Journal Of Educational and Psychological Researches

Abstract
The current research aims to identify the level of E-learning among middle school students, the level of academic passion among middle school students, and the correlation between e-learning and academic passion among middle school students. In order to achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher developed two questionnaires to measure the variables of the study (e-learning and study passion) among students, these two tools were applied to the research sample, which was (380) male and female students in the first and second intermediate classes. The research concluded that there is a relationship between e-learning and academic passion among students.

The study aims to find out the degree of practicing professional leadership of the faculty’s deans, deputies, and heads of the scientific divisions at Al-Qaseem University. The study has adopted the descriptive analytical method. To achieve the objective of the study, the researcher developed a questionnaire consisting of (45) items distributed to six fields that were applied to a sample of (116) faculty deans, deputies, and the head of division at Al-Qaseem University. The results showed there is a high practicing degree of the study sample individuals of the professional leadership on the questionnaire’s fields as a whole, strategic thinking field came at the first rank, while the innovation, creation fields, leading the individuals, and the resources came at the last rank and at medium practicing degree. Also, the results of the study showed there is no statistically significant difference among means of the study sample individuals’ estimation of practicing a degree of professional leadership in all fields in terms of faculties, except for developing skills of the others field in favor of the scientific faculties. There are statistically significant differences among means of the study sample individuals' estimations for the degree of practicing the professional for all fields in terms of the academic rank in favor of those who have the academic rank (prof). For the experience variable for those with (6) years of experience and more, there are no statistically significant differences between means of the study sample individuals' estimations of the degree of practicing professional leadership for all fields as a whole in terms of the study.

This research aims to assess the practice of physical activities by people with intellectual disabilities and its challenges during the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic from their families' point of view. The research sample consisted of (87) individuals from families with intellectual disabilities in the Makkah region. The sample was selected by the simple random method where the researcher used the descriptive analytical approach. A questionnaire of (32) items was used as the research tool to collect data. The findings of the study showed that the assessment level of practicing physical activities by people with intellectual disabilities was low. The public facilities dimension ranked first with a moderate degree followed by clubs and sports centers in the second rank with a low degree. The house dimension came in the third rank with a low degree of utilization. The challenges of practicing physical activities by people with intellectual disabilities came to a moderate degree. The findings also revealed that there is a statistically significant difference at (α = 0.05) for people with intellectual disabilities in their practice of physical activities. Furthermore, the findings showed statistically significant differences in challenges at (α = 0.05) for practicing physical activities during the COVID-19 pandemic from their families’ point of view

The study aims to identify the extent to which the applied colleges at the University of Technology and Applied Sciences meet the comprehensive quality standards in light of the national education strategy for the 2040 Vision in the Sultanate of Oman. To do this, the researchers used the descriptive approach. They used a questionnaire as a tool for data collection that was applied to (237) administrators, academics, and support functions. The study found that the extent to which the applied colleges at the University of Technology and Applied Sciences meet the comprehensive quality standards in the light of the National Education Strategy 2040 in the Sultanate of Oman recorded a high range. The study also found that there are no statistically significant differences in terms of gender and job title for the estimation of the study sample members and the extent to which the applied colleges at the University of Technology and Applied Sciences meet the comprehensive quality standards in the light of the National Education Strategy 2040 in the Sultanate of Oman. In light of the findings, the study recommended the necessary need for the presidency of the University of Technology and Applied Sciences to continue to work with comprehensive quality standards in various college departments to obtain academic accreditation.

The study aims to reveal the level of inclusion of citizenship values in the English language textbooks (We Can) series for elementary education in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. To achieve this objective, the "content analysis" methodology was used. A content analysis card was designed to include (6) main areas of citizenship values, it consisted of (28) sub-indicators of citizenship values that were supposed to be included in the English language textbook series (We Can) for elementary education. The study sample consisted of all the English language textbooks (We Can) series for elementary education, which consisted of (6) textbooks, two for each class. The results of the study indicated that there is a low level of inclusion of citizenship values in the books of all grades, as the repetition rate reached (30.4%) in the fourth-grade textbooks, (25.8%) in the fifth-grade textbooks, (43.6%) in the sixth-grade textbooks. In total, (11) citizenship values out of (28) values with a percentage of (39.2%) were not included at all in the English language textbooks (We Can) series for elementary education. The results also indicated that there are not statistically significant at the level (0.05) due to the grade variable in the level of inclusion of citizenship values. In contrast, the Chi-Square Test of Independence indicated that the significance level was (0.38).

The study aims to examine the relationships between cognitive absorption and E-Learning readiness in the preparatory stage. The study sample consisted of (190) students who were chosen randomly. The Researcher has developed the cognitive absorption and E-Learning readiness scales. A correlational descriptive approach was adopted. The research revealed that there is a positive statistical relationship between cognitive absorption and eLearning readiness.

This research aims to identify the availability of the elements of the concept of citizenship, to identify the distribution ratios of the outputs of the musical skills curriculum at the levels of educational goals associated with the elements of the concept of citizenship in the guides of teachers of musical skills for grades (12-1) in the Sultanate of Oman. A content analysis card was designed to include the teacher’s guides of musical skills for grades (12-1), which included the outputs, according to the grades with the identification of the elements of citizenship (identity, belonging, rights, participation). The results of the research revealed that the percentage of inclusion of citizenship values in the evidence is excellent, which is attributed to the authors of the curriculum who look at citizenship from a cultural aspect related to the musical heritage, folklore, and the instruments that are used to present this folklore, but they did not link it to aspects related to rights. 41.0% for grades (5-1), while in grades (12-6) the largest percentage was in the level of remembrance at (51.5%). This is attributed to the strengthening of citizenship and its four elements through musical skills. It is a complex and multi-dimensional idea, and music is also seen as requiring multiple levels of knowledge, especially in the areas of application, installation, and evaluation. One of the most important recommendations of the research is to increase the percentage of inclusion of citizenship values in the guides for teachers of musical skills in the Sultanate of Oman.

This study aims to identify the degree to which the first cycle teachers use different feedback patterns in the E-learning system, to identify the differences in the degree of use according to specialization, teaching experience, and in-service training in the field of classroom assessment as well as the interaction between them. The study sample consisted of (350) female teachers of the first cycle in the governmental schools in Muscat Governorate for the academic year 2020/2021. The study used a questionnaire containing four different feedback patterns: reinforcement, informative, corrective, and interpretive feedback. The psychometric properties of the questionnaire were verified in terms of validity and reliability. Among the most prominent findings of the study: were that reinforcement feedback was the most frequently used feedback pattern from the teachers of the first cycle, and informative feedback was the least used. Also, there were statistically significant differences between the teachers in the degree of use of feedback patterns attributed to the variables of specialization and teaching experience, while there were no statistically significant differences between the teachers in the degree of use of feedback patterns due to the in-service training in the field of classroom assessment and the 2-way interactions between the variables. The study concluded with a set of recommendations and suggestions, including emphasizing the importance of female teachers employing different feedback patterns for students in the process of continuous assessment and conducting more studies on different feedback patterns and their effectiveness at various educational levels and subjects. The general level of the impact of the science experts program was very good from the graduates’ point of view. The results also revealed that there were no statistically significant differences between the means of graduates’ degree of satisfaction with the training program due to the variables of gender, training cohort, and years of experience. There were also no statistically significant differences between the means of the graduates’ ratings on the impact of the training program due to the variables of gender and training cohort. The study ended with a set of recommendations for developing the program and suggestions for future research studies. The most important recommendations are:
Increase the number of field visits and continuing communication with graduates. The certificate obtained by graduates should have academic weight and the subjects taken in the training program should be equivalent to the master’s topics. Activating the professional learning communities in more effective ways to share experiences between teachers. Assign specific dates for teachers' training in the school calendar. Focus on improving the practical skills of teachers and not only theoretical parts.

The current study aims to translate and validate the psychopathic personality traits scale with a sample of Saudi society, to examine the level of psychopathic personality traits among the study sample, and to identify the differences in the psychopathic personality traits according to gender, age, marital status, educational qualification, income, and region of residence. The study was carried out on a random sample of (3317) Saudi individuals; aged is (18) years and more. The study adopted the descriptive approach. The researchers used a demographic questionnaire and the Psychopathic Personality Traits Scale developed by Boduszek (2016). The results of the Confirmatory Factor Analysis showed that the Fit Index Comparative (CFI = .90), the Goodness of Fit Index (GFI = .97), the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation value (RMSEA=.04), which indicates that the scale has good construct validity, as well as a high-Reliability Coefficient (a=0.736). The results also showed a low level of psychopathic personality traits among the study sample. There are statistically significant differences in the psychopathic personality traits between males and females in favor of males. In addition, there are statistically significant differences between individuals according to age in favor of the age group (18-29) with the exception of the dimension of (cognitive responsiveness). The results also showed that there are statistically significant differences between married and unmarried individuals in psychopathic personality traits in favor of married individuals. Finally, there are statistically significant differences between individuals according to educational qualification and income level in all dimensions of the scale with the exception of the dimension of (cognitive responsiveness) in favor of individuals (no income) and those with income (less than 5000). It was also clarified that there are statistically significant differences between individuals according to region residence in the dimensions of (emotional responsiveness) and (egocentricity) among individuals in favor of individuals from the Riyadh region, while there are no statistically significant differences between individuals in the two dimensions of (cognitive responsiveness) and (interpersonal manipulation).

This study aims to identify the most prominent factors that lead to bullying of students with intellectual disabilities in primary and middle schools from the perspectives of special education teachers. A quantitative descriptive approach was utilized. A questionnaire was used as a tool for data collection. The sample consisted of (72) male and female teachers from the Asir region in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The results revealed the most prominent factors that lead to bullying as follows: factors associated with the school and its policies, factors associated with peers, factors associated with students with intellectual disabilities, and factors associated with general education teachers. The findings also showed that there are no statistically significant differences in the responses of male and female teachers due to gender, educational qualification, and years of teaching experience. In light of the results of the research, the most prominent recommendations and suggestions related to protecting students with intellectual disabilities from bullying and raising awareness of such behaviors in schools were provided and discussed.

The research aims to examine the effect of Hawkins' strategy on students in the fourth grade of primary school in the General Directorate of Education in Baghdad / Karkh 3 for the academic year (2020-2021). The research was limited to the topics of the Arabic language grammar book for the fourth grade of primary school. The researcher developed the research hypothesis, which is: that there is no statistically significant difference at the significance level (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group students who study using the Hawkins strategy and the average scores of the control group students who study in the traditional method in the achievement test. The researcher set a number of recommendations including that the Arabic language teachers prepare the classroom for students by creating an educational atmosphere that encourages the increase of student achievement, holding courses for teachers on how to use the Hawkins strategy, as well as holding seminars for the educational staff.

The current research aims to identify the psychological security of students in the kindergarten department and identify if there is a significant difference between stage one and stage four students. To do this, the researcher adopted the psychological research scale of (Al-mohamdawi, 2007) that consisted of (30) items. It was administered to (120) female students chosen randomly from the kindergarten department in the college of education for women for the academic year (2029-2021). The results revealed that students in the kindergarten department have psychological security. There is a significant difference between stage one and four students in favor of stage four students

The aim of the research is to identify the effect of using the self-questioning strategy on the achievement of fourth-grade students in science and the development of their reflective thinking in physics in the city of Baghdad. The research sample was divided into two groups: an experimental group of (20) students and a control group of (20) students. The researchers developed two tools: a test of (40) multiple-choice questions. The second tool is a test to measure the reflective thinking skills of fourth-grade students. It consists of (25) multiple-choice questions distributed on skills as follow: reflection and observation, detection of inaccuracies, reaching conclusions, giving clear explanations, and the development of the proposed solutions. The results revealed that there are statistically significant differences at the significance level (0.05) with a degree of freedom (38) between the achievement levels of the students of the two groups in favor of the experimental group. There are statistically significant differences at the significance level (0.05) with a degree of freedom (38) on the critical thinking scale in favor of the experimental group. This confirms that An effective strategy in increasing the achievement and raising the level of reflective thinking among the members of the research sample. In light of the research results, recommendations and suggestions were developed.

The aim of the current research is to extract the psychometric properties of Philip Carter's tests (for mental agility) according to the classical measurement theory. To achieve these goals, the researcher took a number of scientific steps to analyze Philip Carter's tests (for mental agility) according to the classical measurement theory. The researcher translated Philip Carter's (mental agility) tests from English into Arabic and then he translated them conversely. For the purpose of statistical analysis of paragraphs of the Philip Carter tests (mental agility) to extract the psychometric properties, the tests were applied to a sample of (1000) male and female students who were selected by cluster sampling method. The psychometric properties of the tests were extracted according to the classical measurement theory by calculating the difficulty and discrimination coefficient of the paragraph, where no paragraph was excluded according to these two criteria. These two indicators were verified by the reliability of the tests according to the method of analysis of variance by using the Hoyt equation. The stability of the tests was calculated through two indicators: the variance ratio to estimate the stability of the test and the test information function for the purpose of estimating the stability of ability. The results of the study indicated that the classical measurement theory can be used in developing tests thorough analysis according to the parameters of difficulty, discrimination, and item validity, as well as the standard characteristics of the tests, and achieving high independence in measurement. There is great accuracy in the procedures applied in preparing Philip Carter's tests of mental agility according to the classical measurement theory. In light of this, the researcher reached a number of recommendations and suggestions.

The research aims to build a training program to develop some executive functions for kindergarten children. To achieve this goal, the two researchers built the program according to the following steps:
1. Determining the general objective of the program.
2. Determining the behavioral objectives of the program.
3. Determining the included content in the program.
4. Implementing the content of the activities of the program.
5. Evaluating the Program.
The program included (12) training activities, the training activities included several items: the title of the activity, the time of implementation of the activity, the general objective of the activity, the procedural behavioral objective, the means and tools used, the methods and techniques, the content, the implementation of the activity, and the evaluation.

The current research aims to identify the effect of the idea filtering strategy on the achievement of second-intermediate school female students in science. The two researchers adopted the experimental method and the experimental design with partial control in the two groups (experimental group and control group). The two researchers applied the research experience to a sample of students of the second intermediate grade in the school Martyrs of (Jiser Al Aimma for Girls) affiliated with the Baghdad Education Directorate / Rusafa /1 for the academic year (2021/2022), which was chosen intentionally. The number of female students in the research sample was (70) students, with (35) students for the experimental group that will be studied according to the idea filtering strategy, and (35) female students for the control group that will study according to the traditional method. The two research groups were subjected to the following variables: Chronological age in months, IQ test (Raven), and test of previous knowledge. the two researchers determined the scientific material that they will teach students in the experimental and control groups, which were chapters seventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth of the science subject that should be taught to the second- intermediate grade for the academic year (2021/2022). The two researchers formulated (201) behavioral objectives categorized according to the four levels of Bloom’s classification in the cognitive domain (remember, comprehension, application, and analysis). The two researchers prepared daily teaching plans, (24) plans for the experimental group according to the idea filtering strategy, and (24) plans for the control group according to the traditional method. The achievement test prepared by the two researchers on the subject of science consisted of (40) items, (36) of which are multiple-choice and (4) articles distributed among the four levels of Bloom’s classification in the cognitive domain. To analyze the results, the data was collected and then processed statistically through the statistical group (SPSS). The result revealed that Adopting the strategy of filtering ideas in teaching science has a significant impact on raising the level of academic achievement of the experimental group students compared to the students of the control group.

The aim of the current research is to identify the Effect of the alternative evaluation strategy on the achievement of fourth-grade female students in the subject of biology. The researchers adopted the zero hypothesis to prove the research objectives, which is there is no statistically significant difference at the level (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group who study according to the alternative evaluation strategy and the average scores of the control group who study in accordance with the traditional method. The researchers selected the experimental partial adjustment design of the experimental and control groups with the post-test. The researchers intentionally selected (Al-fedaa prep school for girls) to represent the research community that identified fourth-grade female students in the government schools of the Baghdad Governorate Education Directorate/Second Pavement for the academic year 2021/2022. The researchers randomly selected the two research groups from a total of four adjacent and converging divisions with the number of female students, group (a) experimental group (50) students and group (b) control group (49) students. The two research groups were tested based on the time age of female students was calculated by months, the previous knowledge test, and the IQ test. The scientific material is defined by the following: the first six chapters from the Biology Book of Fourth Grade Science. A behavioral objective (157) has been formulated based on Bloom's classification of the cognitive field of the six levels (remembrance, assimilation, application, analysis, composition, evaluation) over the course of classes during the trial period of 10 weeks. Plans have been prepared to teach the experimental group according to the alternative evaluation strategy and the control group according to the usual method. The study tools of the achievement test have been prepared to consist of (50) items (40 substantive items and 10 article items). Students' answers were corrected and statistically processed using the SPSS statistical pouch. The results showed that there are statistically significant differences at (0.05) level between the average scores of the students of the two research groups in favor of the experimental group in the achievement test at (48.120). The researcher recommended teaching biology by relying on the alternative assessment strategy that affected the achievement of the experimental group students for the better. Teaching procedures using the alternative assessment strategy are consistent with the modern trends of education in making students the focus of the learning process.

The aim of the current research is to identify the effect of the effective reading strategy on the achievement of second-middle students in biology, as well as the imaginative thinking skills of students. The researcher adopted the experimental design with partial control to achieve the goal of the research. The current research community identified the second-middle students in the government schools of the Baghdad Education Directorate / Rusafa I for the academic year (2021-2022 AD). The Safina Intermediate School for Girls was chosen to be the research sample in the form of intentionally, two classes were randomly selected from a total of four classes, one of them is experimental and the other is control, as the research sample consisted of (71) female students, (36) female students in the experimental group, (35) female students in the control group. Equivalence was made between the two research groups (experimental and control) in the variables (intelligence test, chronological age, previous bioinformatics test, imaginative thinking skills test), and teaching plans were prepared for the two groups, as the researcher taught the two research groups herself during the duration of the experiment that lasted (10) weeks for the academic year (2021-2022 AD). As for the two research tools, the researcher prepared an achievement test for chapters from the science book for the second middle school average consisting of (40) test items and two types of questions, the first type objectively consists of (36) items, and the second type is an essay consisting of (4) paragraphs. As the researcher prepared a test for imaginative thinking skills consisting of (12) essay items, divided into four skills, meaning that each skill has three test items. The results revealed that there is a statistically significant difference between the average scores of the two research groups in favor of the experimental group in the achievement test. There is a statistically significant difference between the average scores of the two research groups in favor of the experimental group in the test of imaginative thinking skills. The results also indicated that there is a positive effect of teaching the active reading strategy in the achievement and imaginative thinking skills. In light of this, the researchers made a number of recommendations and suggestions.

The current study aims to identify the resilience of university students, as well as identify the differences in resilience according to the variable of gender and specialization. The research sample consisted of (382) students studying at Baghdad University. To measure Resilience, a questionnaire of (48) items was designed to collect the needed data. The results showed that the students of the University of Baghdad possess resilience. There are no differences in resilience according to gender and specialization.

The research aims to measure family negligence and its relationship with internet addiction among university students. The researcher has developed a scale of (20) items to measure the negligence of family, which was applied to (308) male and female university students in the first and fourth stages. The research concluded that University students suffer from family negligence. The research sample has an addiction to the Internet. There is a relationship between family neglect and addiction to the Internet among university students. The researcher came out with a number of suggestions and recommendations.

The current research aims to identify the effect of using a model of generative learning in the achievement of first-middle students of chemical concepts in science. The researcher adopted the null hypothesis, which is there is no statistically significant difference at the level (0.05) between the mean scores of the experimental group who study using the generative learning model and the average scores of the control group who study using the traditional method in the chemical concepts achievement test. The research consisted of (200) students of the first intermediate at Al-Farqadin Intermediate School for Boys affiliated with the Directorate of General Education in Baghdad Governorate / Al-Karkh 3 with (5) classes (A, B, C, D, E), and two classes (A, D) were chosen by simple random assignment. Class (A) was the control group that was studied in the traditional method; class (D) was the experimental group that was studied using the generative learning model. The research sample was (80) students distributed in two classes each class included (40) Students. The failing students were excluded. The members of the two groups were tested based on the variables of intelligence, and previous achievement in science. To verify the goal of the research, an achievement test for chemical concepts was prepared consisting of (21) objective items with multiple choice, and (4) alternatives. It is formulated according to the minimum levels of Bloom's classification in the cognitive domains of remembering, comprehension, and application. The experiment was applied in the first semester of the academic year (2019-2020), and it took (4) weeks. The results showed that the members of the experimental group that were taught using the generative learning model outperformed their peers in the control group that was taught by the traditional method with a statistically significant difference in the achievement test of chemical concepts. The research came out with a number of recommendations and suggestions: using the generative learning model for students of the first intermediate students in science.

The current research aims to identify the most prominent beliefs about coronavirus of Baghdad University students, as well as to identify the prominent beliefs toward coronavirus of male and female students. To achieve the research objectives, a questionnaire of (15) items was administered to a sample of (600) male and female students collected from ten different colleges at the university of Baghdad. The findings of the research illustrated that item (8) took priority as students believe there is a misleading about coronavirus spreading by governments, item (2) which indicated that coronavirus is man-made took level two, followed by item (10), it proposes that coronavirus emerged from the American military base in china. Additionally, the male and female students showed similar beliefs about coronavirus as follows there is a misleading about coronavirus spreading by governments, coronavirus is man-made, and coronavirus emerged from the American military base in china.

There have been a number of positive developments in inclusive education in many different countries, recognizing that all students, including those with disabilities, have a right to education. Around the world, educators, professionals, and parents are concerned about including children with disabilities in mainstream schools along with their peers. As a result of this trend, a number of factors are contributing, including the increasing importance of education in achieving social justice for pupils with special education needs; the right of individuals with disabilities to attend mainstream schools together with their typically developing peers; the benefit of equal opportunities for everyone in achieving self-growth and contributing to society
(Al-Quraini, 2011). There are various interpretations of inclusion, both in policy and practice. This literature review provides national and international interpretations and perspectives on the issue of inclusion and inclusive education.