Hammurabi journal for studies

‏India is no longer a medium-level power on the global stage, especially with the onset of the third decade of the twenty-first century. The country possesses enormous potential, including a population approaching that of China’s human resources, nuclear capabilities, a vast geographic expanse, and nearly complete maritime access. Moreover, India’s geographical location places it in proximity to a series of hostile states, such as China and Pakistan. Additionally, India holds membership in numerous regional and international blocs and organizations, such as BRICS and the G20, which further enhance its global standing.

The project of building the nation-state is a process that aims to build a stable society in which social harmony plays a pivotal role in this stability. However، the position and location of this societal harmony differ from one state to another and from one society to another based on the philosophy of the project of building the state. When building the state is a political goal in the first place، this means that social and cultural homogeneity is an incidental goal required by the stage and imposed by a reality of great political stability، when politicians seek to maintain power and strengthen their centers of influence to establish a political system that achieves their goals، consolidates their authority، and weakens the authority of their opponents، and what this requires in terms of a social base supporting the centralization of power، so homogeneity becomes، in this case، an end sought by politicians to continue their influence and authority.

The Islamic Revolution in Iran triumphed in 1979, overthrowing the Pahlavi regime and paving the way for the institutionalization of Velayat-e Faqih (Guardianship of the Jurist) as the foundation of political authority. This marked the emergence of a significant political role for the jurist in establishing an Islamic government that acts as a representative of the Awaited Imam, Imam Mahdi (peace be upon him), in governing the Islamic nation. This system demonstrated the capacity to pragmatically employ realist tools in both domestic and foreign policy. Post-revolutionary Iran adopted a unique Islamic system of governance, aiming to present a modern model of Islamic rule through the concept of the "Islamic Republic"—a synthesis between the Western notion of a republic and the religious concept of Islamic governance.

‏The present study aims to explore the opinions of Iraqi citizens regarding the proposed amendment to the Iraqi Personal Status Law No. (88) of 1959, which has been submitted to the Iraqi Council of Representatives. It also seeks to examine the Iraqi public’s stance toward legislation based on Islamic Sharia versus laws of a civil nature, as well as to understand the nature of the controversy surrounding the proposed amendment. Furthermore, the study investigates the public’s perception of the amendment’s educational and social implications, to achieve these objectives, the researchers developed a scientifically validated questionnaire, which was administered to a sample of citizens residing in the capital, Baghdad. The sample consisted of 1,000 male and female participants, distributed according to the administrative divisions of the governorate.

This study, entitled "Critique of the theory 'Clash of Civilizations' in Arab Political Thought: Edward Said as a Model," seeks to explore the major criticisms and objections raised by Arab thinkers and scholars in general—and by Edward Said in particular—against Samuel Huntington’s "Clash of Civilizations" theory. Huntington’s theory attempted to predict the future of the contemporary world, asserting that the primary axis of conflict in the twenty-first century would shift from ideological and economic struggles to a conflict between civilizations.

This research is an attempt to explore the politics of recognition in terms of its general concept and implications، as well as to examine the perspectives of Michael Walzer and Nancy Fraser on recognition. Regarding the concept، opinions vary in defining recognition; however، most scholars agree that recognition highlights the marginalization experienced by individuals within a society where a particular culture dominates as the majority culture. Economic marginalization، along with racial and ethnic disparities، is seen as a key cause of societal divisions—a point on which both Walzer and Fraser concur. They argue that the causes of marginalization are not solely cultural or economic، but rather a combination of both. Nevertheless، they differ in their interpretations of misrecognition: Walzer views it primarily as a lack of respect and a sense of deprivation، whereas Nancy Fraser sees it as the denial of equal participation alongside others.

‏The Iraqi Development Road is considered one of the major and significant projects that connects multiple regions through diverse transportation modes. The project is expected to generate substantial economic and developmental revenues، in addition to enhancing Iraq’s regional standing in political، security، cultural، and technological spheres. The project aims to reshape the movement of trade and transportation by facilitating the flow of goods through the establishment of infrastructure consisting of roads and railways that link the continents of Asia and Europe. It also emerges as a strategic initiative within the broader regional trend toward promoting economic integration. However، the Development Road is not without challenges posed by competing projects at both regional and international levels—an issue this study seeks to examine and address.