Rafidain journal of science

This study aims to evaluate the risk of using untreated wastewater for vegetable contamination. Water samples and vegetables cress and scientific name (Lepidium sativum) were collected from farms using wastewater and well water for irrigation for three seasons (Autumn, Winter, and Spring). Results show that untreated wastewater is characterized by an alkaline side of neutrality and has a high content of the Biochemical Oxygen Demand BOD5 value of 124 mg. l-1. The Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) values variations coincided with water temperature variations and no Dissolved Oxygen (DO) detection during the study periods. Cryptosporidium spp. and other intestinal parasites were observed in wastewater in nearly all studied seasons. Wastewater-contaminated vegetables irrigated by it. Well, water is characterized by the highest EC value of 1119 μS.cm-1 during Winter and the highest pH value of 8.1 during the Spring season. Generally, well water is contaminated with parasitic organisms. Cryptosporidium spp. was detected in well water but no detection was found in cress irrigated by it.

The need for alternative and environmentally friendly methods for waste clean-up has led to the use of enzymes in bioremediation. In this study, white rot fungi were isolated from decaying plant parts using standard microbiological and biochemical techniques. The isolated fungi were identified and screened using standard substrates (2, 6-DMP) to determine their capability to produce manganese peroxidase. Pure manganese peroxidase was achieved after four distinct purification phases. Crude extract of the homogenate proteins obtained through optimized submerged fermentation system were precipitated using ammonium sulfate. Ammonium sulfate used at 60% concentration at pH 4.5 precipitated proteins with highest Manganese peroxidase activity (322 U/mg). The precipitated proteins were desalted through dialysis for twelve hours with buffer exchange at interval of six hours and activity of 343.91 U/mg was recorded afterwards. DEAE-cellulose was used for the ion exchange purification of the dialyzed protein, NaCl gradients of 0.3-0.6 M was found to be best in washing off bound protein from the exchange resin and activity of 434.18 U/mg was recorded from the pooled fraction tubes. Sephadex G-100 was used for separation of the proteins into molecular sizes and weights. 2.8 purification folds of the enzyme were achieved after ion exchange (DEAE-cellulose) and gel filtration (sephadex G-100) with percentage yield of 2.20%. Specific activity of the enzyme increased to 602.00% after gel filtration. The partial purified enzyme was further characterized for determination of optimal pH (4.5), temperature (40 OC) and kinetic properties Km of 3.4 mM and Vmax of 250μmol/min.

This method involves the development of a highly sensitive spectrophotometric procedure to estimate lanthanum in an aqueous medium. The procedure involved the treatment of lanthanum with Alizarine Red S as chromophor reagent in presence of neutral surfactant (Triton X-100). At pH4.5, a soluble red complex was produced and exhibited absorption peak with maximum absorption at 523nm. The calibration graph was linear and compatible to Beer's law over the range of concentration 0.125 to 10.0 μg.ml-1 with determination coefficient (R2=0.9994). The apparent molar absorptivity of the complex La-ARS was found to be 0.7222x104 l.mol-1.cm-1 which corresponds to the sensitivity of Sandell’s index of 1910.0 μg.cm-2. The stoichiometric of the complex was studied and it is equal to 1:2 (La: ARS). The values of LOD, LOQ and the range of recovery percentage were estimated and found to be 0.04182, 0.04434 μg.ml-1 and 96.1% to 103.5%, respectively. The precision (RSD) was also calculated and found to be in the range 0.469 to 1.612. The proposed procedure has been applied successfully for the determination of lanthanum in natural waters and urine sample.

Electrostatic lenses are established using billed electrodes with cylinder bores which are exactly organized on a line of symmetry. In this paper, four designs of three-element cylindrical electrostatic lenses in the acceleration and deceleration mode with different geometrical shapes were created to prove how the operational characteristics of the lenses are affected by the electrode geometry according to potentials, the electron beam diameter in the image plane, kinetic energy, velocity, and acceleration before and after the electron beam passes through each of the four lenses. The best lens is chosen from the four lenses based on its optical performance. It has been found that the lens with the concave outer electrode surface has the best optical performance as an accelerating lens, and the lens with the concave inner electrode surface has the best optical performance as a decelerating lens. It was discovered that the geometry of the electrodes plays a major role in minimizing the beam electron diameter at the image plane and in accelerating and decelerating the electron beam. The calculations are carried out by using the SIMION8.0 and SL Tools Programs package

An important use of active inductor feedback is reported. It was evident that a frequency dependent impedance of an active inductor is similar to that of an ordinary spiral inductor which is a key advantage in integrated circuit design given the fact that Mosfet-based active inductor circuit occupies less volume on board a chip. In this work, a 42 dBΩ transimpedance (TIA) gain at 1 GHz is obtained with 33 ????????⁄√???????? of input referred noise with a very low power consumption of 0.605 mW. The Common-Gate Common-Source input stage with an active inductor feedback is reported in this work for the first-time long side a second stage current mirror with additional local active inductor feedback. The extremely low level of power consumption is considered to be another key advantage for that matter despite the moderate levels of TIA gain, bandwidth and input-referred noise current spectral density with 1V DC supply voltage. The LTspice software was used for simulation.

Heavy-ion fusion reactions are important and essential to express the dynamical properties of colliding nuclei, and to address the tunneling effect in quantum mechanics. In the fusion process, the ion-ion potential plays an important role in approaching the measured cross section with the experimental value by influencing the tunneling probability of interacting nuclei. In this work, the fusion cross-sections of closed-shell heavy-ion fusion systems (_6^12)C_6 +(_62^144)Sm_82 "," (_8^16)O_8 "+" (_62^144)Sm_82 "," (_14^28)Si_14+(_62^144)Sm_82 "," (_20^48)Ca_20 +(_62^144)Sm_82 have been calculated and analyzed in the framework of coupled channel theory, using the code CCFULL, by fixing the potential depth value V_0= 102.9 MeV and the fusion radius R_0 = 1.096 fm, while, the diffuseness parameter (a_0) of Wood--Saxon potential is varied from 0.6 to 1.1 fm to fitting the fusion cross-section data at energies near and below the Coulomb barrier. It was observed that our approach is able to estimating the experimentally observed cross-sections of closed-shell colliding nuclei

With the simultaneous thermal spraying of glassy arsenic selenide (As2Se3), a significant influence of the introduced Indium (In) and Selenium (Se) on the films' structural and photovoltaic properties was established. The glassy As2Se3 and In or Se were deposited simultaneously at up to 60 nm/s on cooled substrates at different temperatures ranging from 70 to -50 °C, layers with a thickness of 0.5 to 1 m in a vacuum 10-3 Pa. Films produced on low-temperature substrates result in structural modifications that can be utilized for lithography and electrically active defects. The energy necessary for the As2Se3 annealing technique, according to the results, is equal to 0.57 eV of high-temperature energy. When Se is supplied at a temperature of -50 °C, we saw that the photocurrent increases at low temperatures. The image is minimally affected by Se increases greater than 7%. The solubility time of the non-irradiated segment is 5 seconds, the rest layer dissolves in 12 seconds, and the thickness of the rest layer is above 75%.

Plastics have been polluting the environment for a long time due to their persistence in all ecosystems and especially in the marine ecosystem. Until now, the best candidate found to substitute these products are the bioplastics. This is due to the presence of bacteria that can degrade them in nature and the similarities they show in their structure to petroleum-based plastics. These polymers are represented by polyhydroxy alcanoates (PHAs) and are produced naturally by bacterial cells as reservoir compounds for carbon and energy. Many PHA-producing microbial strains have been isolated worldwide including bacterial and fungal genera which could be used to produce bioplastics commercially. However, the major obstacle behind preventing the prevalence of bioplastics is their raw material cost. As a result, many studies have been conducted to produce PHAs, and their derivatives from waste raw materials. This will help to eliminate the cost of bioplastic production and simultaneously save the environment from an unfavorable accumulation of such wastes. Genetics has played an essential role in reducing the cost of bioplastics by manipulating microorganisms to produce more efficient bioplastic producers. Disrupting some genes and introducing others has been found to be helpful for the accumulation of PHAs in microbial producers

Diclofenac is act as analgesic and antipyretic drug, known as voltarol, voltarine, dicloflex, and many other known brand names, formulated mainly as capsules and tablets, or as gel and suppositories. Spectrophotometric methods for determination of diclofenac were based on oxidation-reduction reaction or on complex -formation reactions, as well as determination based on UV -derivatives detection, first or second order. Many HPLC-methods for determination of DFC have been published, these methods use different dimensions C18 columns and different compositions of mobile phases, acetonitrile is one of the major components of mobile phase because it offers a suitable polarity and viscosity, few procedures use the internal standard, while many of the selected review articles involve detection by UV-detector. Many other determination methods have been published, this review concern on the spectrophotometric and chromatographic methods. The aim of the review is to offer these reported methods to analysts to be in use for quality control of the dosage forms, and to use the selected procedures for new work to determine other related compounds.

The importance of developing sulfur therapy is crucial to achieving the progress of pharmaceutical works - functional groups produced from sulfur can be found in a wide range of medicines due to the components of various biological and pharmaceutical effects.
Sulfur compounds are an important class of chemical molecules. It can be used in various areas of chemistry.
As a result of the widespread of pharmaceutical compounds containing sulfur, it gave great importance, as there are many drugs that have been developed, such as mafenide, sulfacetamide, Sulfadiazine, sulfamethazine, Sulfasalazine, sulfisoxazole. The study dealt with collecting the most important methods of preparing organic sulfur compounds.
The focus was on thiols, thiones and sulfones, and a comparison was made between the pharmaceutical compounds that are included in their compositions in terms of synthesis and medical uses as antibacterial, antifungal and anticancer cells

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders in female reproductive age, it is associated with metabolic disorder, oxidative stress and infertility. This study amid to show the effect of PCOS and obesity on a number of biochemical parameters in serum of 70 patients which age ranged (15-45) years attending Al-khansa hospital and private laboratories in Nineveh governorate They were diagnosed as PCOS by gynecologists, obstetricians and infertility doctors, 50 of healthy female with the same ages of patient were used as a control group for comparison.
The results showed significant increase (P≤0.01) in concentration of Glucose, Insulin, Insulin resistance HOMA-IR, Triglyceride, Cholesterol, Low density lipoprotein LDL, very low-density lipoprotein VLDL, with non-significant decrease in High density lipoprotein HDL compared to control group. When comparing the previously mentioned parameters in serum of obese PCOS (BMI>30) with non-obese PCOS (BMI<30) we found significant increase (P≤0.05) in these parameters in obese more than in non-obese patient.

This study was conducted to investigate the protective effect of Grape seeds oil on some fertility parameters in white rats (Rattus norvegicus). In this study used (36) male rats age (2.5-3) month, weights ranged (210-270) g were divided into (6) groups (6) rats/group. The first group (Control group), the second group (Tamsulosin group), the third group (Grape Seeds Oil 0.2 ml/kg) body weight, the fourth group (Grape Seed Oil 0.4 ml/kg) B.W, fifth group (Grape Seeds Oil 0.2 ml/kg+ 0.4 mg/kg, Tamsulosin). The sixth group (Grape Seed Oil 0.4 ml/kg+ 0.4 mg/kg. Tamsulosin). All treatment were given doses every day for (7) weeks. Result showed a significant decreased (p> 0.05) in testosterone levels in Tamsulosin group after the fourth and seventh group weeks of treatment as a compare with control group. Where the testosterone levels showed a significant increase in groups of Grape Seeds Oil 0.2,0.4ml/kg B.W after the fourth and seventh weeks of treatment. The group fifth and the sixth groups showed a significant decreased (p> 0.05) in testosterone levels after the fourth week, where the two-group showed in significant increased after the seventh week. The results revealed a significant decreased in the total sperms count and the density of sperms and the percentage of living sperm (p> 0.05) in Tamsulosin group, and increased the percentage of dead and abnormalities sperms of Tamsulosin groups as compare with control group.

The current study included the determination of the Heat Production Rate (HPR) resulting from the decay of radioactive elements (238U, 232Th, and 40k) after determining their concentrations using the technique of collecting gamma ray’s spectrum by means of the sodium iodide detector NaI (TI). The importance of determining the heat production rate, because it has a profound effect on the surface of the earth’s crust, especially in the conditions of desertification that have swept the globe in the last two decades. To achieve the objective of the study, 30 samples of natural water were collected. These samples varied between rainwater, dams, groundwater and pure tap water to natural spring water. The results showed that the concentrations of uranium (238U) ranged between 0.161-0.006 ppm and thorium (232Th) concentrations between (0.462-0.110 ppm), in addition to the potassium (40k) concentration between (0.23-0.023%). These values showed radioactivity levels below the safe and standard limits set by the UNSCEAR Committee. While the results showed for the heat production rate values ranged between (0.0223-0.0091), which indicates a low heat production rate that does not affect the temperature of the earth's crust within the limits of the sample sites that this study included. The results of the current study can be used to provide basic data for future epidemiological investigations and monitoring programs. In the areas under study

The current study, the efficiency of many binary and triple aluminum alloys was examined for the alloy’s samples consisting of (Al-Cu-Pb). These alloys were manufactured in the laboratories of the physics Department and the manufacture of melting furnaces as well as the design of casting molds, and then we used the gamma ray penetration technique to study the behavior of radiation attenuation by the manufactured alloys. The shielding properties of the prepared samples include mass attenuation coefficient (μ_m), radiation protection efficiency (RPE), half-value layer (HVL), and mean free path (MFP), Which were calculated theoretically using XCOM software. Experimental measurements were made at 60Co (1173, 1332 keV) 137Cs (662 keV) using a Gama spectrometer, which it contains the NaI (Tl) detector. It found that there is a good agreement between the experimental and theoretical values