing the seepage of crude oil with different viscosities. The research used light and heavy crude oils sourced from Al-Barjisiah and Al-Ahdab oil fields in Iraq with kaolin grains of varying sizes. In the first stage, kaolin was analyzed using X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence to identify minerals and chemical composition. The physical characteristics of crude oil were also examined. Ten liners were prepared for the test depending on kaolin grain size ranging from 300, 150, 75, 50 μm and nano size with chosen crude oil. The findings indicated that kaolin liners of various sizes could not retain light crude oil. The flow of heavy crude oil was observed to be impeded, and seepage was effectively stopped for different durations when kaolin liners of varying sizes, precisely 50 μm, 75 μm, 150 μm, and 300 μm, were employed. These durations were measured to be 54, 96, 90, and 72 hours, respectively. Partial replacement of kaolin 150 μm by nano-size kaolin improved liner ability to impede the flow of light and heavy crude oil with a long period of retention time and without seepage.

Dissolving cavities in a water-holding rock (karst aquifer) are tied to how water is stored and released. However, cavity development by allogenic water is rarely studied. This research was intended to analyze the dynamic development of dissolution cavities in tropical karst areas influenced by allogenic recharge, using Beton Spring as an example. These dynamics were determined from water corrosiveness or aggressiveness based on the calcium carbonate saturation index, dissolution rate, and cavity development rate according to wall retreats. We found that water becomes more corrosive at the start of the rainy season due to the piston effect. The dissolution rate in the Karst Drainage Basin of Beton (Beton KDB) was estimated at 33.60 m3/km2/year or faster than in KDBs without allogenic recharges. Further, the mean rate of solutional wall retreat was calculated at 0.02 cm/year, or greater than the global average of approximately 0.01 cm/year.

The Mishrif Formation in the Rumaila oilfield is a prolific carbonate reservoir with significant hydrocarbon production. However, the role of natural fractures in enhancing reservoir characteristics remains poorly understood. This study aims to characterize and identify naturally occurring fractures within the Mishrif Formation using a multi-methodological approach integrating core and thin section analysis, borehole image logs, and conventional well logs. Results indicate different types of natural fractures, such as open, filled, vuggy, and propped fractures. The open type dominates the field; thus, the potential for oil production from this formation is high. Fracture orientation analysis revealed that the N-W and S-E directions have the largest percentage of fractures, making these areas favorable for drilling more wells. The main conclusion of this research is that the use of integrated methods enables the characterization and quantification of natural fractures, significantly contributing to the efficient management of oil reservoir units.

The majority of the roads in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI) are mountainous, with steep ascending and descending slopes and acute curves. Therefore, the road cuts on both sides of the roads usually suffer from slope stability problems exhibiting different types of slope failures. One of the easiest methods to assess the stability of road cuts is the Bejerman Method. It is a field method based on 10 different attributes, which can be measured and/ or estimated directly in the field. The studied area is located in the High Folded Zone, which is a part of the Unstable Shelf and occupies the northeastern part of the Arabian Plate, and is characterized by different types of mass movements; like landslides and toppling, as well as active weathering and erosion, and highly weathered rocks. The Bejerman Method was applied on a selected segment of the road that crosses Haibat Sultan Mountain near Galka Smaq village in KRI. The studied part of the road was covered by 13 stations, and at each station, we measured and/ or estimated the 10 attributes at each station. The results showed that among the 13 studied stations, the Landslide Possibility Index )L.P.I.( ranking showed 4 scored Very High, 5 scored High, 3 scored Medium, and 1 scored Low. It’s recommended to construct side and top ditches to reduce the water infiltration, decrease the slope gradients at the road cuts, and increase the vegetation cover on slopes.

Along the Tigris River is the study area between Baghdad and Kut cities using ten water samples, the current study assesses the pollution caused by heavy metals in water (two samples from drainage water and Eight samples from surface water the water collected from the shore by skimming the surface) on the 4th of November 2023. The heavy element analysis of the study area's water samples revealed that the water had been polluted with high concentrations of these elements (Pb and Cd). The amounts of heavy metals increased as the river flowed southward. This is related to the reduction in the water level of the Tigris River and the frequent discharge of various pollutants, which have led to an increase in pollution. Organic, and the spread of various chemical pests, an increase in the concentrations of different types of pollutants, whether from hospital pollutants or direct sewage, hospital pollutants are deemed more dangerous due to the potentially pathogenic substances they carry, treatment plant failure to follow wastewater filtration standards, wellbeing, besides rapid population growth rates, The influence of heavy elements found in water on people when exposed to them in high concentrations or over an extended time. However, these metals have no harmful impacts because the concentrations of (Cr, Fe and Cu) in water samples are within both Iraqi and WHO acceptable levels.

Assume that ???? is any ring with identity and ???? is a unitary left ????−module. This work introduces the ????????????????-Supplemented module with respect to the fully invariant submodule it is denoted by (FI−????????????????-Supplemented) and ⨁-????????????????-Supplemented modules with respect to the fully invariant submodule (denoted by ????????-⨁-????????????????-Supplemented modules). As well as the main features of these modules in this work, and various properties of these modules. Also, we defined weakly FI−????????????????−????upplemented modules as an extension of the FI-????????????????−????upplemented modules and we explain the relationship between them using notes and examples.

The influence of fear on the dynamics of harvested prey-predator model with intra-specific competition is suggested and studied, where the fear effect from the predation causes decreases of growth rate of prey. We suppose that the predator attacks the prey under the Holling type IV functional response. he existence of the solution is investigated and the bounded-ness of the solution is studied too. In addition, the dynamical behavior of the system is established locally and globally. Furthermore, the persistence conditions are investigated. Finally, numerical analysis of the system is carried out.

Coronavirus is an RNA (Ribonucleic acid) virus in the coronaviridian family that causes zoonotic and infectious diseases transmitted between animals and evolved between humans. This class of pathogens is responsible for respiratory diseases. Coronavirus refers to the crown-like protrusions on the outside surface of the virus. Corona is an infection that causes breathing difficulties in humans. In epidemics, symptomatic techniques based on graphic design are essential for examining the causes of influence, which leads to better results than primary radioscopy mechanisms for identifying and diagnosing COVID-19 cases. The urgent need to employ artificial intelligence in disease detection arose from this standpoint. In this paper, a system is proposed to diagnose infected persons by building a deep learning model and preprocessing processes homogeneously to investigate CT (coronavirus-computed tomography) scan radiographs using the global SARS-Covid dataset, achieving a 99% accuracy rate in diagnosing and identifying COVID-19 or non-COVID-19.

Early diagnosis of liver disease is extremely challenging because it lacks recognizable symptoms. When liver disorders are identified early, patients can start treatment before it’s too late, perhaps saving their lives. It is imperative to propose a preprogramming diagnosis model to avoid misdiagnoses or delayed diagnoses. This article aims to give a comparative analysis of probabilistic and ensemble learning, both of which have demonstrated efficacy in resolving real-world problems. There are four methods used in total: two probabilistic and two ensemble learning. A substantial liver dataset is employed, containing the records of 30691 individuals, 21917 of whom have liver disease and 8774 of whom do not. First, enough features are discovered by applying ten patient attributes. After preprocessing, 30% of the patient data is used for testing, and 70% is used for training. Then, Naïve Bayes, logistic regression, random forest, and extreme gradient boosting receive them. The parameters (such as gamma number, number of estimators, max-iter, max-leaf nodes, max-depth, etc.) for each of the four algorithms are established. Specificity, sensitivity, accuracy, and f1-score are the four quantitative evaluation parameters used to evaluate the performance of each model. The results obtained from the four models are compared with previous research and with each other. More lives would be saved as a result of this work's decreased rate of wrong diagnoses. The outcomes show that using and fine-tuning hyperparameters optimizes the model's performance. By combining the output of multiple weak models using ensemble methods, increased accuracy is achieved. By reaching a high accuracy of 100%, ensemble algorithms fared better than probabilistic approaches, which had an accuracy of 91.64%.

The purpose of this research is to examine the variation in star formation rate for two types of active galaxy models. It also aims to study the relationship between supermassive black holes (SMBH) and the star formation rate (SFR) for 29 samples of active galaxies. These objects have been classified into two types: 19 samples of the Quasar and 10 samples of the Seyferts. These galaxies have been selected from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), at different time intervals, and they have been monitored twice or more times during a period of approximately 10 years. The results in this article show that the value of the standard deviation star formation rate variability with respect to SMBH in QSO is higher than the standard deviation star formation rate variability with respect to SMBH in Seyferts as present, respectively (19.5 and 16.8). Moreover, a good linear correlation has been found between the SMBH and the SFR within the Seyfert and QSO galaxies, exhibiting varying degrees of goodness. This correlation is attributed to the clear impact of the bright active galactic nuclei characteristics among these objects. Additionally, the variability of the emission-lines ([OII], [Hβ], [OIII], [Hα], [SII]) has been studied for both samples (QSO and Seyferts), and it has been found that (([Hβ], [OII], [SII]) are highly affected by the gravitational bound system of the central black hole of the hosting galaxy. Furthermore, it has been noticed that bulge host mass (Mbulge) is linearly correlated with the centrally black hole mass of the host galaxies, leading us to the direct connotation between these parts. On the other hand, no obvious relationship was found between the luminosities at the V-band with respect to the SFR.

The signal-to-noise ratio of the Charge Injection Device is considered the most critical factor for evaluating the quality of the Charge Injection Device (CID). CID produces unwanted signals (noise) that can obscure the signal that needs to be detected. Noise is an essential obstacle for spectral identification of the observed object because it generates a fluctuation that can surpass the signal level. Therefore, reducing noise is very important to get a high-quality image. There are three main types of noise in the CID camera system: shot noise, readout noise, and dark current noise. The readout noise has the highest impact on the astronomical image because this noise is caused by a variety of factors, including trapping-state noise, reset noise, background noise, charge-transfer noise, and output amplifier noise. In order to reduce the readout noise and enhance SNR, non-destructive readout (NDRO) and binning techniques are used. This work examines the SNR of astronomical images with CID820 using NDRO, the binning process, and compound images. The study deals with three cases: the first is calculating SNR using different values of NDROs without binning. The second case uses different values of NDROs with 2, 4, and 6 binning. The third case involves combining two or more astronomical images to increase the SNR of CID820. Finally, the study compares the output results of SNR for the three cases to decide which case is the best for astronomical imaging using CID820.

High-resolution imaging of celestial bodies, especially the sun, is essential for understanding dynamic phenomena and surface details. However, the Earth's atmospheric turbulence distorts the incoming light wavefront, which poses a challenge for accurate solar imaging. Solar granulation, the formation of granules and intergranular lanes on the sun's surface, is important for studying solar activity. This paper investigates the impact of atmospheric turbulence-induced wavefront distortions on solar granule imaging and evaluates, both visually and statistically, the effectiveness of Zonal Adaptive Optics (AO) systems in correcting these distortions. Utilizing cellular automata for granulation modelling and Zonal AO correction methods, the study aims to understand system behavior under varying atmospheric turbulence conditions and provide recommendations for Zonal AO system enhancement for solar observations. Performance metrics, including Strehl Ratio, Correction Stability, Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), and Correction Rate, were used to assess system performance under varying turbulence levels. However, challenges arise with increasing turbulence strength, impacting correction precision, stability, and speed. The results showed the weakness of the Zonal AO in treating high distortions in wavefront, as is evident by the decreases in Strehl Ratio val

Stumpff functions are an infinite series that depends on the value of z. This value results from multiplying the reciprocal semi-major axis with a universal anomaly. The purpose from those functions is to calculate the variation of the universal parameter (variable) using Kepler's equation for different orbits. In this paper, each range for the reciprocal of the semi-major axis, universal anomaly, and z is calculated in order to study the behavior of Stumpff functions C(z) and S(z). The results showed that when z grew, Stumpff functions for hyperbola, parabola, and elliptical orbits were also growing. They intersected and had a tendency towards zero for both hyperbola and parabola orbits, but for elliptical orbits, Stumpff functions exhibited unstable behavior, with distinct, insignificant peaks disappearing as z increased. In comparison to other published studies in this section, the results showed good agreement.

This study aims to reveal the extent of buildings and urbanization increases in the Taji district. The Taji District faces a problem in determining the judiciary's direction from an area of a rural nature to an area of a civil nature. The importance of this study lies in shedding light on the problem of lack of urban planning that occurs on the outskirts of urban cities in general and in Baghdad in particular. Taji District is located within Baghdad Governorate, one of the governorates of Iraq. Satellite images from Landsat 7 for 2003, 8 for 2014, and 9 for 2023 were acquired to cover the study area. Each image was cropped according to the administrative boundaries of the Taji region. Each image was cropped according to the administrative boundaries of the Taji region using the QGIS program, and the ENVI program was used for classification and statistical operations. The maximum likelihood classification was chosen as the main classifier to distinguish different land cover types in the study region. The areas of each feature of the image were calculated, and then the percentage of each feature was calculated. The graphical relationship between time in years and urban areas during each year showed that urbanization increases at a constant rate, which is the constant increase in urban area and equals 1.06% for each year. This increase is considered relatively high since the Taji district is considered a rural agricultural area, and the explanation for the change in this percentage is due to several reasons, the most important of which is the increase in population and lack of water resources.

Tracing is an essential process in geomatics (i.e., surveying) for different applications. It involves determining the positions of points from different measurements utilizing suitable techniques. Since the smartphone is a modern technology that can determine positions, assessing their results in traversing is necessary. For this purpose, the positions of 16 points in a closed traverse were collected with six different sets of measurements (five sets with smartphone devices and a standard set with traditional techniques). The smartphone devices are dual-frequency Samsung S22, and the other four are single-frequency, consisting of the iPhone 11, Xiaomi Note 8, the iPhone XS max, and the iPhone XS with Android application. The derived distances and computed area from each device were compared with the adjusted results of a standard set measured with theodolite and steel tape. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of positioning with a dual-frequency device was found to be 0.700 m and 1.182 m for easting and northing, respectively, which is better than the positioning with single-frequency devices. The achieved RMSE in the extracted distance was 1.288m with dual frequency compared to 1.333 to 2.179m with other single-frequency devices. The standard computed area of the traverse was 47,824.54 m2, while it was 47,866.95 m2 for a dual-frequency device and 47,758.40 m2 to 47,165.64 m2 for other devices. This means the least difference in the area, 42.41 m2, was achieved with the dual-frequency device. It was proven that the results of a dual-frequency smartphone are better than that of single-frequency devices.