Medical Journal of Babylon

Abstract
The present study was conducted on oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC)which is the most common oral malignancies
with main objective of showing the expression of p63 in OSCC.
This study comprised a total of (93) patients diagnosed as OSCC.,(62)males and (31) femalesThe cases include: well
differentiated SCC.(32)cases, moderately differentiated SCC.(40) and poorly differentiated SCC.(21)cases.The
expression of p63 gene was carried out on 4μm tumor sections using Immuno histochemical staining of p63 antibody.
The data demonstrated the mean percentage expression of p63 in well, moderately and poorly differentiated
SCC.Results showed that p63 expression was observed as positive diffuse reactivity in(38) cases (40.86%), positive
basal Para basal reactivity in (19)cases (20.34%), positive basal reactivity in (34) cases (36.56%) and negative reactivity
in(2)cases (2.15%)
Results also showed p63 expression was increased in high grade tumors of size >1.5cm and metastatic dissemination of
lymph nodes with diffuse and basal Para basal pattern of distribution.Scoring analysis showed more than 50% of cases
present with score 26-50% of expression.
In conclusion , these data found that the P63 nuclear positivity was extended from the basal- Para basal layers to the
whole epithelial layers in both moderately and poorly differentiated tumors , and P63 staining was more uniform and
homogenous for the well- differentiated tumor areas.

In order to have an ophthalmologic survey of our diabetic patients and to have an idea about their knowledge of
ophthalmic diabetic complications, this study was conducted on 76 consecutive diabetic patients attending a private
specialized ophthalmic clinic for variable reasons. 64.5% of the studied population had impaired visual acuity. Cataract
was the leading cause of abnormal visual acuity followed by advanced proliferative diabetic retinopathy.55.26% of our
diabetic patients did not know about their disease effect on the eye and never undertake an action previously.41% of the
diabetics who know well about the disease effect on the eye enjoyed visual acuities of 6/6 and only 30.9% of the
ignorant patients did so. Although the difference was statistically not significant, the importance of educating the
diabetics about their disease progress and complications is to be emphasized on and further professional efforts are to be
shown.

The conjunctival sac is practically never free from microorganisms. In order to define the population of normal
conjunctival flora, in Iraqis,627 conjunctival swabs were obtained from healthy subjects and cultured on ordinary
microbial culture media (blood, Mac Conkey and chocolate agar plates).The growth results were analyzed. The yield
was 39% positive cultures , 34.4% Staphylococcus epidermidis , 2.4% Diphtheroids ,1.6% Staphylococcus aureus ,0.3%
Candida-mixed with S.epidermidis and 0.16% Bacillus spp.Although the results were in consistence with most of the
results in the textbooks and published papers ,we recommend a more elaborative study to focus on other microbial flora
such as the an aerobes or the facultative aerobes that would not be isolated in the traditional work.

The present study , performed to investigate the Environmental Bacterial contamination in medicine department of
Hospital Maternity and Children in Babylon provinc, operation Theater, Delivery Theater ,children & prematurity
wards.
During The period from January 2004 to October 2004 (1133) swabs were collocted on MacConky agar and Blood agar
base then pure colonies was processed for identified by using classical & specific processed for biochemical tests .
The study showed that the most common bacterial isolates was Klebsiella pneumoniae a among gram negative
bacteria.

The present work aimed to evaluate the cellular immunological functions in TB patients among anergic tuberculous
patients(AN),allergic tuberculous patients(AL),and controls (C).this was carried out on 125 tuberculous patients
admitted to the TB center in Babylon Province during the period January/2003 to may /2004,and 23 apparently healthy
controls. Tuberculin skin test was used to judge the immunoresponsiveness of tuberculous patients. The NBT,E-rosette
,and LIF assays were used as parameters to evaluate the cellular immunological functions. The results showed marked
decreasing in these functions in AN (4%,14%,57.14%)respectively in comparison to that of AL(7%,21%,37%) and
C(11%,25%,88%). Thus these parameters may aid to used as a diagnostic as well as immunologiocal tools among the
tuberculous patients.

Ischemic heart disease is one of most common diseases, and it is caused by an imbalance between the myocardial blood flow and the
metabolic demand of the myocardium.
Many factors were taken as diagnosis guides and to follow up heart disease patients, few studies took myeloperoxidase levels as an
indicator. The present study is an attempt to confirm that serum myeloperoxidase levels are a clinical indicator to know, in advance, the
pathology of the heart disease.
The Statistical analysis revealed that there is a highly significant difference in the total serum MPO-IgG between IHD
patients and those enrolled in the control group; in addition, there is a positive correlation between MPO-IgG and the
patients' age.

Enteropathogenic E.coli type I (EPEC) was isolated from feces of 8 months age infant baby. The bacterium
was characterized according to the morphological, biochemical and serological properties. Their killed and
formalized antigens (somatic and flagellar) were separated and mixed with complete and incomplete Freund's
adjuvant (sunflower oil) which injected in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). The results were revealed that the effect
of E.coli antigens in humoral immunity which expressed with immediate hypersensitivity were reached by single
radical immunodiffusion assay (SRID) to 16.6, 15.4 and 19.4 mm in diameter for killed, somatic and flagellar
antigens, respectively, while the control rabbits did not show such changes. The killed, somatic and flagellar
antigens were explained the changes in cellular immune response by delayed hypersensitivity reaction and the
results by SRID assay were 19.8, 17.8 and 26 mm in diameter, respectively, for the above mentioned antigens, while
the control group did not show such changes. The concentration of total protein was appeared higher in rabbits
which were immunized with killed antigen compared with other groups which reached to 87.3 g/L. The
immunoglobulins (Ig) concentrations of rabbits primed with E.coli antigens were higher in treated groups compared
with control group, but the treated group primed with somatic antigen was higher than other groups which reached
to 2203, 326.9 and 577.5 mg/dL for IgG, IgM and IgA, respectively. The concentrations of complement
components C3 & C4 were higher in treated groups primed with somatic antigen compared with other groups which
reached to 266.5 and 60.4 mg/dL, respectively. These results suggest that the above antigens of EPEC were
stimulated the humoral and cellular immune response.

Background: Though the left handers are a minority but it is a very big minority as it constitute about 8-15% of the
population. Many differences medical , social , behavioral and even in survival...etc., are found between right
handers and left handers and one of the theories which is working is that left handers have a low potential for
development than the other people who are programmed to be right handers and being a leftist is a way from
normal.
Objective: To study one of the important differences between Rt and Lt hander by exploring whether the Lt hander
females have a low potential for development than the Rt one, and also to compare the proportion of Lt handers in
our society with others else where in the world.
Subjects and Methods: This study was done from the period Oct.2005- June2006 by screening 292 female student in
the Technical institute in (Abu- Garak). In this study we consider the time of first menstruation as a marker for their
development and we decided to call any one who does not have a period until fourteen or older a slow – maturing
female.
Result: In this study we found that 31 female students out of 292 were left handers (10.6%). Also we found 7 out of
31 Rt hander females were slow maturing (22.6 %) ,While 15 out of 31 Lt hander females were slow maturing
(48.4%).The average of Rt hander female that menstruated below 14 years age was (77.4%), While the average of
Lt hander female that menstruated below 14 years age was (51.6%).
Conclusion: This result can be interpreted that left handed women are developing physically at a slower rate than
their right handed counterparts. Also we found among those screened Rt handed females, menarche age was
recorded at eleventh years old , while none was so in the other group. The total average of Lt hander was nearly
similar to figures elsewhere in the world. Though there are so many differences in the left handers but these
differences doesn't mean that they are inferior to the right handers. Cleverness, geniusness, sport heroes and famous
painter all are seen among left handers.

Two groups of human males with urinary tract infections were elected . First ,53 senescent (60 – 95 y) and second
adulthood (35-45y) to study the effect of male senescence on urinary tract mucosal immune response during
infections . Single and mixed infections were noted . The single was dominant. Gram negative rods were the major
uropathogens .Urinary mucosal immunoglobulins were separated using 6% PEG 6000 D. from senescent and
adulthood urine samples . Reactions of whole cell bacterins with UMIG revealed reduction in specific antibody
titers in senescent in comparison to adulthood ..Senescence may be involved in this titer reduction .

Women lactational mastitis is an acute neutrophilic infection .The infections were of single , dimicrobic
and stealth pathogen etiology . Gram positive cocci and gram negative rods were isolated from 50 lactional
mastitis women but not from the 20 control women . Heat treated whole cell antigen for gram negative rod and
benzal konium chloride for gram positive cocci were prepared . Mucosal immunoglobulins were separated
partially ,characterized and titrated by standared tube agglutination .The base line titers ranged 2-4 .The clinical
titres ;however ,were ranging 8-128,in single infection Antigenic competition were noted in two cases of mixed
infection. The correlation between concentration of MMIg and titres was of simple linear type .MMIg can be used
as diagnostic probe for mammary lactational mastitis in women .

A total of 65 samples of powdered infant formula (PIF) and dried infant cereals were collected at random from
different specialties that are available in Hilla city/Iraq, during a 3-month period from October to December 2006. The
morphological and physiological characterization of bacterial isolates and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were
performed. Bacterial isolates were cultured from 53.8 % of 65 milk substitute infant formulas. The concentration did not
exceed a level of 10 CFU/g in any product. The most commonly identified isolates were Bacillus subtilis
,Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae, ,and Citrobacter freundii.One isolate of
Enterobacter sakazaki, was also detected. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed significant resistance rates,
particularly to ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, cefotatxime, and gentamicin, but they were highly sensitive to
ciprofloxacin and Refampin.

This study presents the incidence of mandibular fractures among maxillofacial injuries, we classified the sites of
these fractures anatomically and their etiologies. We found that the road traffic accidents were the most prevalent
causes of maxillofacial trauma. The body and the angle of the mandible are also the most common sites to be
fractured in trauma.

Background
The incidence and progression of renal injury vary substantially among individuals who are at-risk for kidney
disease.Prediction of increased risk of occurrence or progression of CKD enables clinicians to identify individuals
who may benefit from closer supervision of care or more intensive disease modifying interventions.
Method
Between march 2005 and July 2007, 151 patients (69 male, 82 female,) with stage 4 chronic renal failure(CRF)
defined by a creatinine clearance (Ccr) of 16–30 ml/min(15)from A-forat Al-awsat , and Alsader teaching hospital,
all of them had a regular follow-up from baseline Ccr until the the end of the follow-up period, or the GFR become
<15 ml/min,(stage 5 CKD).
Results:
Serum calcium and hemoglobin were significantly lower in patients whose GFR progressed to stage 5 CKD
(group (A)), than in patients did not enter stage 5 CKD( group(B)) , baseline urine protein and erythrocyte
sedimentation rate were significantly higher in group (A) than in group (B) .The differences between other
parameters between patients of the 2 groups were not significant .
Conclusion:
In conclusion our study suggest that baseline hypocalcaemia , anemia , high ESR , and proteinuria are independent
predictors for progression of CKD.

Several investigators reported an excess of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality among rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
patients. The majority of cardiovascular deaths result from accelerated atherosclerosis. Elevated plasma total
cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
(HDL-C) are strong risk factors for atherosclerotic events.
Twenty five patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (ERA) who met the American College of Rheumatology (ACR)
1987 criteria for Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) had early disease with diseaseduration of less than one year without
prior use of disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and/or systemic steroids were examined for their
lipid profile level and the relation of the atherogenic ratio to their disease were investigated during the period
between March – December 2006 in the Department of Rheumatology at Al-Kadhimiya Teaching Hospital. . Lipid
profile (TC, LDL-C, HDL-C and TG), ESR and C-reactive protein were determined for both the patients and control
groups.
The results of the study revealed that ERA patients exhibited higher serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), lowdensity lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglycerides (TG), whereas their serum high-density lipoprotein
cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were significantly lower compared to controls. As a consequence, the atherogenic ratio
of TC/HDL-C as well as that of LDL-C/HDL-C was significantly higher in ERA patients
compared to controls and these changes were correlated with laboratory changes, especially CRP and ESR.
ERA patients are characterized by an atherogenic lipid profile in comparison with the healthy control subjects.
Recognition and treatment of early rheumatoid arthritis and
reduction of these and other cardiac risk factors has greater impact on the course of the
disease.

In this study we use the best, soft and new type of siwak is that which comes from the araak tree in cleaning the
child handicap teeth by there family at home after training them how to use the siwak.We use 32 handicaps child
with age 4years for 16 month time duration by one visit in every month, clinical investigation for each one to record
scores of the oral health conditional changes for each one, we use two groups:
1- Group A, 16 handicaps child use siwak stick in cleaning their teeth and not use tooth past in cleaning there teeth.
2-Group B, 16 handicap child, use tooth past perishing in cleaning their teeth and not use siwak in cleaning there
teeth.
The result showed that significant effect of the siwak in cleaning and prevent bad oral hygiene as we see in group A
also the benefit simplifying in cleaning of siwak when using with handicap children.

Total antioxidant capacity (TAC), glutathione peroxidase(Gpx) and glutathione S transferase(GST) for patients with
β- thalassemia major (n=20) and β-thalassemia minor (n=20) compared with apparent healthy control subjects
(n=18) were study. The aim of this study is to consider mechanisms of free radical formation in the body, the
consequences of free radical induced tissue damage, and the function of antioxidant defence systems in thalassemia
major and minor patients. The indicative parameter of conjugated diene hydroperoxide with the total antioxidant
capacity and the enzymatic antioxidant system activity (glutathione peroxidase(Gpx) and glutathione Stransferase(GST)), were evaluated. This is a new study to describe total antioxidant capacity in the thalassemia
patients.

In vitro sperm activation for 30 samples of asthenospermic patients were performed in Embryo Research and
Infertility Treatment Center /Baghdad University. Sperm activation was induced in Earl's and Ham's F-10 culture
media, supplemented with 30%inactive maternal serum using centrifugation/wash-out technique. Significant
improvement (p<0.001) in sperm motility was obtained following activation compared to those before activation.
Earl's and Ham's F-10 media using centrifugation/wash-out technique can be used confidently for the selection of
active motile sperm with lowest percentage abnormality, and infectious product free for the purpose of Assistant
Reproductive Technology (ART). The pregnancy rate per cycle following IntraUterine Insemination (IUI) with
hyperactivated sperm in Earl's media was (30%) while with Ham's F-10 was (28.3%). The use of Earl's or Ham's F10 media seems to be identical on sperm transfer media for (IUI) purpose

To evaluate the effect of sex on the quantitative analysis of urinary calculi, fifty-two calculi were
enrolled in this study. Calculi obtained from 52 patients (age 13—55 years)were divided
according to the sex of patients. There were 14 urinary calculi isolated from females and 38 were
isolated from males. The calculi were subjected to quantitative analysis and sought for calcium,
uric acid, phosphorus, oxalate, magnesium, and ammonium ion contents. Significant (p<0.05)
elevation of oxalate percentage was indicated in calculi of females when compared with that of
males. Calcium oxalate calculi were demonstrated to be the most common produced in females
while calcium phosphate calculi were predominated in males.

This study compares two anesthetic techniques regarding haemodynamic stability used to anesthetize 26 patients with
atrial septal defect admitted for occlusion of ASD by cardiac catheterization using Amplatzer occluder in Ibn Albitar
cardiac center in Baghdad, patients are ASA I and II unpremeditated, were divided into two groups, First group was given
Propofol and Alfentanil induction then continuous infusion of Propofol and Alfentanil, second group was given ketamine
and Midazolam induction then continuous infusion of ketamine and midazolam. Both groups were given muscle
relaxants and intubated with endotracheal tube and ventilated artificially with 100% O2 .The propofok-Alfentanil group
showed better haemodynamic stability than ketamine-midazolam group as seen from comparison of HR and BP changes
at 5min,15min, 30min after induction and at the end of the procedure . Ketamine inspite of its wide use during cardiac
catheterization especially for pediatric patients it has a clear effect on HR and BP, through its infusion it significantly increases
both blood pressure and heart rate as compared to Propofol-Alfentanil infusion which showed more haemodynamic stability.

A total of 110 elderly patients aged 72 + 6.5 years ( 62 males and 48 females) were prospectively studied.
Measurements of serum potassium, magnesium, sodium and chloride were done and the effects of biological
factors (age, sex, weight) and a large set of pathological conditions were examined. For comparison; another 100
subjects ( 63 males and 37 females ) whom were found free of any disease and / or alcoholic and smoking habits
considered as a control group. Their age range was 68 + 8 years.
Results showed a significant decreased ( P< 0.05) in the concentration of serum potassium level in
hypertensive and in patients with renal failure. While a significant increased (P < 0.05) was correlated with
myocardial infarction. No significant alteration in the concentration of plasma potassium was found in other
pathologic populations.
Serum magnesium level was significantly lowered ( P<0.05) in diabetic patients, however, its value was
unchanged among other pathological conditions.
Low serum sodium value was observed in association with renal failure. Other pathological conditions had no
effects on serum sodium level.
Decreased concentration of serum chloride was observed mainly in renal failure. No significant changes in
serum chloride levels was found in relation to other pathological conditions.
Therefore our data suggest that, the decrease of potassium, magnesium sodium and chloride levels in the aged
population is either merely related to an age- associated pathology or may be a normal physiological event occurring
during the process of aging.

ICU patients require higher levels of care than non-ICU patients do; they consume more resources (e.g. drugs and
fluids) and require superior medical technology and interventions (e.g. mechanical ventilation), than patients located on
the general ward.
The study aimed to assess the health care in the seven units studied regarding personal working in these units, unit
design and architectural facilities, organizational system, use of diagnostic and interventional measures and outcome and
compare the results with the high standards of intensive care .
The study done in 7 intensive care units in 3 large governorates in Iraq: Baghdad, Babil and Albasra. A questionnaire
form designed by the investigators was distributed to the workers in these units, the questions are concerned with : unit
design and architectural facilities, organizational featuring, medical and nursery usual practices organizational polices in
admission and discharge of patients. Another set of data collected for the last one year including: no. of patients
admitted to these units, no. of patients discharged a life, stayment of each patient and no. of the workers. All the data
processed and interpretated by using SPSS v 11. The research shows: there is poor results regarding unit design,
adequacy of intensive care beds in each governorate, staff improvement programs, adequacy of equipments and their
handling, admission and discharge polices and cross infection .there is a real need to write standards and apply them to
help in the provision of modernization and improvement programs.

Three basic arthritis types were noted among elderly and adults. The first inflammatory lymphocytic, the second
autoimmune, while, the third is septic nutrophilie type. The inflammatory and autoimmune were associated with
mucosal lymophcytosis. The septic was neutrophilic both at mucosal and systemic arms. The autoimmune was
rhumatoid factor positive and the sptices were associated with injured S.aureus and St.pyogenes. senesceance
exhibits some what suppressive effects on specific antibody titres as 200/40 (systemic/ mucosal ) while in
adulthood was 320/32 and leucoyte inhibitory factors as 0.8/0.28 ( systemic/ mucosal ) and in adulthood as 0.6 /
0.45 thus elderly arthropathic patients showd suppressed antibody and LIF responses as compared to adulthood

Accidental poisoning in children is a potential source of morbidity and mortality all over the
world. The patterns of poisoning are usually differ from country to country and from province to
another within the same country. The shortage of publications on this subject in Iraq necessitated
this study, to determine the pattern of accidental poisoning in children in Kerbala Teaching
Hospital for Children, Kerbala. The medical records of children 12 years and below who were
admitted to the hospital for the period from the 1st of January to the 31st of December 2005 were
retrospectively reviewed for relevant data. 175 cases of accidental poisoning was admitted to the
hospital during the study period, representing (1.1 %) of total hospital admissions. 137 (78.3 %)
of the children were from Kerbala city, and only 38 (21.7 %) children were from the surrounding
regions. The age group mostly affected was 1 to 3 years (70.9%). poisoning with Kerosene was
the commonest type (76%) followed by drugs (11.4%). There were clear seasonal variations and
most cases were admitted during the summer and autumn months (61.1%). No deaths were
reported. The results were presented and compared with previous studies in other parts of the
country and the world. Continuous education of parents and caregivers of young children is
recommended, as this would help to reduce the chances and complications of accidental
poisoning.

Seven adult male rabbits (infected group) aged 8-10 months, infected with 105 of T.evansi, which isolated from Iraqi
camels .The parasites inoculated into the lateral ear vein. The infection induced clinical symptoms of disease presented
as acute and chronic phases depending upon the duration of infection. Thick and thin blood smears were made daily to
the end of experiment for detection of parasites and description of blood cells respectively. Differential leucocytes
count (DLC) also done. The parasite observed in blood during acute phase only. Leucocytosis due to marked
lymphocytosis recognized in acute phase followed by leucopenia during chronic phase .The main changes in the
erythrocytes were the presence of macrocytes, Howell-Jolly bodies, target cells, stomatocytes, Burr cells, and a
significant platelets deficiency (Thrombocytopenia) was observed. Liver slices reveals fatty degeneration, hepatic
necrosis and inflammatory reaction extends through liver parenchyma. The results compared with the results of the
other seven rabbits (control group).