Rafidain journal of science

Vaginitis is still a health concern for women. The vagina is susceptible to trichomoniasis, bacterial vaginosis, and yeast infections due to its squamous epithelium. This is an original research project on the isolation of Cystobasidium slooffiae, from patients with cervical vulvovaginal infection in Erbil hospitals. In order to determine the frequency of C. slooffiae as the main reason of vaginal-cervical infection in women of reproductive age in Erbil city, this innovative study set out to identify it. By employing the universal primers ITS1 and ITS4, DNA sequencing verified the phenotypic and molecular identification techniques. The study also contains a test for the production of biofilms using Congo red agar (CRA), along with the discovery of the biofilm virulence genes; ALS1 and HWP1. Moreover, using the disc diffusion method to assess C. slooffiae\\'s antifungal susceptibilities. The identification of Cystobasidium isolates were tested phenotypically. The positive cultures include: non-Cystobasidium species, and C. slooffiae. Nucleotide sequence information for C. slooffiae is available under GenBank accession number OQ568166. The results of the ANOVA test revealed significantly variations in the level of sensitivity of C. slooffiae in opposition to antifungal discs, it was noted to be sensitive to every antifungal disc that was tested: Econazole (24mm) and ketoconazole (20mm), while resistance for each of Miconazole (8mm) and Nystatin (12mm). C. slooffiae was identified using a traditional and sequencing strategy, which seems to be a dependable, quick, and economical method. Not creating a biofilm and their sensitivity to different antifungal drugs were observed in C. slooffiae.

A field trial was performed in Grdarasha Research Station College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences/ Erbil/ Kurdistan region/Iraq, to investigate the piercing and sucking insect pests of sunflower crop and study nature of damages, population density and seasonal incidence of two major sucking insect pests during the flower initiation of sunflower crop. The CRD design was used for the experiment implementation. The results of this study revealed that two major piercing and sucking insects were recorded infesting different parts of sunflower plants, insect pest were sunflower whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) and sunflower lace bug (Galeatus scrophicus), belonging to the insect families of Aleyrodidae and Tingidae, and both belong to the order Homoptera and Hemiptera respectively. According the results, lace bug insects were more abundant that the sunflower whitefly during the growing season, the highest population density of whitefly was at fourth sampling week (6.50 individuals/ plant) while its infestation percentage was low and averaged 20% infestation/ field plants, however, the highest population density of lace bug was at the fifth week of sampling which was 22.60 individuals/ plant, while the lace bug infestation percentage was 90% infestation/ field plants.

Giardia lamblia (Giardia intestinalis) is one of the most important flagellated intestinal protozoa. It exists in two stages: The trophozoite stage, which parasitizes in the upper part of the small intestine (duodenum and jejunum) and is responsible for the symptoms of the disease, and the cyst stage, which is the infective stage and is excreted in the stool. The current study aimed to evaluate the effect of infection with Giardia lamblia on the digestive enzyme activity (α-amylase and lipase) and malabsorption (electrolytes) and infections (Alpha-1-antitrypsin) in the serum of 39 patients (males and females), whose ages ranged between (3-38) years patients infected with the G. lamblia or suspected of being infected with this parasite, of the total 508 patients referred to public health prevention center, center, Heevi Pediatric Hospital, Shariya and Kaberto camp inside or outside Dohuk city. The diagnosis of parasitic infection was confirmed on the clinical symptoms of patients, the macroscopic examination of stool-infected patients, which contained trophozoites and/or cysts of G. lamblia, by confirming the infection microscopically in the laboratory by two methods: The direct wet smear examination and the antigen detection test. In addition, 30 serum samples from healthy individuals not infected with this parasite, of both sexes and the same ages, were considered a control group. The results of this study showed a significant decrease in the activity of both α-amylase and lipase enzymes by 38% and 54%, respectively in the serum of patients with giardiasis compared to healthy controls of both genders and in male 44%, 54%, and in female 35%, 57%, respectively compared to healthy controls according to gender. The results also showed a slightly significant decrease in sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) levels in the serum of infected patients by 6% and 4%, respectively, compared to healthy controls of both genders. The significant percentage of decrease was in males by 5% and 7%, respectively, and in females by 5% only for sodium compared to healthy controls according to gender. The results of the current study showed a significant increase in the Alpha-1-antitrypsin level by 54% in the serum of patients with giardiasis compared to healthy controls of both genders, in male 53% and in female 55% compared to healthy controls according to gender. We conclude that infection with G. lamblia causes diarrhea, which affects the digestive tract, causing malabsorption and intestinal inflammation, disrupting metabolic and physiological processes

Two methods of high sensitivity and simplicity, based on spectrophotometry, have been proposed for the quantitative analysis of local anesthetic drug procaine hydrochloride (PROC-HCl) in its pure state as well as within pharmaceutical formulations and human blood serum. The first methodology is predicated on the diazotization of PROC-HCl to its corresponding diazotized form, employing sodium nitrite under ambient conditions in the presence of acetic acid. Subsequently, coupling with the 2,5-dimethylphenol reagent to produce an intense yellow-orange colored azo dye. Importantly, this dye exhibits a maximum absorption peak at a wavelength of 466 nm. Beer\\'s law was found to be applicable within a concentration range from 1 to 15 µg/ml, yielding a determination coefficient of 0.9997, and molar absorptivity of 2.193x104 l/mol.cm, Sandell\\'s sensitivity 0.0124 µg/cm2 limit of detection 0.105 µg/ml, and limit of quantification 0.352 µg/ml. The stoichiometric ratio for the reaction involving coupling diazotized procaine with 2,5-dimethylphenol was established at 1:1. Employing the suggested method for the determination of procaine in its dosage form (injection) and serum sample produced analytical results that were deemed acceptable within scholarly standards. The second method depended on the same route of reaction but instead read absorbance measuring the area under the peak, with a fixing range of wavelengths 460-480 nm. Beer’s law was applicable in the concentration range of 0.25 to 20 µg/ml, with a determination coefficient of 0.9990. Finally, the method was applied to the injection form of procaine, giving a better recovery. As a comparison between the two methods, in the second method the extent of the linear relationship decreased to concentration lower than the minimum concentration in the first method, and the recovery by the second method was about 100%.

In this work, the azetidine substitutes and pyridazine compounds derived from benzimidazole substitute were prepared by two routes, where the first route included the preparation of the benzimidazole substitute (SA1) with a high yield, then it was reacted with ethyl chloroacetate in the presence of a base to obtain the corresponding ester (SA2) and then the ester was converted to hydrazide (SA3) by reacting the ester (SA2) with aqueous hydrazine, and the hydrazide (SA3) was reacted with different aldehydes to obtain azetidine derivatives (SA9-13), while the second route included the reaction of hydrazide with maleic anhydride, succinic anhydride and phthalic anhydride to obtain pyridazine compounds (SA14,15,16). The prepared compounds were characterized physically and spectroscopically by both 1H -NMR and FT-IR.

Spectrum analysis technology using Raman spectroscopy is considered an important and common matter in the field of materials analysis in many applications. This study used the laser, which is considered one of the most important tools used in studying Raman spectrum, which is a helium-neon (He-Ne) laser with a wavelength of (632.8 nm). A locally made spectrometer with a focal length of (261 mm) connected to a CCD camera was also used in the study. The slit was used as the signal input instead of an optical Fiber, and one of its advantages is that we can manually control its width using a micrometre. Three mirrors were used, the first a flat reflective mirror, the purpose of which was to obtain the required focal length. The second mirror is spherical and is called the collimating mirror. It collects the rays reflected from the plane mirror towards the grating. The third is a toroidal mirror that has two different diameters, that is, two focal lengths, in order to reduce aberration, and it is called a focusing mirror. It focuses the rays after analysing them and projecting them onto the CCD detector. The laser appeared to have spectral lines called plasma lines. Plasma lines presented an obstacle in our work, especially the lines with high intensity compared to the Raman spectrum, which has low intensity. Raman spectra were produced for some materials and the spectrum was identical to international references.

The metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) structure was fabricated from p-type (Boron doped) SSP silicon <100>. The interfacial oxide layer was SiO2 while aluminium\'s metal gate thickness was (~250 nm) thermally evaporated with silver contacts. Four of the prepared structures were exposed to gamma radiation from the Ra226 source with a duration of (10, 20, 30, 40) days respectively, while another four structures were exposed to neutrons irradiation using (241Am -10Be) source for (5, 7, 9, 12) days respectively. The last MOS was not exposed to any radiation. Characterization measurements were carried out to compare the behaviour of MOS structures after being irradiated. The main result is that there is a significant increase in the current due to the decrease of barrier height of irradiate MOS devices as well and C-V measurements illustrate negative voltage shifts in the irradiated devices as a result of the buildup of interface states and the generation of electron-hole pair as a result of the radiation.

The design and simulation of a transimpedance amplifier (TIA) with different channel length is presented. The circuit consists of a Common Gate-Common Source (CG-CS) with an active feedback input stage followed by another Common Gate-Common Source stage. A series of different channel lengths (45 nm, 90 nm, 130 nm) were applied which are similar to the channel length modulation for a single channel length topology. In this work, the main focus is on obtaining the minimum input referred noise current and power consumption. The simulation results for this circuit were obtained as follows: Input referred noise current of (20.52 , 16.67 , 15.19 ) with a power consumption of (0.803 mW, 379.0 mW, 227.0 mW) corresponds to the above channel length series with a TIA gain of (44.02 dBΩ, 43.00 dBΩ, 44.08 dBΩ) at a bandwidth of (1.58 GHz, 1.56 GHz, 1.30 GHz) on series with a constant supply voltage of 1V applied. The main motivation for above innovated results was to prove that the channel length variation behavior resembles the case of channel length modulation for a single channel length topology. Simulated results were achieved using LTspice software environment.

In this research, two analytical formulas were found to calculate the continuous slowing down approximation range (CSDA range) of electrons within the energy range from 10 MeV to 1000 MeV in the human tissues (blood, dense bone, bone cortex, brain, eye lens, lung, skin, testicles). The two new formulas were found using the data fitting method and depending on data obtained from the International Code (E-Star) values and the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements Report No. 37 of 1984 (ICRU Report 37). The first formula was found as a function of the energy of the incident electron only, and the largest deviation in the results obtained from this formula was about (6.21%). The second formula was found as a function of the total stopping power of the electrons only, and the largest deviation in the results obtained from this formula was about (6.95%). The two new formulas are considered simplified formulas and can be applied easily and without the need to perform complex mathematical operations and as a function of only one variable. The previous formulas are complex formulas that depend on a large number of constants and as a function of more than one variable and require many repeated and complex mathematical operations.

The current research developed a new formula for calculating the theoretical value of nuclear binding energy and comparing it with the experimental binding energy. The liquid drop model was modified to show the effect of the interconnected relationship between the dead nucleus, i.e. The region of the nucleus composed of protons and neutrons (Z=N) which are in pairs, with the surface of the nucleus which represents the levels occupied by the unpaired neutrons (N>Z) surrounding the region of the nucleus through the potential energy (X0), which allows a clearer understanding of the nuclear structure, leading to good information in the field of applied nuclear physics. The least squares method (LSM) was used to determine the constants of the proposed formula, by creating a code using the Fortran 95 language, and the code was solved using the Gaussian method, and the constants were found for more than 400 different nuclei (even-even, even-odd, odd-odd) within the range (2 ≥ Z ≥ 92). To determine the reliability of the proposed formula, a statistical measure was used the standard deviation (σ), its accuracy in calculating the theoretical binding energy, and the standard deviation (σ=0.384) of the updated formulation of the modified liquid drop model or (MLDM).

Insulin resistance and obesity are two health disorders associated with decreased insulin action, weight gain, and body fat accumulation. These two conditions can possess a significant effect on health and raise the chronic disease risk. There is a close relationship between obesity and insulin resistance, as people who suffer from obesity possibly develop insulin resistance. Excess body fat causes excess fatty tissue around vital organs like the pancreas and liver, hindering their insulin response. blood sugar high levels lead for type 2 diabetes risk.
When the body is unable to use insulin effectively, resistance occurs resulting in high blood sugar levels. Several factors may play a role in the development of insulin resistance, including hormones secreted by adipose tissue, like adiponectin, which is useful for enhancing insulin sensitivity. However, its levels decrease in people who suffer from overweight and obesity, and thus their resistance to insulin increases, as well the hepatonctin, which is the hormone secreted by the liver and has a role in controlling blood sugar levels and metabolism.
Additionally, obesity increases the risk of developing many other diseases that can be enhanced by the existence of insulin resistance, so it is important to monitor and manage weight properly to prevent these conditions. Regulating insulin resistance and obesity requires lifestyle changes like regular physical activity and eating healthy, balanced foods. In some cases, you may need drug or insulin therapy to control blood sugar levels and improve the body's response to insulin.

Breast cancer is considered a lethal condition if it’s not detected and treated early enough. MRI needs to be one of the ways of detecting breast cancer at its earliest stages. This study aims to investigate the value of radiography in the detection of breast cancer. This makes MRI an excellent choice as it can detect cellular changes and differentiate between benign and malignant tumors. With the further evolution of the field of breast imaging, MRI is sure to take the front seat not only in screening capacity but also as a diagnostic modality. Further refinement of the MRI techniques and improvement in accessibility and cost will only serve to solidify its position as an integral component of a comprehensive breast cancer detection and management strategy over the next decade. Already, diffusion-weighted imaging is part of routine protocols for breast MRI in many institutions worldwide, and the indications of breast DWI are numerous, stretching from lesion detection and differential diagnosis between malignant and benign tumors to the evaluation of prognostic biomarkers of breast cancer and assessment of treatment response. In a screening without contrast method, DWI might be appropriate for its usage. Beyond apparent diffusion coefficient mapping, which represents one of the quantitative DWI measures for clinical routine, advanced DWI models such as IVIM, non-Gaussian diffusion MRI, and DTI are being more broadly exploited in defining further parameters portraying tissue perfusion and architecture and are able to improve diagnostic accuracy without the use of contrast agents. Therefore, in the present review, the diagnostic accuracy of MRI was assessed and compared with the effectiveness of diverse imaging modalities in diagnosing breast cancer

Different plants have been reported to be used in folk medicine which used a variety of plants in treatment of many diseases. These plants contained a various chemical constituent and which called secondary metabolic compounds such as phenols, alkaloids and terpenes. Because of biochemical as well as evolutionary decision-making in biological activities. There are about 25000 types of it produced in plants, terpenes are the major components of plant-derived essential oils especially monoterpenes as well as diterpenes which used as antibacterial and as food preservers. Terpenes and terpenoids have a variety of biological applications such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-microbial, anti-allergic and anti-cancer properties, these terpenes are used in a wide range of industries, including cooking field, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical ones…. etc. This review is focused on the chemical structure, classification according to isoprene units, synthesis and presences of terpenes in plants and their applications and uses.

In recent years, the agricultural sector has witnessed a surge in the development and application of nanotechnologies. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of the field, highlighting the key advancements and challenges that have emerged. We examine the various categories of nanomaterials being used in agriculture, including carbon-based structures, semiconductor nanodevices, and environmentally friendly approaches. Our analysis reveals that these materials have shown great promise in improving crop yields, reducing waste, and enhancing sustainability. We also explore the potential risks and challenges associated with the use of nanoparticles in agriculture, including their impact on soil microbiota and the need for effective regulation. Ultimately, this review aims to provide a nuanced understanding of the role that nanotechnology can play in transforming the agricultural sector, and to identify areas where further research and development are needed.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder among women. In 2003, the Rotterdam criteria were developed and adopted in diagnosing polycystic ovary syndrome, which is characterized by: A) Lack of ovulation or its cessation, which causes a difference in the menstrual cycle. B) The presence of a clinical or biochemical sign of high androgens. C) When diagnosed with ultrasound, there is a clear appearance of the presence of polycystic ovaries in women. When the distinctive signs of the disease appear in adolescence, they continue during the years before menopause, and even after menopause, women with polycystic ovary syndrome are at greater risk of developing metabolic diseases such as diabetes, high blood pressure, and cardiovascular disease. The most concerning risk factor for infected women is age, so affected women must constantly follow up and treat when infected with any type of ovarian cysts to reduce the occurrence of malignant tumors and their risks. The causes of polycystic ovary syndrome are many and varied, but the exact mechanisms and pathophysiology have not been comprehensively understood and clarified yet. Hepcidin increases significantly in cases of inflammation, infection, and high iron levels, but in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome, a decrease in its level was observed. This may be due to an increase in the hormone\'s androgen and testosterone, which are signs of polycystic ovary syndrome, or its decrease may be due to an increase in the absorption of dietary iron. The hormone melatonin works to regulate the body’s biological clock, and research indicates that its level is lower in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome compared to healthy people, which may be due to metabolic disorders or a high level of testosterone.