Iraqi Journal of Science

The current research focuses on the antioxidant activity, phytochemical, and inorganic content of five common medicinal plants: Asian pigeonwings, lemon balm, lemongrass, ginger, and turmeric. According to the phytochemical screening, flavonoids were present in all plants; tannins were present in lemon balm and lemongrass, saponins were present in all plants except lemongrass, and anthraquinone glycosides were detected only in turmeric. The aqueous extracts from lemon balm, Asian pigeonwings, and the methanolic extract from turmeric had the highest phenolic content, respectively. The inorganic composition of plants was determined using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence. Asian pigeonwings, ginger and turmeric are mainly composed of K, while lemon balm and lemongrass are mainly composed of Ca. The mineral profile of each herb was determined by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry analysis. The antioxidant activity of each herb was determined by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity assay. Among the extracts, the aqueous extract from ginger had the highest antioxidant activity with a percentage of 88.05 ±0.31 %.

Nanochemistry is a significant area which involves the synthesis, design, and manipulation of particle structures with dimensions ranging from 1 to 100 nanometres. It is now one of the major concerns of pharmaceutical and biological researchers. The current study discusses recent advances in the use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as a selective sensor for qualitative and colorimetric quantitative detection of mercury ions. The synthesis of significant noble metal AgNPs is described as a novel, low-cost, quick, and simple method for detecting mercury ions. Due to the seriousness of mercury toxicity to our cells, AgNPs may be successfully employed for the detection of ecologically harmful mercury ions in a wide variety of aqueous practical samples using a colorimetric approach. As a result, as provided in this review with extensive details regarding this analytical approach, it might be utilized to monitor mercury ions via AgNPs in a variety of practical samples.

This research describes a straightforward procedure for extracting the pigment of Methylene Blue (MB) dye from aqueous solutions by utilizing a low-cost, safe, natural, and national source. Batch adsorption experiments were carried out to determine contact time, adsorbent dose, and the starting concentration of the adsorbate. For the analysis, a UV spectrophotometer was employed. Dye adsorption equilibrium was obtained after 120 minutes of contact time. Temkin, Langmuir, and Freundlich isotherm adsorption were used at solution concentrations of (3, 4, 6, and 8) mg/l. Adsorption data is used to predict the pseudo first and pseudo second order kinetic equations, Elovich kinetic models, and intra-particle diffusion using pseudo first and pseudo second order kinetic equations. The Langmuir adsorption model fits the MB adsorption data better than other isotherm models, with the MB capacity at 8 mg/l equal to 0.992 mg/g. The pseudo-second-order model and the adsorption kinetic data are satisfactorily related.

The use of varied quantities of orphenadrine to protect stainless steel against
corrosion in an acidic media at 298 K has been investigated. It was observed that
when the drug's concentration is increased, the drug's speed of corrosion lowers. The
data of inhibition efficiency (percent IE) in the presence of orphenadrine drug and
corrosion resistance showed that the highest protection efficiency was achieved with
the best concentration, and that the corrosion rate decreased with increasing
orphenadrine drug concentrations, making it a good inhibitor for stainless steel in an
acidic environment. The theoretical investigation proved the efficiency of the drug
for inhibition, as the drug is absorbed on the surface of the stainless steel by the
active groups in the drug, using the hyperchem-8.07 software to compute the
molecular orbital energies

This work involves preparation of new metal complexes via reaction of two anthraquinone ligands with Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II) metal ions . The ligands are prepared by treatment of 1- and 2-anthraquinone with acetic anhydride.
The complexes are characterized by different physicochemical methods; microelemental analysis, molar conductivity, FT-IR, UV-Vis spectra and magnetic measurements. The discussion of the outcome data of the prepared complexes indicates that all complexes are octahedral.
The biological activity properties of the ligands and most of their complexes are studied using gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, which indicate that only two of the complexes show biological activity.

Chromium tanned leather wastes (CTLW) and vegetable tanned leather wastes
(VTLW) were used as adsorbent materials to remove the Biebrich scarlet dye (BS),
as an anionic dye from wastewater, using an adsorption method. The effects of
various factors, such as weight of leather waste, time of shaking, and the starting
concentration of Biebrich scarlet dye, temperature and pH were studied. It described
the adsorption process using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The
obtained results agreed well with the Langmuir model, and the maximum adsorption
capacities of CTLW and VTLW were 73.5294 and 78.1250 mg.g⁻¹, respectively,
suggesting a monolayer adsorption process. The adsorption kinetic was found to
follow a pseudo-second-order kinetic model with correlation coefficients R2 >
0.9982 and 0.9900 for CTLW and VTLW, respectively. The results predicted that
chromium leather wastes were more suitable adsorbents for the removal of BS dye
from wastewater than vegetable tanned leather wastes, and the adsorption process is
endothermic, according to the study of the effect of temperature.

The current work involves synthesis of 6-amino-4-(4-hydroxyl-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1,4- dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole-5-carbonitrile (2) by condensation of 2-(4-hydroxyl-3-methoxybenzylidine) malononitrile (1) with 3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one. The product 2 was then reacted with various aldehydes to form a series of Schiff base derivatives 3a-h. The reaction of the chosen Schiff base derivatives (3a and 3b) with mercaptoacetic acid gave thiazolidinone derivatives (4a and 4b). The structures of prepared compounds were confirmed using FT-IR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopies. They were evaluated as good copper corrosion inhibitors, anti-rust, and antioxidants. This was done by mixing them with the base medium lubricating oil (type 60 stock) provided by the Iraqi Midland Refineries Company/Al-Daura according to the American Society of Testing and Materials ASTM-D130, ASTM-D665, and Institute of Petroleum's testing method, oxidation stability test (IP-280), respectively

This study was designed to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of Cymbopogon
citratus and Mentha spicata essential oils, separately and mixed, against the
microorganisms in yogurt, as well as study the possibility of these essential oils
(EO) as natural preservatives and flavors additives/enhancers in yogurt product.
Yogurt samples were treated with lemongrass and spearmint EOin different
concentrations (250, 500, 1000 ppm: 6250μg/50 ml yogurt, 12500 μg/50 ml yogurt
and 25000 μg/50 ml yogurt respectively). The control and treated samples were
preserved both at room (25°C) and refrigerator (5°C) temperatures. In control, the
contamination was observed through 2 weeks at 25°C and for about one month at
5°C. The samples treated with lemongrass and spearmint EOs (500pmm), the
contamination showed up late, after 45 and 30 days at 25°C respectively. While at
5°C, the contamination appeared after 90 and 60 days respectively. The effect of
lemongrass and spearmint EO, separately or mixed (synergistic effect), on the
growth of fungi that was isolated from spoiled samples, was studied in different
concentrations (125, 250, 500 ppm). Microbilogical examination was done in the
control and treated yogurt samples. There was a significant difference (P≤ 0.05)
between microbial spoilage (coliform, yeast and fungi) count during different
periods of incubation which decreased in the samples treated with essential oils as
compared with the control. The results of the percentage of growth inhibition
revealed that lemongrass EO, around 80-100%, is the best in inhibiting the molds
and yeasts causing yogurt damage as compared to the use of spearmint EO which
was 27-60%, and the synergistic effect of about 35-39%. The results of the toxicity
assay of the maximum effect of EO in vivo proved their validity for consumption
when added both as preservative and flavor. The concentrations used for the dosage
ranged from 250 ppm to 5000 ppm.

The secondary sex ratio (SSR) is affected by many factors, including the
concentration of hormones and infection with some pathogens such as Toxoplasma
gondii. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of hormone variability concentrations
and toxoplasmosis infection on the secondary sex ratio. 150 pregnant women were
selected, 60 infected with late toxoplasmosis (LT), 60 infected with early
toxoplasmosis (ET) and 30 seronegative to toxoplasmosis. After tracking the birth
outcomes of these women, we calculated SSR in each group. During the second and
third trimesters of pregnancy, estrogen, testosterone, progesterone, TSH, T4 and T3
concentrations were measured. The results of the three groups were compared. The
results showed that female births outpaced in LT group, with SSR equal to
(0.9:1.45), while the number of male births was higher in ET group and seronegative
groups, with SSR was (1.5:1; 1.3:1), respectively. The difference in hormones
concentration was significant at P ≥ 0.05. In LT group, progesterone and estrogen
increased significantly in male pregnant women than in female pregnant women.
Testosterone increased significantly in male pregnant women in all study groups.
TSH level was the highest among female pregnant women in the LT and
seronegative groups. The superiority of male pregnant women in the concentration
of T3 hormone in all groups was significant. Male pregnant women were
significantly superior with T4 concentration in LT and seronegative groups.
In conclusion, T. gondii has an indirect role in SSR. Important pregnancy hormones
levels differ between male pregnant women and female pregnant women.

Complications associated with diabetes are a consequence of acute disturbance
in glucose metabolism in a human body. The most significant complication of
diabetes is bone disorders which contributes to high levels of bone disability. This
study included 118 diabetic patients, 56 males, 62 females, and 60 healthy nondiabetic
controls, 30 males, 30 females. The patients and controls were age matched.
Circulating levels of bone function markers (osteoprotegerin, vitamin D, PTH, total
calcium and inorganic phosphorus) were determined in all subject groups. The data
obtained from this study showed that the serum levels of osteoprotegerin had
significantly increased in both diabetic male & female in both age ranges which
were 496.3±61.46 pg/mL & 335.7±29.33 pg/mL; 329.8±48.78 pg/mL &
219.9±18.72 pg/mL respectively, in comparison with its level in control matched
age ranges 294.6±26.19 pg/mL & 226.8±28.07 pg/mL; 215.7±31.85 pg/mL &
171.9±14.19 pg/mL respectively. Serum calcium concentration had nonsignificantly
increased both in the diabetic males and females in both age ranges
which were 11.10±0.46 mg/dL & 11.76±0.74 mg/dL; 10.33±0.33 mg/dL &
10.28±0.48 mg/dL respectively, when compared with its level in control matched
age ranges 10.46±0.34 mg/dL & 10.14±0.35 mg/dL;9.69±0.41 mg/dL & 10.08±0.45
mg/dL. Serum vitamin D, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and inorganic phosphorus
concentrations had significantly decreased both in the diabetic male and female
subjects in both age ranges which were 5.78±1.30 ng/mL and 2.47±0.12 ng/mL;
9.47±1.98 ng/mL, and 10.70±2.11 ng/mL; 74.78±7.42 pg/mL & 67.83±3.69
pg/mL;42.94±2.00 pg/mL & 15.51±1.98 pg/mL; 4.34±0.27 mg/dL & 4.76±0.35
mg/dL; 4.38±0.21 mg/dL; 5.12±0.44 mg/dL respectively when compared with their
level in control matched age ranges 13.07±2.13 ng/mL & 15.53±3.40 ng/mL;
57.49±5.64 pg/mL & 62.61±3.71 pg/mL; 5.12±0.44 mg/dL & 5.35±0.37 mg/dL
respectively. The current results suggest that circulating levels of osteoprotegerin
play a crucial role in biological mechanism of type (II) diabetes, and are possible
biomarkers of insulin resistance and progression of many serious health problems
associated with diabetes.

Immunological genes, including TLR3 and RIG-I, have recently been established
to have linked to predisposition to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and its
severity. The purpose of this case-control study (100 recovered COVID 19 cases and
100 healthy individuals) was to determine the role of gender, age, TLR3 and RIG-I
genes in COVID-19 aggressiveness. TLR3 and RIG-I gene expression was detected
using a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). COVID-19
infection intensity increased with age and no statistical difference between males
and females (p>0.05) was found. TLR3 and RIG-I gene expression levels were
higher in patients compared to healthy which is positively connected to infection
severity development. The aforementioned genes have a favorable relationship in
screening COVID-19 infection. According to receiver operating characteristic curve
these genes have high sensitivity in assessing COVID-19 infection. This study found
that age, TLR3 and RIG-I genes may play a role in COVID-19 predisposition
worsening.

Swarming is one of the most important virulence factors used by bacteria to
invade new sites. This study aimed to test the effects of gentamicin on swarming
motility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, both phenotypically and molecularly. The
present results revealed that 11/25 isolates had gentamicin MIC of 1024 μg/ml.
However, gentamicin at sub-minimal inhibitory concentration significantly (P<
0.05) reduced the diameter of swarming in all P. aeruginosa isolates. Noticeably the
mean and median swarming diameter before treatment with gentamicin 5.557 and
5.816 cm respectively had significantly (P < 0.001) reduced to 0.871 and 0.766 cm
respectively. At the molecular level, amrZ (a global regulator of multiple genes) and
rhl (responsible for rhamnolipid production) were variably affected by gentamicin.
More likely it can be concluded that amrZ and rhl are not fully responsible for
swarming in P. aeruginosa isolates.

Genetic and environmental factors are believed to have a key role in the
development and pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD). This study
aimed to investigate the association between two CTLA-4 gene single nucleotide
polymorphisms (SNPs) CT60/rs3087243 and CT61/rs11571319 with autoimmune
thyroiditis in a sample of Iraqi patients. Seventy-five patients (67 females, 8 males)
and eighty-eight subjects (79 females and 9 males) matched in age, gender, and
ethnicity as a control group. Thyroid autoantibodies were present in females more
than in males with a total positivity of anti-TPO of 92% and anti-TG positivity of
57.3 %. Thyroid evaluation tests including T3, T4, and TSH were abnormal only in
patients not receiving L-thyroxine treatment for autoimmune hypothyroidism, while
patients on L-treatment and control subjects had normal results of these tests.
CTLA-4 genotype frequencies were consistent with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
(HWE) with no significant differences (p > 0.05) between the genotypes of patients
and the control group. Analysis of CTLA-4 genotype and allele frequencies in
patients and controls indicated the lack of significant differences among these
frequencies except for allele G of rs3087243 which was associated significantly (P=
0.032) with the disease with OR of 1.62, while allele A can have a protective effect
with OR of 0.66. Alleles of rs11571319 showed no significant differences despite
the decreased frequency of G allele (83.33vs.87.5 %) and increased frequency of A
allele (16.66vs.12.5%) in patients compared to controls. In conclusion, G allele of
rs3087243 can be considered a risk factor for autoimmune hypothyroidism while no
association was found regarding rs11571319 in the Iraqi population.

The present study was designed to isolate the microbial community from oilcontaminated
sites and other non-oil-contaminated sites which served as control
samples in Kerbala city. In addition to test the effect of hydrocarbons on the growth
of some types of bacteria. Bacterial genera and species were identified based on
their growth on nutrient agar and blood agar as well as biochemical tests. According
to the high bacterial growth rate on crude oil, 5 bacterial isolates were selected for
further study. Growth of some identified bacteria in Minimal salt medium amended
with hydrocarbon as the sole carbon source was investigated. Acinetobacter sp.,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pantoea sp., Pasteurella
pneumonia / haemolytica, Chryseobacterium meningosepticum, Bordetella sp., and
Enterobacter cloacae were the dominant phyla among all the soil samples. Although
all tested bacteria were able to grow on mineral liquid media, P. aeruginosa had the
most capacity for growth in this media.
The present study showed that selected bacteria were able to grow and utilize MSM
that contains different concentrations of gasoline. From this data, it can be
concluded that oil-degrading bacteria are abundant in soils contaminated with spent
oil. Consequently, these data suggest that these microbes could be useful for their
application in the biodegradation of contaminated soils.

A widespread variety of toxicants modify miRNAs profiles in target tissues. Five
rat treatment groups were selected for this study, each consisting of five animals and
an additional one left untreated used as a control. Administration of the carcinogen
4-Nitroquinoline (4-NQO) lasted for 5 months with four weeks intervals separating
the successive groups. When the carcinogen intake period ended, the animals were
euthanized and renal tissue was collected for both histopathological and molecular
investigations. The results showed no significant difference (p=0.65) between the
animal groups that showed kidney tissue toxicity and those that did not. Conversely,
a statistically significant difference emerged if the mean ΔCt of the gene of interest
(miRNA-21) in the treated group (6.95±1.23) was compared to that of the control
group (4.42±0.34) (p=0.000). A significant difference was also observed when the
comparison involved miRNA-122 and miRNA-221 whose ΔCt values for the treated
and control groups were 2.28±0.2, 1.19±0.51 (p=0.04);0.39±0.08,1.52±0.06
(p=0.02), respectively. In conclusion: The findings of the present work revealed
variable degrees of renal tissue injury despite non-significant; but it emphasizes the
significant alterations of the miRNA tissue levels, the latter can indicate the
adoption of specific miRNAs as vital markers denoting the prediction and/or the
diagnosis of tissue injury after exposure to certain chemicals.

In this work, carbon-doped copper oxide thin films were deposited by the
reactive DC sputtering method for use as selective absorbents. The properties of the
DC discharge plasma were studied, using the emission spectrum, in the presence of
pure argon and by mixing it with oxygen once and carbon dioxide again to know the
effect of adding these gases on the properties of the resulting plasma used in the
deposition of films. The structural properties of the deposited thin films prepared
with different flow ratio of carbon dioxide gas were studied using x-ray diffraction.
To examine the selective absorber coatings, the reflectance within the UV-Vis
spectrum was measured to calculate the percentage of energy absorbed by solar
radiation using numerical integration. The reflectance was also measured in the
range from 2.5 to 25 μm to calculate the thermal emission of the solar heater within
a temperature of 373 K. Measurements showed good efficiency as a selective
absorption layer. The best absorptance of the solar spectrum (α) was 0.8750, and the
lowest emittance (ε) in the infrared region was 0.254 at 25% percentage of carbon
dioxide in the reactive gas of the sputtering system. So, this ratio has the highest
efficiency as a selective absorber.

In order to increase the amount of solar radiation reaching a solar panel, and
hence increase its performance, a tracking system might be used. A prototype of an
efficient and portable solar tracking system, for home applications was constructed.
The Arduino Uno Microcontroller is utilized to drive the proposed tacking system.
The results of area under curve show that at certain circumstances, the open-loop
tracking system is more efficient as compared with fixed one, while the closed-loop
tracker is slightly efficient than open-loop tracker.

This work is an experimental study conducted to study the effects of iron oxide dust particles (Fe2O3) on the characteristics of DC discharge plasma in argon gas under vacuum. Electron temperature ( ) and electron density (ne) were calculated by Boltzmann plots and Stark broadening, respectively. The results show that both the electron density and plasma frequency ( ) increased with the operating pressure. While, and Debye length ( ) decreased with pressure. The glow discharge is more stable with the Fe2O3-dust particles; all dust plasma parameters have lower values than those of the dust-free plasma.

The Fort Munro Formation is well exposed along DG Khan-Fort Munro road, a
type locality. The section was measured and sampled for the biostratigraphy, where
it has a conformable lower contact with Mughalkot Formation and is underlain by
the Pab Sandstone. The total observed thickness was 105 meters, and 26 samples
were collected from top to the bottom at random intervals. Fifty thin sections were
studied carefully, and five species of large benthic foraminifera, including
Orbitoidestissoti, Orbitoidesapiculata, Orbitoides media, Orbitoideshottingeri, and
Omphalocyclusmacroporus were identified along with miliolids. Gastropods,
Bivalves and Echinoderms were also observed. Based on identified microfossils, the
depositional environment of the formation is the inner ramp to the middle ramp
deposited in the Campanian to Maastrichtian age.

This study investigates stratigraphic and structural interpretation of the Afaq
structure area, central Iraq in Qadisiyah province, about 25 km north of Diwaniyah,
using 2D seismic data. Synthetic traces are prepared using available data of the well
(WK-1) using the Petral software program to define and esoohc the reflectors on the
seismic section. Structure interpretation includes selecting a top of the Zubair
Formation (Late Cretaceous), the Yamama Formation and Gotnia Formations are
used in stratigraphic interpretation (Upper-Late Jurassic). Structure interpretation of
the Zubair Formation shows that the area has several minors and a short extension of
faults, where the fault system extends (NE-SW) direction. The structural
interpretation of time and depth maps of the Zubair Formation shows that the Afaq
structure is a monocline of NE-SW direction and plunges to the east. Several
stratigraphic phenomena are presented in the study area, which helps understand the
paleo-sedimentary environment. It could have significant hydrocarbon potentials,
including carbonate buildup and stratigraphic trap. The indicators of carbonate
building up are located in shallow areas where the sunlight reaches organisms and
builds colonies. These carbonate buildups represent important oil and gas sources in
many sedimentary basins. The stratigraphic trap in the Sulay-Yammama sequence
was detected using the instantaneous phase attribute, which shows a difference in
the acoustic impedance and the reflection's nature. The reflector peak's closure
within the trough indicates a trap presence.

The evaluation of the Nfayil limestones in Bahr Al-Najaf Depression as
construction materials was done on 15 sites distributed over a region. The study
included field and laboratory aspects. The field side included collecting information
about the study area and samples. As for the laboratory side, laboratory tests were
conducted to study the thermal conductivity of samples by a device called Lee’s disc
in the Tikri University. The thermal conductivity results ranged between 2.34 and
0.27. The rocks are of high thermal insulation at low temperatures and low
insulation at high temperatures according to the specifications of the suitability of
limestone for thermal conductivity standards (ASTM C 1057-03-2010).

The study area is situated in the northern part of the Arabian Plate. The evolution
of the Zagros Foreland basin is related to the compressional tectonic system at the
beginning of the Tertiary Period.
This study gives an adequate nomenclature for the Oligocene – Early Miocene
Sequence is Missan Group. The Buzurgan Oilfield was chosen to represent the
stratigraphic column corresponding to that period. These sediments were subdivided
into two cycles, where each one ends by a sequence boundary, equivalent to the
lowstand siliciclastic residues in the basin center. The first cycle, Paleocene-
Oligocene Epoch, was deposited marly limestone with planktonic foraminifera in
the basin center during the transgressive and highstand conditions. The Lower
Missan Group was deposited during the latest Oligocene lowstand conditions and
overlaid the deep marine Oligocene sediments.
The second cycle represented the Early Miocene Epoch (Aquitanian), by which the
Euphrates Formation was deposited during the transgressive and highstand
conditions and ended by the lowstand conditions sediments in the basin center as an
Upper Missan Sandstone Member. These two cycles are conformably bounded by
Lower Miocene (Jeribe Formation) and Oligocene (Tarjil Formation).

Geochemical proxies provide detailed information on depositional environment
and diagenetic processes. The main objectives of the present study are the evaluation
of the paleoenvironment and diagenetic conditions of selected three sections of the
Shiranish Formation (Late Campanian-Maastrichtian) in Dokan-Sulaymaniyah,
Kurdistan Region, northeast of Iraq. The major and some trace elements were
analysed by X-Ray Fluoresces. These geochemical results showed a positive
correlation of SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO and TiO2 between each other due to the
influence of detrital influx from the active oceanic margins and thrust belts of the
northeast Arabian Plate. The terrigenous supply of silicates (K-feldspar) and clay
minerals (Illite) caused a positive correlation between K2O values and Al2O3. In
general, there is a low abundance of SiO2 and Al2O3 contents, referring to the
deepening of the Neo-Tythus ocean basin in the formation's lower part. The Mn*
factor of the lower and middle part of the formation exhibited anoxic conditions
while oxic- suboxic conditions at the upper part. The Mn/Sr ratios were less than
one, which means that Shiranish marly limestone was well preserved out of
diagenetic processes. The paleoredox proxies {Th/U, V/Cr &V/(V+Ni)} confirmed
that the lower part of the Formation was deposited in a relatively anoxic deep-outer
shelf environment with a rising in paleoproductivity. In contrast, the upper part was
characterised by dyoxic-oxic redox. Due to the inner shelf environment, this redox
fluctuation reflects a regression phase of sea level, which is compatible with the
closure events of the Neo-Tethys in the Eocene epoch.

This study deals with the petrology of the lower succession of the Injana
Formation in the Shorr Shareen area, Wasit Governorate, Eastern Iraq. The study
revealed that the sandstone is litharenite consists of 45.56% rock fragments, 22.13%
quartz and 8.5% feldspars. The matrix is about 8.39%, consisting of silt and clay
particles. The cement is variable (carbonates 8.42%, evaporites 1.78% and iron
oxides 0.96%). The grain assemblage infers that the source of the rock fragments is
nearby. The petrographic analyses indicate that the studied Injana sandstones are
immature mineralogically because of their content of unstable constituents, such as
lithic fragments and feldspars. In addition, the presence of such fresh feldspars
indicates that the climate in the source area and the deposition site were arid to semiarid.

The current research deals with studying the petrophysical properties represented by
the porosity and its distribution on the level of all units of the top and bottom of the
Kirkuk Formation Group. The study area is located in Maysan province in the southeastern
part of Iraq in the Amara field. The Kirkuk Group was deposited in the
Tertiary Age. The post-stack method using seismic inversion and creating a
relationship between seismic data was accomplished using Hampson-Russel
software at well Am-1 and Seismic lines Ama 20 and 30. The research results
indicate high porosity values on top of the formation with a decrease in acoustic
impedance (Z) and, therefore, a reduction in the density. At the same time, low
porosity values were indicated for the bottom of the formation with an increase in
both acoustic impedance and density. The top of the formation contains clastic
sediments with oil-sand of high porosity, which is considered hydrocarbon indication
and low porosity carbonate materials at the bottom of the formation.

Water harvesting techniques developed globally during the last decades with
highly increasing water crisis and climate changes. The Yeoman keyline method
was spread widely with increased use for sustainable permaculture development.
The main aim of the current study is to analyze and solve the siltation problem in
Dwerige weir and to develop water resources in the basin area. The remote sensing
data, field surveying, and hydrology are used together to build a new geotechnical
approach. The results show that a huge siltation quantity was not considered in the
weir design studies, which were represented by sand sheet materials and eroded soils
washed by flooding and entering the weir reservoir through four main channels. The
topography and hydrology of the study area are analysed, and the key pointskeylines
principle used by selecting the suitable contour lines to dig trenches along
them to control soil erosion by decreasing flow velocity and holding part of
floodwater to increase soil water content and recharge groundwater. The floodwater
quantities are estimated in normal and storm cases, finally, the extra drain water is
evaluated.

The reservoir characterization of Lower Qamchuqa (Shu'aiba) Formation
(Aptian) is studied at the well BH-86 of Bai- Hassan Oilfield in Kirkuk area,
Northern Iraq. The lithological study (of 91 thin sections) revealed that the
formation consists of shaly limestone, a thin bed of marl within the limestone, and
dolomitic limestone. Four petrographic microfacies were noticed Lime mudstone
microfacies, Dolomudstone microfacies, Lime wackestone microfacies, subdivided
into benthonic foraminifera lime wackestone submicrofacies and bioclasts lime
wackestone submicrofacies, and the last microfacies is the Lime packstone
microfacies, which is subdivided into pelloidal lime packstone submicrofacies and
Orbitolina lime packstone microfacies. Shale content is calculated from the gammary
log, showing that the formation is mainly of low shale content (less than 35%).
The porosity determined from sonic, density, and neutron logs reflect that the range
between <1 and 15% and in some intervals about 6% is secondary porosity type.
The estimated permeability ranges between <0.01 and 2.0mD, reflecting low
permeability. The formation is subdivided into six reservoir units according to the
shale content, average porosity, and permeability. The unit RU-5 has the best
reservoir properties among the identified units with an average shale content of
about 3.15%, about 6.2% porosity, and about 1.75mD average permeability. On the
other hand, the least reservoir property is noticed in the unit RU-1 with average
9.48% shale content, 3.64% porosity, and 0.5mD average permeability. The research
indicates that the fractures contribute to the flow within the Lower Qamchuqa
Formation. Fluids flow through the formation in four unique Hydraulic Flow Units
(HFU). Only about 8% of the gross 146m of the formation is expected to have the
required reservoir properties for oil production and about 68% for gas production.
The actual productive thickness for oil is only about 2.8% of the gross th

In this paper, a new class of ordinary differential equations is designed for some
functions such as probability density function, cumulative distribution function,
survival function and hazard function of power function distribution, these functions
are used of the class under the study. The benefit of our work is that the equations
,which are generated from some probability distributions, are used to model and find
the solutions of problems in our lives, and that the solutions of these equations are
a solution to these problems, as the solutions of the equations under the study are the
closest and the most reliable to reality. The existence and uniqueness of solutions the
obtained equations in the current study are discussed. The exact solutions of these
obtained differential equations are calculated using some methods. In addition, the
approximate solutions are determined by the Variation Iteration Method (VIM) and
Runge-Kutta of 4th Order (RK4) method. The chosen approximate methods VIM and
RK4 are used in our study because they are reliable, famous, and more suitable for
solving such generated equations. Finally, some examples are given to illustrate the
behavior of the exact and the approximate solutions of the differential equations
with the scale parameters of power function distribution.

The main purpose of this paper is to introduce and prove some fixed point
theorems for two maps that
satisfy    -contractive conditions with rational expression in partially ordered
metric spaces, our results improve and unify a multitude of fixed point theorems and
generalize some recent results in ordered partially metric space.

In this paper, we present a concept of nC- symmetric operator as follows: Let A
be a bounded linear operator on separable complex Hilbert space , the operator A
is said to be nC-symmetric if there exists a positive number n (n such that CAn
= A*ⁿ C (An = C A*ⁿ C). We provide an example and study the basic properties of
this class of operators. Finally, we attempt to describe the relation between nCsymmetric
operator and some other operators such as Fredholm and self-adjoint
operators.

Suppose that is a finite group and is a non-empty subset of such that and
. Suppose that is the Cayley graph whose vertices are all elements of
and two vertices and are adjacent if and only if . In this paper, we introduce
the generalized Cayley graph denoted by that is a graph with vertex set
consists of all column matrices which all components are in and two vertices and
are adjacent if and only if , where
is a column matrix that
each entry is the inverse of similar entry of and is matrix with all entries in
, is the transpose of and . In this paper, we clarify some basic properties
of the new graph and assign the structure of when is complete graph
, complete bipartite graph and complete 3-partite graph for every .

Fuchs introduced purely extending modules as a generalization of extending
modules. Ahmed and Abbas gave another generalization for extending modules
named semi-extending modules. In this paper, two generalizations of the extending
modules are combined to give another generalization. This generalization is said to
be almost semi-extending. In fact, the purely extending modules lies between the
extending and almost semi-extending modules. We also show that an almost semiextending
module is a proper generalization of purely extending. In addition, various
examples and important properties of this class of modules are given and
considered. Another characterization of almost semi-extending modules is
established. Moreover, the relationships with other related concepts are studied and
discussed

In the present paper, new concepts of generalized continuous mappings, namely
Еc and δ-ßc-continuous mappings have been introduced and studied by using a new
generalized of open sets Еc and δ-ßc-open sets ,respectively. Several
characterizations and fundamental properties of these forms of generalized
continuous mappings are obtained. Moreover, the graphs of Еc-continuous and δ-ßccontinuous
mappings have been investigated. In addition, the relationships among
Еc-continuous and δ-ßc-continuous mappings and other well-known forms of
generalized continuous mappings in topological spaces are also discussed.

In this research, we introduce a small essentially quasi−Dedekind R-module to
generalize the term of an essentially quasi.−Dedekind R-module. We also give some
of the basic properties and a number of examples that illustrate these properties.

A mathematical model is developed to discuss the impact of the Hall current and
the Joule heating on the peristaltic flux of finitely extensible nonlinear elastic
Peterlin (FENE-P) fluid in a tapered tube with mild stenosis. The fluid movement
along the wall surface resulted from the sinusoidal wave flowing with constant
speed. Conditions of velocity and thermal slip are applied. Lubrication
approximation is adopted to modify the governing flow problem. To discover the
solution to a system of equations, the regular perturbation approach is used. The
effects of the different physical parameters are debated and graphically shown in a
set of figures. It is discovered that as the Hall current parameter is increased and the
Hartman number is decreased, the fluid velocity increases. It is also worth noting
that the Dufour number causes the fluid temperature to rise, whilst the Hall current
parameter causes the temperature to fall. In the meantime, both the Hall current
parameter and the Soret number have the opposite effect on concentration. The
trapping phenomenon is thoroughly investigated.

This paper uses Artificial Intelligence (AI) based algorithm analysis to classify
breast cancer Deoxyribonucleic (DNA). Main idea is to focus on application of
machine and deep learning techniques. Furthermore, a genetic algorithm is used to
diagnose gene expression to reduce the number of misclassified cancers. After
patients' genetic data are entered, processing operations that require filling the
missing values using different techniques are used. The best data for the
classification process are chosen by combining each technique using the genetic
algorithm and comparing them in terms of accuracy .

This review explores the Knowledge Discovery Database (KDD) approach,
which supports the bioinformatics domain to progress efficiently, and illustrate their
relationship with data mining. Thus, it is important to extract advantages of Data
Mining (DM) strategy management such as effectively stressing its role in cost
control, which is the principle of competitive intelligence, and the role of it in
information management. As well as, its ability to discover hidden knowledge.
However, there are many challenges such as inaccurate, hand-written data, and
analyzing a large amount of variant information for extracting useful knowledge by
using DM strategies. These strategies are successfully applied in several applications
as data warehouses, predictive analytics, business intelligence, bioinformatics, and
decision support systems. There are many DM techniques that are applied for
disease diagnostics and treatment, for example cancer diseases that are investigated
using multi-layer perception, Naïve Bayes, Decision Tree, Simple Logistic, KNearest
Neighbor. As will be explored in this paper. Consequently, for future
perspectives there is research in progress for real Iraqi data of Breast Cancer using
Data Mining techniques, specifically the Tree decision and K-nearest algorithms.

Storing, transferring, and processing high-dimensional electroencephalogram
(EGG) signals is a critical challenge. The goal of EEG compression is to remove
redundant data in EEG signals. Medical signals like EEG must be of high quality for
medical diagnosis. This paper uses a compression system with near-zero Mean
Squared Error (MSE) based on Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) and double shift
coding for fast and efficient EEG data compression. This paper investigates and
compares the use or non-use of delta modulation, which is applied to the
transformed and quantized input signal. Double shift coding is applied after mapping
the output to positive as a final step. The system performance is tested using EEG
data files from the CHB-MIT Scalp EEG Database. Compression Ratio (CR) is used
to evaluate the compression system performance. The results are encouraging when
compared with previous works on the same data samples.

Skin cancer is the most serious health problems in the globe because of its high
occurrence compared to other types of cancer. Melanoma and non-melanoma are the
two most common kinds of skin cancer. One of the most difficult problems in
medical image processing is the automatic detection of skin cancer. Skin melanoma
is classified as either benign or malignant based on the results of this test.
Impediment due to artifacts in dermoscopic images impacts the analytic activity and
decreases the precision level. In this research work, an automatic technique
including segmentation and classification is proposed. Initially, pre-processing
technique called DullRazor tool is used for hair removal process and semisupervised
mean-shift algorithm is used for segmenting the affected areas of skin
cancer images. Finally, these segmented images are given to a deep learning
classifier called Deep forest for prediction of skin cancer. The experiments are
carried out on two publicly available datasets called ISIC-2019 and HAM10000
datasets for the analysis of segmentation and classification. From the outcomes, it is
clearly verified that the projected model achieved better performance than the
existing deep learning techniques.

In the contemporary world, the security of data and privacy policies are major
concerns in cloud computing. Data stored on the cloud has been claimed to be
unsafe and liable to be hacked. Users have found it difficult to trust their data in the
cloud. Users want to know that their data is accessible from anywhere and that an
unauthorized user will not be able to access it. Another area of concern is the
authentication of users over the cloud. There are a number of security concerns with
Cloud Computing which include Distributed Denial of Service, Data leakage, and
many more, just to mention a few. In this paper, an Elliptic Curve Cryptography
(ECC) algorithm is used for the encryption and decryption of the information stored
on the cloud, so that if someone gains access to the server, it would be unable to
access the original information. Performance evaluation of the developed system is
performed by comparing ECC with the RSA algorithm. The results show that the
ECC method is more efficient than RSA when used to secure information in the
cloud.

In this research, the plasma parameters of the ionospheric F-layer have been
calculated during daytime at 12 PM condition for four different months (January
,April, July and October) over Iraqi capital “ Baghdad” (44.30 E, 33.30 N) during the
year 2019 that represents the beginning of the solar cycle 25. Depending on the
impact of the solar activity that was represented by the number of sunspot (SSN) and
solar flux (F10.7 cm) on the variation and behavior of the electron density (ne) and the
electron temperature (Te) which have been conducted using the international
reference ionosphere (IRI 2016) model which was considered as one of the
recommended international models for different heights (150 500) km with 50 km
increment. It has been noticed that the seasonal variations of electron density (ne)
and frequency (????pe) around the equinoxes are higher than those in summer and
winter for solar minimum (2019).While ????De around the equinoxes (April and
October) is lower than that of summer and winter for solar minimum (2019). It has
been explained as a positive correlation between the thermal velocity of electron
(υte) and (Te) in all seasonal variation of ionosphere for the selected year. In this
paper, the weakness of the electron coupling parameter in the ionosphere was
proved in all seasons of the year 2019.

Urbanization phenomenon did expand rapidly in Baghdad-Iraq due to security
improvement and the human desire for daily services availability, where reducing
the agricultural lands "Greenlands" negatively affected the climate rate. The
relationship between urban expansion and relative humidity was studied from 2008
to 2018 using remote sensing data (satellite images of Landsat 5 and Landsat 8) and
relative humidity rate data obtained from the European Centre for Medium-Range
Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). Data were processed and analyzed using ArcGIS v:
10.2. Results showed changes in human activities (land use (LU)) and urban areas,
where increasing urbanization declines vegetation and turbulence climate. The study
provides a significant correlation between increasing urbanization and relative
humidity rate. Thus, the unintended use of the land may affect the local climate.