Journal of African Studies

Absrract
In this research، the two researchers were responsible for talking about the existence of the Arabic pronunciation on the tongue of a non-Arabic speaker. Any researcher can observe the Arabic letters and their sounds in the African tongue regardless of its speakers: the Hausawi، the Fulani، and the Nigerian، and find it to be a mixture of the Arabic and Western pronunciation imposed by colonialism، and perhaps the Arabic pronunciation for it The major share on these tongues، and the influence of Arabic words on the African tongue، is nothing but the result of the adherence of the people of the brown patch to this sacred language.

Absrract
The study of Sudanese-Ethiopian political relations from 1989 to 2005 dealt with the phase of rapprochement between Sudan and Ethiopia during that period, which contributed to the improvement of relations between the two countries. It touched on the attempt to assassinate Egyptian President Mohamed Hosni Mubarak and its impact on relations between Sudan and Ethiopia, and the repercussions of that incident on the situation in Sudan and the conversation. About the solution to the crisis and the return of Sudanese-Ethiopian relations, as well as the shedding of... Shedding light on Sudan’s position on Ethiopian-Eritrean relations.

Absrract
reparing an evaluative study on theses, dissertations and research published in Al-Ustadh magazine during the period (1989 - 2023), in relation to contemporary African history studies. The problem of the study stems from the fact that academic studies specializing in modern African history have been completed in Iraqi universities and in most history departments, and have come as monotonous descriptive treatments, and are predominantly narrative and verbose, and that they are devoid of setting specific strategies and goals, and at the forefront of that is defining the problem as one of the most important pillars of the historical method in studies and research, and from here came the idea of the study, the aim of the research: to show the strengths of contemporary African history studies completed in the history department and in Al-Ustadh magazine, as well as identifying the weaknesses in them.

The deteriorating internal conditions in Portugal led to a military coup in April 1974, later known as the Carnation Revolution. At that time, the African colonies that had been rebelling against Portuguese colonialism since the 1960s declared their desire for complete independence without any conditions. Despite the new government's attempts, led by De Spinola, to grant freedom to the colonies by establishing a political and economic association or commonwealth with them, this triggered a backlash from the nationalist movements, which intensified their military attacks against Portuguese forces within each colony. This forced the Portuguese government to enter into negotiations with each colony separately. These sessions resulted in the complete independence of the African colonies and the withdrawal of the Portuguese military from them.

The research aims to shed light on the role of the United States in concluding the disengagement agreement between the Egyptian and Israeli forces in 1974, which was the main driver of this agreement despite the international attempts at the Geneva Conference at the end of 1973, and the decisions that resulted from it, but the result was unfavorable due to the failure to reach a solution that satisfies the parties to the conflict. There were several factors that accelerated the American move towards concluding the agreement, most notably the oil embargo and the restrictions imposed on production by the Arab oil-producing countries, in addition to the fear of the Soviet Union taking the initiative, or the attempt of Arab countries such as Syria and Libya to involve themselves in this conflict, and in this case creating more delay and confusion. Therefore, the shuttle tours of US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger worked to bring the Egyptian/Israeli viewpoints closer together, regarding reaching an agreement to end the state of engagement between the military forces of the two parties.

The rulers of Sudan, or as contemporary and Western historians call it, sub-Saharan Africa, were distinguished in their pagan and then Islamic period by paying attention to royal or sultanic ceremonies, which were clearly evident in their meetings in the palaces or those that followed during their departure in procession, and these matters will be dealt with in the research through the presentation of texts related to those The issue and an attempt to answer a question raised by many Westerners who say that Africans are not influenced by Islamic civilization, while we clearly see those Islamic civilizational influences in the names of the rulers of sub-Saharan Africa.

From a social anthropological perspective this article examines the making of the Afro-Arab-Islamic Sudanese identity, and explains how this process of diverse identity formation was derailed from the goal of achieving a "melting pot" due to the political elite's failure in managing this diversity properly. The Sudanese political elites have been dealing with the ethno-cultural diverse components of the Sudan on the ground of political manipulation and polarization instead of consolidating the factors of national integration. Then the article explains how the sub-national identities have been formed over time at the expense of building a national identity. The article indicates how this conflict of sub-national or ethnic identities have nourished communal conflicts – of non-state actors - that eventually resulted in seceding the South in 2011 – besides igniting further wars in many parts of the country. The article believes that micro identities were deeply developed by the government of the Islamic Movement (1989 - 2019) to gain political support causing social cleavages and triggering conflicts of sub-national identities. When the War of April 2023 broke out between the Sudan's Army and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) the latter has exploited this situation where those marginalized tribes constituted a social milieu for it. The article calls upon the international community to support the formation of transitional government of independent (non-partisan) technocrats to achieve sustainable peace.

Africa is the continent most exposed to political and economic changes, because it was colonies subject to occupation after it was kingdoms and tribes.
Nigeria is the country that was most exposed to these changes after the British occupation of it, from evangelism among the tribes of Nigeria and teaching their children to follow its religion, and they are a minority who were given positions and took over the government and the army even after independence.

He was born in the city of Ajdir،one of the countryside cities،in December 1882. His father،Abdul Karim،was the local judge. He belonged to the Bani and Rayaghel tribe،and it is mentioned that the roots of his ancestors were from the Hijaz. Al-Khattabi grew up University of Al-Qarawiyyin،and he was captive to the ideas of modernists such as Al-Afghani،Al-Kawakibi،Muhammad Abduh،and Rashid Reda.

The book Internal Political Developments in Liberia during the period between 1847 and 1945 is one of the important sources that dealt with the issue of the role of black Americans in announcing the establishment of the state of Liberia, their role in managing the Liberian state and the attempt to marginalize the indigenous population of Liberia, as well as achieving the interests of the United States of America. The book indicated important information about that country located in West Africa, as the American Settlement Society succeeded in establishing the state of Liberia, and although black Americans initially numbered only 5% of the total population of Liberia, they monopolized the government and imposed their opinion. According to the majority opinion, the United States succeeded in exploiting the settlers in order to achieve their interests in Liberia, whether through the United States having a foothold in West Africa, as well as American companies exploiting the wealth present in Liberia.In addition to standing by its side during the two world warsThe first and second.