Rafidain journal of science

Liver function is effective in people with chronic kidney disease (CKD) that is one of the causes of death and disability in many countries around the world. Additionally, to their effects on serum albumin and total proteins by reducing their levels in blood. The current study was included 54 randomly ill cases, with ages ranging from (45 -75) years, who attended Private Kidney and Urology clinics in the city of Mosul, and were diagnosed by specialized Physicians for the period from September to June 2022. It included 31 males and 23 females. In addition, 30 apparently healthy 15 males and 15 females as the control group.
Results indicate a decrease in the liver’s performance of its function, and this was indicated by a significant decrease at P ≤ 0.05 in some liver enzymes, such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and significant increase at P≤0.05 of alkaline phosphatase.

The world's population is increasingly obese, replacing nutrition and infectious diseases. Cardiovascular disease and diabetes are linked to it. Endocrine disorders like hyperprolactinemia are frequent. It often causes ovulatory problems, menstrual abnormalities, and infertility in women. The autoimmune illness of type 1 diabetes involves abnormal immune responses to β-cell auto antigens. So, this study aimed to the know the effects of obesity, hyper prolactin and type1D in women by estimating some biochemical and hormone parameters. It was conducted on 92 women, ages between (20-40) years, with samples collected from the AL-Sader teaching hospital, Maysan for child and birth hospital, and specialized center for diabetes and endocrinology, from June 2022 to February of 2023. The women divided into four groups: Control group, hyperprolactinemia group (hyper serum prolactin), obesity group (have a body mass index (BMI) over 30 kg/M2), and type 1 diabetes group. The results showed the values of HbA1C and blood glucose in the type1D group increased significantly (P≤0.05) in comparison with obesity, hyperprolactinemia, and control groups. The values of 8-isoprostance in obesity and hyperprolactinemia groups increased significantly (P≤0.05) in comparison with other groups The values of follicle stimulating hormone and Latinizing hormone did not differ significantly in all groups. The value of testosterone in obesity group increased significantly (P≤0.05) in comparison with type1D, hyperprolactinemia and control groups. According to the above results we can conclude the women with obesity showed disorders in the reproductive state by increasing of 8-isoprostance and testosterone values

Nowadays, carp, which is common in Iraq's inland rivers, is the main species raised in most fish farms. Being aware that parasites can harm carp populations, or significantly contribute to their extinction or a growth limitation causing aquacultures to suffer financial losses. This study examines the parasites of certain carp fish in Mosul Dam Lake in the Iraqi province of Nineveh.
In the Nineveh governorate's Mosul Dam Lake, 70 common carp, Cyprinus carpio, were gathered situated northwest Mosul city one of the most important strategic projects in Iraq, by sellers and local fishermen, six try monthly during the period from April to August, 2023. Then following capture, carp fish were checked. Samples for parasite examination were taken from various areas of the host body surface, such as scales, fins, skin, gills, and eyes, and were then probed for ectoparasites. The infection rate was 40% (28/70), in the examination, eight parasite species were found, including: Four different protozoan species in the class Ciliata, Chilodonella cyprinid (21%), Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (7%), Tetrahymena pyriformis (8.5%), and Trichodina mutabilis (5.7%), two species of Monogenea trematode Dactylogyrus minutus (4%), and Paradiplozoon cyprini (2.9%) and two species of Crustacea Ergasilus mosulensis (4%), Copepodal stage of Lernae cyprinacea (4%). Among the cases parasites can hurt their hosts and damage parasite infestation, gill invasion, and harm internal organs and tissues.

A Soil Quality Index (SQI) is a quantitative or qualitative assessment tool used to evaluate soil's overall health and quality in a specific area. Condensing various soil qualities and features into a single number or rating, allows land managers, farmers, and researchers to understand and monitor soil health. Therefore, the aim of this study is to compare three widely used techniques for estimating SQI using data from 42 soil samples collected from Hawraman orchard soils at two depths (surface soil 10-30cm and subsurface soil 30-60cm). Generally, most soil indicators for both soil depths were close in values, reflecting their results on calculated SQIs that did not differ significantly at each depth investigated. Soil quality values for surface and subsurface soils were (0.38 and 0.37) for SQISA, while (0.377 and 0.379) for SQIW type and (0.530 and 0.665) for SQIPCA. Depending on SQIW relatively similar contribution percentage was obtained for both soil depths with the highest percentage of nutrient supply capacity (NSC) at 38%, root development capacity and (RDC) water storage capacity (WSC) at nearly 25-26%, the lowest contribution percentage for biological factors (BF) was 10%. SQIPCA is a more efficient model than the two others and more studies on soil quality detection are expected by this technique.

This study aims to investigate the effect of age on some oxidant and antioxidant markers during menstrual cycles. The sample included thirty healthy women (aged 20-45 years), divided into two groups (15 women /group) according to their ages, the first group: 20-25 years, the second group: 40-45 years, blood was drawn in the eighth, sixteenth and twenty-fourth days of the menstrual cycle. Results revealed: Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels increased not statistically on the 16th day compared with the 8th day and statistically (p≤0.05) in the 24th day of both groups. In addition, H2O2 increased statistically (p≤0.05) in the second group compared with the first group for the similar days. Catalase (CAT) levels increased not statistically on the 8th day compared with the 16th day and statistically (p≤0.05) in the 24th day. In addition, CAT increased statistically (p≤0.05) in the second group in compared with the first group for similar days. Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase LCAT levels increased not statistically on the 8th day compared with the 16th day and statistically (p≤0.05) with the 24th day. In addition, LCAT increased not statistically in the second group in compared with the first group for the similar days. The physiological impact of these results be discussed according to the effects of the menstrual cycle phases and progressive age, leading to these oxidants and antioxidant markers during the cycle and to decrease ovarian efficiency.

The aims of this study are to find out the biological efficiency of the fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae in some instar of the bluefly Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae). The study was done Samarra University in controlled conditions of 28 ± 3°C and a relative humidity of 65 ± 2%. with a lighting period of 16 hours per day. The droplet suspension is prepared by growing it on Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDB) medium in a flask of 250 ml by 150 ml of the used medium. M. anisopliae caused 89.29% for the first instar at 1×105 spore/ml after 72 h. M. anisopliae caused lowest mortality 67.43% at 1×103 spore/ ml after 24 h, B. bassiana caused 85.76% for the first instar at 1×105 spore/ml after 72h, while B. bassiana caused 68.40% at 1×103 spore/ ml after 24 h. M. anisopliae caused 78.03% of females and 72.35% of male at 1×105 spore / ml after 72h. B. bassiana caused 74. 35% for female and 62.63 % for male at 1 x 105 spore / ml after 72 h. of treatment.

The number of phytochemicals in tomatoes may be significant, given their long history of medical usage. Anemia and how they are related Prolonged iron shortage might have detrimental effects. Four groups of twenty-four pregnant rats were placed apart and left for a month. (meal time), with groups (2, 3, and 4) receiving juice therapy and group (1) acting as the comparison group.
The results showed that the use of tomato juice increased hemoglobin levels. Furthermore, they showed a significant decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA) and a significant rise in blood images and antioxidant enzymes like GSH as compared to the control +ve group. The rats with anemia who were treated with tomato juice recovered the most. The nutritional value and antioxidant activity of tomato juice may be responsible for these outcomes. To sum up, giving rats tomato juice may considerably lower anemia.

The rapid process of industrialization and urbanization has led to the release of substantial amounts of heavy metals into the atmosphere, posing a significant threat to human health. This study aimed to collect dust samples from two different locations in Erbil Governorate: One from an industrial site (S1) and the other from a non-industrial site (S2) in Erbil Governorate. The sampling took place during July, August, and September 2021. Atomic absorption spectroscopy was used to evaluate the concentrations of different elements (Fe, Cu, Mn, Ni, Cr, Zn, As, Pb, Co, and Cd) in the dust samples. The study also analyzed the health hazards, both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic, associated with these metals for the residents. Non-carcinogenic hazards were assessed by computing the values of hazard index (HI) and hazard quotient (HQ) individually for children and adults. The results showed that the HI values of all elements were less than one at both sites for both children and adults, except for Cr and as at the industrial area (site 1), where the HI values for children were 2.68E+00 and 3.85E+00, and for adults were 1.55E+00 and 1.03E+00, respectively. Thus, it was found that children faced a higher non-carcinogenic health risk compared to adults at both locations. Furthermore, the study evaluated the carcinogenic risks associated with elements such as As, Cr, Cd, and Ni. The carcinogenic risk (CR) values for these elements exceeded that range (10-4 - 10-6), indicating that there is no significant carcinogenic risk present in the studied areas.

In order to study new bioactive compounds, benzilic acid was used as a starting material for some novel derivatives of 2-aryl-1,3-thiazolidin-4-ones, methyl benzilate (R2) was prepared from benzilic acid (R1) and methanol with the presence of sulfuric acid by reflux conditions. Benzilic acid hydrazide (R3) prepared by reflux of methyl benzilate (R2) and hydrazine hydrate in the presence of absolute ethanol, we carried out certain chemical transformations of benzilic acid hydrazide (R3) through reaction with a set of aromatic aldehydes (4-bromo benzaldehyde, 2-nitro benzaldehyde, 3-nitro benzaldehyde, 4-hydroxy benzaldehyde, 2-chloro benzaldehyde, 3-hydroxy benzaldehyde, 3,4-dihydroxy benzaldehyde, 2,6-dichloro benzaldehyde, piperonyl) in absolute ethanol in the presence of three drops glacial acetic acid under reflux conditions to yield the corresponding hydrazone derivatives in moderate to good yields (R4a-i). The corresponding 2-aryl-1,3-thiazolidin-4-one derivatives (R5a-i) were obtained by the reaction of the prepared hydrazone derivatives (R4a-i) with 2-mercapto propionic acid under reflux conditions by using (Dean-stark device) in dry toluene. These derivatives were tested in vitro for their antifungal efficiency against Candida albicans, Rhodotorula sp., and Meyerozyma caribbica.

Staphylococcus epidermidis is a gram-positive coccus considered as the major skin inhabitant, it is accountable for the contamination challenge in the clinical specimens Interestingly, the ability of S. epidermidis to initiate an infection, mostly those associated with medical equipment and instruments such as prosthetic joints, indwelling catheters, and others, is mainly owing to the synthesis of virulence factors such as adhesins, exotoxins, and enzymes as well as their antibiotic resistance. The S. epidermidis pathogenicity is amplified by its ability to establish biofilms that gave protection against antimicrobial agents and host defenses. Acquisition awareness of the fundamental mechanisms, which enhance the pathogenicity of S. epidermidis has the ability to participate in an inclusive comprehension of its pathogenic nature, permitting its categorizing as either an opportunistic pathogen or true pathogen. Besides, this review may participate in the establishment of innovative tactics for the prevention and management of infections initiated by this particular species

Bacterial pigments make a good substitute for synthetic pigments because of their important characteristics. Since bacterial pigments present a wealth of potential applications, they are also one of the burgeoning fields of study. Previous studies exposed the enormous significance of bacterial secondary metabolites and pigments in particular. Because of their extraordinary antibacterial, anticancer, cytotoxic, and antioxidant characteristics, the therapeutic nature of the bacterial pigments is revealed in the therapy for various diseases. Bacterial pigments are generally selected because of their ease of scaling up, straightforward, and crose-effectiveness in terms of time. Most bacterial pigments are safe for human consumption, making them useful in a variety of industries, including the pharmaceutical industry. Currently, cancer and many other bacterial illnesses are treated using bacterial pigments instead of traditional therapy. Because of the importance of bacterial pigments, it was thought necessary to thoroughly review recent advancements in the literature on the therapeutic potential of bacterial pigments.

The study was carried out with the aim of evaluating the performance of seven genotypes of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), namely Atlas, 5-DAJAJ, 3-GOUMRIA, Bohouth-4, 1-ASEEL, 1-BAOBAB, and Terbol, in addition to six genetic hybrids. The seeds of these thirteen genotypes were all planted in one of the agricultural fields in the Rashidiya/ Mosul region during the winter season (2022-2023). The experiment was carried out according to a completely randomized block design with three replicates. Some traits were studied: the number of days to flowering at 50%, plant height (cm), and leaf area. Science (cm 2), number of ears/ plants, length of the ear (cm), number of grains/ ears, deletion of grain yield/plant (g), biological yield (g), harvest index %, and weight of 1000 grains (g). The results showed that the analysis of variance of the mean squares of the genotypes was highly significant at the 1%; level for all the traits studied. The genetic, environmental, and phenotypic variances for the studied traits were significant, as the values of the phenotypic coefficients of variation were higher than the values of the genetic variation coefficients for all of the studied traits. Likewise, heritability in the broad sense was high in terms of the number of days to flowering at 50%, the grain/plant yield recipe, and the harvest index, as it amounted to (0.765). (0.623) and (0.776), respectively. The expected genetic improvement values as a percentage were high for the two traits of grain yield/plant and harvest index, reaching (44.801) and (40.129), respectively.

The present work involves constructing a parabolic solar concentrator using local materials for the city of Mosul, Iraq. Its implementation aims for minimal cost and weight. This system is adaptable for further development to study various factors that contribute to enhancing the thermal performance of the solar concentrator, such as (receiver diameter, receiver length, concentrator area, concentrator tilt angle, tracking, mass flow rate, fluid type, reflective surface material, etc.). In this study, the effect of tracking on the practical thermal efficiency of the solar concentrator was investigated in a single-axis configuration (North-South). The tests were conducted in two cases: the first case with tracking system, and the second case without tracking system. The practical results indicated a higher efficiency of the system with tracking (17%) compared to the fixed system's peak efficiency. The useful thermal energy was increased by approximately 550 Watts compared to the fixed system.

The Psychodidae, known as the moth fly or sand fly family, includes global groups estimated at approximately 3,400 described species. Among them Phlebotominae, which includes species have medical and veterinary importance as vectors of pathogens, such as Leishmania, viruses, and bacteria. The classification of phlebotomists began in 1786 using phenotypic taxonomy, and witnessed great interest at the beginning of the twentieth century, when some of their species began to be classified as vectors of leishmaniasis. Despite the widespread phenotypic taxonomy of insects, the similarity of the phenotypic characteristics of some species sometimes hinders their distinction by these characteristics, especially the so-called cryptic species, which necessitated the use of molecular methods for this purpose. Therefore, it appears that the present and future of insect taxonomy moving towards integrative approaches, as taxonomic research validated using molecular methods is more valued in journals with a higher impact factor, and tends to have greater acceptance from the scientific community. Currently, the group consists of 1,064 species described for both hemispheres. In Iraq, Phlebotominae has received the attention of researchers since 1920 until now, and its classification has focused largely on the phenotypic characteristics, with few species described by molecular methods.