Diyala Journal of Human Research

This research aims to delve into the theory of phonetic multiplicity in general, including the foundations of linguistic theory inserted into the language system, examining the structures of language and the concepts and perceptions that give it this feature of phonetic multiplicity, the beginnings of this theory return to Bakhtin and Decroux, as Bakhtin holds the ropes of this theory, investing it in the study of indirect speech, while you see that Decro promotes this theory in the body of the linguistic system, and associates the concept of Polyphony in linguistics to contribute to the emergence of new linguistic sounds .

Rural women's development focuses on improving the lives of women in rural areas by enhancing their rights and economic, educational and social opportunities. This includes many aspects such as:
1 - Economic empowerment: providing job opportunities and enhancing their skills in handicrafts, agriculture, and small enterprise management. This could include providing small loans or financial support to set up projects.
2 - Education and training: Providing educational and training programs to improve levels of literacy and technical skills. This helps women improve their knowledge and abilities, thus improving their chances in the labor market.
3 - Health and health care: Providing comprehensive health services, including basic health care, health awareness, and reproductive health services. This helps reduce mortality and morbidity rates among women and children.
4 - Social and political empowerment: enhancing women’s participation in decision-making at the local and national levels. This could include providing driving training and enhancing their awareness of their legal and social rights.
5 - Infrastructure and services: Improving infrastructure in rural areas such as roads, electricity, and clean water, which contributes to improving the quality of life for women and their families.
These efforts aim to create a supportive environment where rural women can thrive and effectively contribute to the sustainable development of their communities

This study, titled "Postmodern Narrative Techniques in Sinan Antoon's Novel, Fihris (Index)" aims to explore the extent to which the novel utilizes narrative techniques belonging to post-modern storytelling. This approach is distinguished by techniques that set it apart from previous narrative directions, reflecting a new perspective and an advanced stage in the evolution of narrative fiction. The research observes the awareness of Arabic novels in general, Iraqi novels in particular, of the latest critical developments in the global narrative arena and their adaptation to the ongoing changes in novel writing and the techniques employed in them.

Ibn Al-Kharrat Al-Ishbili is one of the encyclopedic scholars who gained great fame in Morocco and Andalusia during the sixth century AH, especially in the city of Bejaia, which was known for the emergence of great scholars. In fact, Al-Ishbili was characterized by good, virtuous morals, committed to the Sunnah, and described as good, ascetic, and devout. The serious Muslim must be careful to avoid the forbidden things that the Messenger Muhammad (peace and blessings of God be upon him) emphasized. Therefore, this study will focus on the actions that the Prophet (peace and blessings of God be upon him) forbade, with evidence from the hadiths of the Noble Sunnah.

The current study aimed to identify the reality of early grade children's acquisition of numerical values in the Islamic Studies curriculum from the female teachers' point of view at Al-Ahsa Governorate in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and to identify the statistically significant differences between the sample members' point of view regarding the extent to which children at that stage acquire numerical values in the Islamic Studies curriculum according to the variable of the academic grade. The study has adopted the descriptive analytical approach and the questionnaire was used as a tool for collecting data for a random sample consisting of (328) Islamic Studies teachers. The study concluded that: Early grade children acquire numerical values to a great extent in the Islamic Studies curriculum from the stage's teachers' point of view, and that all pivots came with a high degree of acquisition with variation in the degrees of acquisition; The second criterion, "community values", ranked first with an average mean (4.18), while the third criterion, "moral values", ranked second with an average mean (4.14), while the first criterion, "faith values", ranked third with an average mean (4.10), with no statistically significant differences between the teachers' point of view on determining the reality of early grade children's acquisition of numerical values (as a total score, and as sub-themes: faith values, societal values, moral values) in the Islamic studies curriculum according to the variable of the academic grade. The most prominent recommendations were: the necessity of educating children about the meaning of privacy and respecting the feelings of others, and providing them with the skills of accepting others.

The urgent need for clean energy in the long term is undeniable. Renewable and distributed energy sources such as solar photovoltaic (PV) energy are crucial tools in significantly supporting the economy and society. They work to reduce carbon emissions and pollution, providing sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels, thus reducing reliance on traditional sources and improving energy security. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) can also be leveraged, offering powerful tools for decision-makers and operators to understand and efficiently harness energy. These systems can identify optimal locations for renewable energy generation based on geographical factors. Additionally, they can enhance the performance of current energy transmission and distribution systems, analyzing spatial data to maximize the utilization of renewable resources. The specified area within the study region has the necessary potential to establish an efficient and effective solar PV energy production field. The location boasts high sunlight intensities, suitable terrain, and available land for the project. Furthermore, it lies to the east of the city of Baqubah, where western and northwestern winds prevail, minimizing impacts on the city to a minimum. Establishing such projects reflects economic impacts on the local community, including providing local job opportunities and enhancing economic growth. Additionally, it ensures the expected energy production to fill the gap in the city's electricity supply.

The concept of discourse is one of the most prominent tools used at the present time in political seminars and conferences delivered by public opinion leaders, especially political events that affect state security. Discourse has a number of types, including geopolitical discourse, political discourse, and media discourse. Its use has become widespread in many studies in order to determine the implicit meaning of communication messages that are transmitted through the media of all kinds. The methodological tools used in analyzing geopolitical discourse have also multiplied. Recently, the importance of geopolitical discourse and analyzing its content has increased, especially after the events that have swept Europe, most notably the ongoing conflict in Ukraine and the conflict in the Gaza Strip, due to the vital areas that these places enjoy in the distant future.

The research deals with the poetry of Amir Al-Hallaj in his collection (The Circle Outside the Cocoon) through its structure and how it is formed. The intellectual and cultural openness and the breaking of boundaries between arts had a clear impact in giving space to textual work and forming it in a way different from what was known before and benefiting from other arts. The poet's performance appeared clearly in the way of forming the structure of his poem. This was a motive to study the structure of the poem in the poet's view. The research plan settled on an introduction and two requirements. In the introduction, I dealt with the concept of formation linguistically and technically. In the first requirement, I dealt with the written form and its effect on forming the meaning. In the second requirement, I dealt with the elements of forming the poem and the internal structure. The most important results reached by the study are: The formation of the written form/poem form is affected by the connotations, so the signifier becomes the signified at the same time through typographical distribution and deletion. The length and shortness of the line are affected by the linguistic and grammatical elements forming the poetic line. The discontinuous and vertical narration is almost the most prominent feature in the poet's poems

Dr. Ibrahim Nehmeh's research work: Social realism in the play When Flowers Wither, by Dr. Ibrahim Nehmeh, in the context of shedding light on the social reality, which in turn pays attention to the issues and topics of the individual and society, the mental content, and the psychological and social conflict experienced by the main character: Deprived of her will, within an environment and society that suffers from marginalization and the prevalence of individualism. Then the writer pledged to adhere to the principles of objectivity and science in drawing characters and transferring real life within the portrayal of a model for the Iraqi family. Hence the work of the play When Flowers Wither is a work that stems from a humanitarian idea that benefits the minds of people and moves their feelings and emotions, to what elevates their humanity and multiplies their sense of authenticity, goodness, justice, and beauty.
It is therefore a text based on neo-realism, which was paved by critical realism, to be able to understand the objective reality and issues of society, and where the play included social realism: When Flowers Wither is a social realism in a context that included the study of the text with its theoretical and procedural aspects, by interrogating the text within the climate of the realist trend, and the traditional dramatic structure adopted by the author.

This research aims to reveal the spatial distribution of educational institutions in the city of Al-Khalis and to show their efficiency according to the adopted planning standards. To achieve this goal، the spatial distribution of educational institutions at the neighborhood level was studied. The research used several methods، including the descriptive method and the analytical method، and relied on field visits that covered institutions related to educational services. Additionally، mathematical means were used to present the data، and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) were utilized to draw maps and determine the area of residential neighborhoods.
The study showed a variation in the distribution of educational institutions in the city of Al-Khalis. The number of kindergartens for the academic year 2022-2023 was about seven، while the number of primary schools was 21. There were about ten intermediate schools، five preparatory schools، and seven secondary schools. The study indicated a lack of regularity in the spatial distribution of educational institutions at all levels. In the scope of primary schools، it was found that they were concentrated in specific neighborhoods: Al-Gharbia، Al-Alibat، Al-Hussein، Al-Sharqia، and Al-Kubat. As for the intermediate schools، they were concentrated in Al-Asri، Al-Kubat، and Al-Hussein neighborhoods. Preparatory schools were concentrated in Al-Asri neighborhood and were scarce or almost nonexistent in other neighborhoods.

Our grammatical heritage is full of grammatical works that filled the grammatical library, starting from Sibawayh until the present day. However, there are grammarians whose works have not reached us, despite the large number of their opinions that the grammarians who came after them relied on. The importance of these opinions and those who held them lies, especially if the The grammarian is one of the forerunners, who was the first in terms of complexity, rooting, and interpretation.
Among these people is Abu Al-Hasan Al-Zafarani, who is the subject of our research. He is an exceptional scholar, whose knowledge is attested by numerous narrations, which were scattered in the books of later scholars, such as Ibn Iyaz, Abu Hayyan, Al-Baghdadi and others.
He is considered a high-ranking student, as he was a student of Ali bin Isa al-Rab’i, and he read to the Persian the book of Sibawayh, and he accompanied him and sat in his place to recite. He accompanied Ibn Jinni, and there were debates and debates between them, and their fame was not limited only to grammar, but he had practice in sound, morphology, and the arts of language. The other one was exhausted by the search due to lack of time.

This Research tackles what is attributed by Abu Ali AL- Farisi (d. 377 H.) in his Book "Scattered Issues" to Sibawaih (d.180.H.). These Issues are miscellaneous devided into phonology and Morphology, in addition to another issues between Morphology and Syntax. The syntactical issues are most prominent. This Research is designed to investigate and analyse these issues to reach the clearest understanding .

The current research aims to identify (the effect of the self-instruction method on developing self-protection among middle school students) by testing a number of hypotheses. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher adopted the (self-protection) scale and built a counseling program according to the (self-instruction) method, which is based on cognitive theory. Behaviorism of the scientist (Meckenbaum).
To test the research hypotheses, the researcher used the experimental method with a pre- and post-test design. The research community includes female middle school students in the morning study for the academic year (2023-2024) in Diyala Governorate, numbering (13,192) students, distributed among all schools in the city of Baqubah, the center of Diyala Governorate, amounting to (30) middle schools.
The researcher chose two schools for the purpose of implementing the programs. The first school was the experimental group (A/Future Girls), while the second school was the control group (A/Sumaya Girls). Thus, the experimental group was completely isolated from the control group for the purpose of preserving On the safety of the experiment.
The researcher used appropriate statistical methods using the statistical program (SPSS) to obtain the results of the current research, which are: - (t-test for two independent samples, t-test for two correlated samples, Pearson correlation coefficient).
The results of the current research showed the impact of the self-instruction method on developing self-protection in the research sample
In light of the research results, the researcher reached a number of conclusions and developed a number of recommendations and proposals

The research aimed to find out the impact of a counseling program based on existential therapy in developing tragic optimism among middle school students, by verifying the following zero hypotheses:
The researcher adopted the scale (Naji, 2020) of tragic optimism, which consists of (36) items. The validity of the scale was used by the experts using the apparent honesty, and the validity of the construction. As for the reliability, it was used by the test-retest method, and the Vakronbach coefficient of internal consistency. The researcher used the method Existential therapy for the purpose of developing tragic optimism. The number of sessions was (8) sessions, the duration of the session was (45) minutes, and it lasted for (4) weeks. In order to ensure the validity of this program, it was presented to a group of experts specialized in psychological counseling. environmental ethics.
The search results showed the following

People have differed and divided in the matter of belief in the texts of the attributes of God between: those who affirm, those who interpret, those who delegate, those who condition, and those who deny. The most widespread sects among Muslim countries were: the doctrine of the people of interpretation
based on denying the texts of the attributes of God their true meaning that befits God Almighty!
Those who affirm the attributes of God: believe that God possesses true attributes that befit His majesty and greatness, such as hearing, sight, hand, face, mercy, power, and others. They believe that the attributes do not require likening or embodying God. They rely in their belief in the attributes on the Qur’anic texts and the hadiths of the Prophet, with their interpretation in accordance with the concept of monotheism and the rejection of likening. They acknowledge that some attributes may be beyond the ability of humans to fully understand, but they adhere to what is stated in the texts without distortion or interpretation. As for those who deny the attributes of God: they deny that God has attributes that distinguish Him or indicate specific characteristics, and they believe that talking about attributes may lead to embodiment or likening. They emphasize the transcendence of God from everything that can be imagined in the human world, and they believe that attributes may lead to depicting God in a material or specific image, and they interpret texts that talk about attributes symbolically or metaphorically, with an emphasis on the fact that attributes do not express a tangible divine truth. They warn that belief in attributes may lead to likening God to His creatures,which contradicts the concept of absolute monotheism.
Thus,those who affirm and deny the attributes of God differ in their interpretation of the concept of divine attributes and the extent of their adherence to various religious constants.
My study examines how language and linguistic evidence are used to prove or support some of the attributes attributed to God Almighty. These arguments aim to justify belief in these attributes based on linguistic analysis and interpretation of religious texts. This study deals with how jurists and scholars rely on the rules of language and interpretation to support their understanding of the divine attributes and to strengthen the arguments that confirm their existence and attributes in an accurate and appropriate manner. In other words, this topic is related to studying how language and interpretation of texts can contribute to proving certain attributes of God through linguistic and interpretative arguments. Therefore, I called it (Linguistic arguments to prove some divine attributes, an analytical semantic study).
The study consists of an introduction and two researchers. In the introduction, the researcher mentioned the importance of the Arabic language and its relation to faith, and the danger of ignorance of it to the faith. He defined (protest) as a language and terminology. In the first topic, he talked about the character (hand) of Allah Almighty using the Quranic verses and their statement in Arabic. In the second topic, he talked about the character (face) of Allah Almighty as well using the Quranic verses and their statement in Arabic. The researcher adopted the applied analytical method because it takes care of studying the divine attributes, including a set of basic steps aimed at an in-depth and practical understanding of the divine attributes. This approach focuses on how to apply analysis to religious issues and guide their

The importance of the study lies in drawing the attention of officials and decision-makers to historical and religious sites to accelerate their maintenance, restoration and development, especially since they have tourist attractions. The study also aims to identify the problems that hinder tourism development and investment processes, with the aim of developing a proposal for developing the sites (Rubna Boya Shrine) to be a tourist attraction that attracts tourists and visitors.
The hypothesis can also be clarified by saying: The historical and religious sites, especially the Shrine of (Rabban Buya), have not been subjected to the development process until the present time. Therefore, to achieve the objectives of this study, the historical and descriptive approaches were used, with the division into three axes as follows: The first axis addressed the definition of the study area and its subject, while the second axis dealt with explaining the geographical distribution of historical and religious sites in the study area, while the third axis was devoted to studying ways to develop (the Shrine of Raban Buya) touristically. In conclusion, the research reached several conclusions, the most important of which are: There are no roads available to reach these sites and tourist attractions, especially since the study area is located within rugged mountainous terrain. The study's most important recommendations are to focus on developing historical and religious tourism because it provides significant economic returns in foreign currency and contributes to the recovery of the country's economy.

The rates of the annual of temperatures (maximum and minimum) vary spatially and temporally between the research station.
And this variation reflects the affecting solar reduction, radiation levels, as well as variation in terrain and geographical location of each research station.
And thus, there are impact on the variation of the annual of temperatures as the annual range rates for the time period (1985_2017) under research ranged between Mosul station (30.5) c°, Baghdad (28.5)c° then Basra (27.4) c° this is in relation to the annual range of greatest temperatures. As for the average annual limit of maximum temperature for the same period, it reached Mosul station (22.4) c°, then Baghdad (21.7) c° , and Basra (22.1)c°, this discrepancy explains the difference between temperatures between July and January , as it becomes clear that there is variation and extremes over time in temperatures between research stations to the south side .

Studying the commercial function in cities is of great importance, as there is no city without a market to provide its services to its residents. Due to the importance of the commercial function, it is noted that it occupies the best locations in the cities. To demonstrate the size of this function, this research aimed to study the commercial structure of the city of Saadiyah by dividing it into different types according to The importance of the goods that each type deals with and the number of shops in it, and it includes the pattern of frequent uses reviewed, the pattern of regularly reviewed uses, the pattern of uses for repair services and workshops, the pattern of uses specialized in luxuries and means of luxury, the pattern of uses for entertainment services, in addition to their geographical distribution in the city and up to To the conclusions and recommendations.

This study addressed combating desertification in Nineveh Governorate by selecting the optimal site for the green belt using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). It also explored the main natural factors that have contributed to the spread of desertification. The importance of this study arises from the fact that desertification threatens vegetation and animal life in general, and the spread of this phenomenon leads to a decline in natural vegetation as well as agricultural production, resulting in soil degradation and subsequent environmental deterioration. Thus, desertification poses a threat to human, economic, and ecological life in southwestern Nineveh.
The objectives of the study included understanding the nature and degrees of desertification and the factors causing it, in addition to identifying the levels of desertification in southwestern Nineveh while highlighting the seriousness of the phenomenon and assisting in addressing it according to regional and global standards applied to desertification issues, drawing the attention of relevant authorities to it.
The study adopted a quantitative analytical approach to understand the reasons behind the emergence of desertification and to discover solutions to the problem in the region, relying on Geographic Information System technologies represented in ArcGIS Pro 3.02 and remote sensing through processing images from the Landsat 8 satellite.
The study reached several practical results, the most important of which is that several indicators from the relevant administrative bodies must be considered as natural factors that have increased the severity of desertification in the region. Therefore, attention must be given to these factors to avoid their present severity and exacerbation in the future. Desertification is a natural and human phenomenon that arises from both natural and human factors, leading to negative economic and social outcomes in the lives of communities. Additionally, the study described the reality of desertification in the region, highlighted its dangers, and discussed methods for addressing and combating this phenomenon.

The research aims to identify (Evaluative Fear among University Students) and the significance of statistical differences in evaluative fear according to variable of gender (males and females) and specialization (Scientific - Humanitarian). To achieve the research aims, the researcher built a scale of (evaluative fear) according to the theory and definition of Heimberg et al. (Heimberg, 2010), The researcher verified the apparent honesty and constructed validity, and stability was verified by test and retest method, as the stability coefficient reached (0.79), while the Alpha Cronbach's coefficient correlation reached (0.80). the scale was applied to the research sample consisting of (400) male and female students from University of Diyala according to specialization (Scientific - Humanitarian). The research sample was selected by random stratified method with proportional distribution, and the researcher used (t-test for one sample, Pearson correlation coefficient, t-test for two independent samples, and Alpha Cronbach formula) as statistical means. The results revealed that the members of the research sample have a high evaluative fear compared to the hypothetical average of the scale and with significant differences, and the results indicated that there are statistically significant differences according to the variable of gender (males and females) and in favor of males, and that there are statistically significant differences according to specialization (Scientific - Humanitarian) and in favor of the Humanitarian specialty.

The political borders between neighboring countries have changed into major sources of instability between countries, and since political borders are in the form of buffer lines where the state’s sovereignty over its lands begins and ends, the Iraqi-Turkish border has been linked to many geopolitical variables since the demarcation of the borders between the two parties during the Mandate era. The British and its accompanying negatives in the issue of Mosul and Kirkuk and other problems represented by the presence of the Kurdistan Workers’ Party. Therefore, Turkey made use of its geographical borders with Iraq as a pattern of conflict with it, taking advantage of the geographical characteristics in light of the infiltration of Kurdistan Workers’ Party groups stationed along the Turkish border areas, in addition to the water problem. Between two countries, the deterioration of water between two countries results in major economic and political problems between the two countries. It also exacerbates the phenomenon of increasing unemployment due to the lack of water flowing from the Turkish side. This problem adds a new factor in the development of the economic crisis. Turkey raises the water weapon in the process of pressuring Iraq. Investigation Marib Political And economic security and perhaps expansionism. It is known that Turkey still considers Mosul one of its provinces and another of its provinces.

The study aimed at clarifying the scientific life of Gorgan Province. In that, the Islamic nation was, scientifically , of a higher significance in the third and fourth Hijri centuries, than other centuries.
Despite the political fall in those two centuries, the scientific outcomes were imminent . The cultural and Intellectual life was not affected by the political divisions. In addition, the dissociation and regression affected the Islamic world in general and the weaknesses of the Abbasids Caliphate were clear that time.
In spite of political dissociation, such bad circumstances were the main start points serving the intellectual life in all eastern islamic countries in general, and specially Gorgan Province.
The independent islamic states and Emirates were racing to beautify themselves with writers, literarymen and scientists and boasting them. They respect Jurists and scientists, giving them money generously.
Therefore, the civilization raised and nourished , many scientists appeared, many precious books and scientific classifications were added to the Islamic library in the Eastern Islamic Parts , especially those made by the Gorgan who contributed in raising of the Islamic civilization and keeping the Islamic enheritage

In this research, we discussed the techniques of time in the novel An Intentional Error by Muhammad Saber Ubaid. The concept of narrative time was introduced, and we reviewed the most important critical opinions contained in it, and we studied the paradox of time, such as retrieval and anticipation. We also studied the temporal rhythm, of slowing down or speeding up the narrative, while citing selected places from the novel. One of the most important results we reached was that time differs in the novel from time outside it. Narrative time relates to the novel’s characters’ sense of time according to the order of events in the context of the time in which the novel takes place, just as the reader’s sense of his or her real time. Time techniques relate to the concept of narrative time. It is based on the character's ability to restore his past or anticipate the event by anticipating the future, which is related to the character who resembles his counterpart in reality. As for temporal rhythm, it relates to the author who has the ability to slow down or speed up the narrative. The events of the novel were related to the conditions of Iraq in the modern era, which is the axis that dominated the events of the novel. The author dealt with the practices of the Islamic State, known in the media as (ISIS), and its policies in the city of Mosul and other areas that were subject to the organization’s rule. The author relied on the retrieval technique in the novel. To restore past events that were connected to the narrated event, which the author used to address the point of view of those subject to the rule of ISIS, and to highlight their views regarding its tyrannical authoritarian practices.

Pollution is an environmental problem that clearly emerged with the advent of the industrial era, and it can be described as the heir that replaced the epidemics and famines that befell those that came before as a result of its seriousness and the depth of its effects. The problem of pollution has received the attention of many researchers since the seventies of the twentieth century, when the interest of the scientific side in preserving the environment emerged ( Land, water, air) and all living organisms. As it is known, the cycle of nature is integrated in the atmosphere and water, and any imbalance that occurs in one of them reflects negatively on other environmental variables.
The current research aims to study the pollution occurring in the Euphrates River as it passes through the Hit district, as it constitutes the lifeline and the main source of surface water in this district. To reach accurate results, the researcher chose five places as places to monitor the pollution values occurring in the river as it passes through the research area. To demonstrate the values of these changes, the observed samples were chemically analyzed in the laboratories of the College of Agriculture at Anbar University.
The results of the analyzes showed that the Euphrates River is exposed to pollution during its passage through the research area in varying proportions. The reason for this increase is attributed to several factors, some of which are natural due to the nature of the geological formations and their composition, and some are due to human factors related to the increase in population numbers and the increase in pollutants resulting from them. However, these values do not This is cause for concern. After comparing these values with the standards for evaluating international and Iraqi waters, we found that the concentration of these elements is within the permissible limits. However, there is variation in the proportions and concentrations of elements due to human activities in the research area

Some Prophetic hadiths contain words that can be recited in more than one way, with phonetic differences between the words, without any change in meaning.
The research is divided into three sections:
1. The first section: This is dedicated to studying the difference in the hamza (glottal stop) between omission and inclusion.
2. The second section: Discusses assimilation (idgham) and clarification (izhar).
3. The third section: Focuses on the substitution between letters

This research analyzes the flouting and hedging of the cooperative principles in the Enola Holmes movie. In this study, the problems to be solved are the types of flouting maxims done by the characters, the types of hedging maxims done by the characters, and the motivations behind flouting and hedging the maxims. Methodologically, the study is conducted using a descriptive qualitative design. The data sources of this research are the Enola Holmes movie and its downloaded script. The data are collected by watching the movie and collecting the data from the script. The data analysis is based on the cooperative principle theory proposed by Grice (1975) and focuses on the strategies of flouting the maxims. Furthermore, it examines the hedges of cooperative principles as presented by Yule (1996). After identifying of 21 utterances being flouted and hedged, they are categorized according to the types of flouting and hedging the maxims. 12 utterances are identified flouting the maxims. The flouting of quantity occurs 7 times by 58.33 %, flouting of relevance occurs 4 times by 33.33 % and manner occurs 1 time by 8.33%. The results show that the characters consistently flout these maxims by giving too much or insufficient information, speaking vaguely, and presenting irrelevant information or responses. The flouting of quality is not used in the movie. On the other hand, hedging the maxims occurs in 9 utterances. The characters hedge the quality maxim 8 times by 88.89%, and the relation maxim occurs 1 time by 11.11%. Since the movie is mysterious and full of unpredictable events, the characters hedge quality to mark their uncertainty and inadequate proof. This is necessary to deal with many complex situations without revealing much. Moreover, the hedging of the relation maxim occurs when they expect the information is not relevant to the context of the conversation.

Speaking is a very central part in learning a foreign language. In this study, the researcher ; as an English teacher for more than 30 years ,finds out that students at any school level encounter a lot of barriers that avoid them from being fluent English speakers. Consequently, the present study aims to find out these challenges among EFL Iraqi students at Intermediate school s. The sample of this survey consists of 117male students. Cronbach’s alpha was utilized to calculate internal consistency to decide the reasons that lead to oral shortage and suggest solutions to overcome these challenges. The results discovered that there are some challenges that relate to the students , teachers and Textbooks .In fact, Textbooks, may not motivate students to speak particularly, with limited periodic teaching time and consequently, mainly center on teaching grammar` structure and writing tasks. The researcher proposed a set of solutions to tackle these problems such as, teachers should support students to perform the language orally in and out the classroom and provide students the self-confidence to speak unexpectedly using that language. They must also analysis students’ mistakes beneficially. Besides, textbooks should contain a lot of comprehensible pictures to arouse oral communication skills and graspable drills check students’ ability to speak fluently.

This paper examines the stylistic analysis of Toni Morrison 's Beloved ( 2004) using the analytic model developed by Leech and Short (1981) as the major approach. The researcher is aiming to identify the principal stylistic devices used by Morrison in her famous novel Beloved. The unique style of Morrison reflects the way readers respond to the novel. Morrison's language in this novel is not only a tool of communication but it is also a means of information. Morrison focuses on the interconnectivity between language and identity because there is a relationship between the spoken words and how they are comprehended.

Gothic is not a genre so easily defined. It tends more to be a mix of romance, fantasy, science fiction, and other discourses and patterns. It challenges the limits of society and explores the deep senses of horror and cruelty. On the other hand, Gothic brings a significant danger that culturally examines the morality of the society and psychological changes.
Early, before the first wave of feminist literary history, the skill of writing gothic by women writers archived strong names that addressed human nature senses like fear as well as romantic elements and scientific concerns. The new alternatives that no longer repress female creative writings had put the subordination of women at the far side of the shelf and proposed a new wave of opposing sadly neglect of writing gothic by women. The power to redress the equilibrium and the participation of males and females in writing Gothic strongly hit the mix between realism and fantasy the moment they needed to explore their talent in writing. Currently, the appeal for re-focusing on women’s achievements in the gothic genre has encouraged academically researchers to investigate women’s understanding of horror and goth either as writers or as heroines. Thus, what the reader expects to read are lusty love, romance mixed with violence, revenge, wild passion, refusal of oppression, or vampire atmosphere.
The paper discusses Gothic female writing as a developed genre with a reference historically to some prominent women writers until recent writings of some Gothicists. Arab female Gothic writers have a good share in depicting hard experiences such as war, death, and violence through Gothic references. The paper ends with a brief conclusion that summarizes how women radically use their weapons in writing Gothic to get their position of power.







Gothic is not a genre so easily defined. It tends more to be a mix of romance, fantasy, science fiction, and other discourses and patterns. It challenges the limits of society and explores the deep senses of horror and cruelty. On the other hand, Gothic brings a significant danger that culturally examines the morality of the society and psychological changes.
Early, before the first wave of feminist literary history, the skill of writing gothic by women writers archived strong names that addressed human nature senses like fear as well as romantic elements and scientific concerns. The new alternatives that no longer repress female creative writings had put the subordination of women at the far side of the shelf and proposed a new wave of opposing sadly neglect of writing gothic by women. The power to redress the equilibrium and the participation of males and females in writing Gothic strongly hit the mix between realism and fantasy the moment they needed to explore their talent in writing. Currently, the appeal for re-focusing on women’s achievements in the gothic genre has encouraged academically researchers to investigate women’s understanding of horror and goth either as writers or as heroines. Thus, what the reader expects to read are lusty love, romance mixed with violence, revenge, wild passion, refusal of oppression, or vampire atmosphere.
The paper discusses Gothic female writing as a developed genre with a reference historically to some prominent women writers until recent writings of some Gothicists. Arab female Gothic writers have a good share in depicting hard experiences such as war, death, and violence through Gothic references. The paper ends with a brief conclusion that summarizes how women radically use their weapons in writing Gothic to get their position of power.

The present research examines the postmodern ideas of Jean Baudrillard and conducts an analysis of the manifestation of the notions of hyperreality and simulation within the context of this particular book. In the realm of hyperreality, an artificially constructed version of reality that has only superficial resemblances to actuality and without any substantive foundation, serves as a replacement for genuine reality. This study examines the occurrence of hyperreality and simulation in the Body Artist, focusing on several key issues. These include the multiplicity and fluidity of identities within both the artistic performance and the main narrative, the deliberate blurring of boundaries between fiction and reality through the use of playful elements within the Body Artist, the emergence of simulacra, the presence of circular recursion, and the captivating influence of media. Hence, the central character, Lauren Hartke, surpasses the boundaries that separate the realms of actuality and imagination via her iterative transformations inside the realm of her artistic expression known as Body Time.