Athar al-rafedain

Ummān-Manda” is a name that means “Manda’s forces” in Akkadian Language. It was mentioned in cuneiform written sources since the beginning of the second millennium BC, and it indicated a group of people moving in many and distant geographical areas, within the framework of northern and eastern Mesopotamia, that is, the regions of Kurdistan, Zagros, and what is related to them. It also had a presence in the northern Syrian coast.
The texts portrayed it as the source of violence, evil, and constant danger that could befall the centres of civilization in the countries of Babylon, Assyria, and elsewhere, and described it with the Akkadian phrase, “the offspring of destruction zēr ḫalqati”
This research paper aims to provide a comprehensive picture of the group’s historical role over the long period of time documented by the texts and seeks to define the features of its identity based on the approach of distinguishing the geographical frameworks of its existence and spread, then linking that presence to historical events, and explaining the nature of its relationship with the peoples of the region.

India has become, with the presence of Muslims there, since the conquest until the end of the era of the Islamic Sultanate, an important center of civilizational polarization. And that all of this necessitated the existence of places for religious education, especially with regard to Islamic principles, Sharia, jurisprudence and culture, a matter that fell on the shoulders of a number of scholars who established private Islamic schools for the above purpose.
The research focuses on introducing one of the private schools in India, which focused its attention on writing in the history of Islamic India, as well as interest in Islamic jurisprudence.

The research provides a detailed analysis of the Akkadian language in describing destruction, highlighting how Akkadian words offer comprehensive and varied meanings related to ruin. It emphasizes that there is a significant number of terms, totaling 23, that directly convey the concept of destruction, along with an additional 7 terms that, although not primarily denoting ruin, indicate it through secondary meanings depending on the context.The text also underscores that these terms extend beyond merely representing physical destruction to include metaphorical meanings that describe the devastation of human beings in all its forms both material and spiritual and illustrate the impact of natural disasters and wars on cities and people.This diversity in vocabulary reflects the frequency of political and military events in the Mesopotamian region, which deeply influenced its inhabitants and their language. The text indicates that this rich vocabulary highlights the development of the Akkadian language and its capacity to express various aspects of destruction accurately, showcasing the linguistic and literary heritage of the Akkadian civilization

Among the cuneiform texts currently preserved in the Sulaymaniyah Museum, which has been obtained through purchase and confiscation, there are more than 97 Cuneiform tablets that date back to the Ur III period. It formed a private archive for one of the Sumerian merchants known as (Eṣidum), which was not known until the present time. The archive as a whole gives us an idea of the work activities of a member of the Strata of Sumerian society during the second half of the rule of the Ur III period, who is quite similar to the work of the well-known merchants of this period (SI.A-a and Tûram-ilî). Esidum, is known by his surname, was (dam-gara3) a merchant. The archive doesn’t have a calendar system and its source is not known to the present time. In this research, the researcher studies eight unpublished texts from the archives, which are concerned with giving various loans of grain and silver.

This research aims to study the factors affecting building stones (limestone) in Harim Castle in northwest Syria, which threaten to erode the archaeological features of the castle due to neglect for more than a decade amidst the Syrian war. It also explores the methods for protection and necessary treatment measures, including physical and chemical treatments, to halt the growing and increasing risk in the absence of international laws concerned with the protection of cultural heritage. Among the most dangerous factors in Harim Castle are biological factors, represented by various types of impacts. This research highlights highly dangerous factors that cause fragmentation and breaking of building stone surfaces, distortion of decorations including inscriptions, signs, and symbols, and erosion of the mortar layer (clay) between building stones, making them less cohesive. These factors include living organisms (bacteria and fungi), birds (swallows, wild pigeons, and bats), animals (rats and mice), insects (ants and cockroaches), and plant roots (wild fig and Capparis or spinosa, and climbing plants). The severity of these factors on building stones in Harim Castle is exacerbated by their interaction with other factors, such as climatic factors, particularly (temperature and humidity). These cause cracks and fissures in building walls due to summer contraction and winter swelling due to thermal differences and chemical reactions, particularly acids and salts due to excessive humidity in the castle, especially in recent times. Further complicating matters are the combined effects of these factors with other factors, such as human factors due to the local community's lack of awareness of the importance of cultural heritage, in addition to natural factors, particularly the impact of the February 2023 earthquake on archaeological sites in northwest Syria.

Dictionaries have been of great importance in human life since ancient times, as they are considered a means of preserving the language and protecting it from loss. In addition, they are considered an important communication tool between the dictionary user and linguistic developments. Preserving the meanings of vocabulary within these dictionaries works to maintain the language and the possibility of benefiting from it in many fields. Among these languages is the Syriac language, in which dictionaries were one of the main reasons for the survival of this language. However, the production of these dictionaries requires many complex steps to reach the final product, and among these steps is explaining the meaning within the dictionaries. Explaining the meaning is considered one of the basic things that help in creating a solid dictionary that all its users rely on. Therefore, in this research, we will discuss the nature of explaining the meaning in dictionaries, the most important methods of explaining it, and the theories related to it, with an applied study on a group of Syriac dictionaries.

The cities of Muza and Qana played a significant role in the history of ancient Yemen due to their distinguished locations in the west and east. Their importance increased with the presence of a commercial port in each city and the export of their goods. They were mentioned in the inscriptions of the ancient Yemeni language and in religious sources and books, in the Book of Ezekiel, which dates back to prehistoric times, as well as in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, which dates back to the first centuries AD. The two cities were a starting point for land and sea routes, and these routes reached the inland cities and the cities of the ancient world.

This research attempts to shed light on the most important political contents of the book Halal Al-Moshe in mentioning the Marrakesh news, which is considered one of the valuable books of great importance. Although the book is used by an era and placed among the books of works on the history of cities, it is in its chapters and its material does not adhere to the art of history. Cities and its bases, but it talks about the comprehensive history of the northern Maghreb during various mobile eras, starting with the state of the Almoravids and Aloha’s, which enjoyed their participation in all parts of the Islamic Maghreb, including the Andalusian Peninsula, and following the chapters of the book you find it from the place of the historical framework, it does not stop at the borders of the two states, but rather goes beyond them to touch on the history The state of Benin Marin.

The present research is a study of six cuneiform texts with economic connotations dating back to the Late Old Babylonian period. These texts have been discovered at Tell Abu Habba, the city of Sippar, during 24th season of excavations conducted by the Department of Archaeology, College of Arts, University of Baghdad, in 2002, when 700 cuneiform texts have been found in one important buildings, which is considered as a large quantity. It is worth noting this building is considered as one of the important buildings by the excavators, because of its location in the middle of the city on the one hand, and also because it contains this considerable number of clay tablets on the other hand.All of these discovered texts are kept in the Iraqi Museum, and through studying the historical date formula of these texts, we found that most of them belong to the reign of the Babylonian king Amme-Șadoqa (1646-1626 BC).

This article presents the results of the fieldwork carried out in 2022 and 2023 at the site of Nimrud, ancient Kalhu, under the auspices of the University of Pennsylvania\'s Nimrud Project, a part of the Iraq Heritage Stabilization Program. The operations to date have concentrated on the Citadel, focusing on the Ishtar and Ninurta temple complex in the north, and the \"Upper Chambers\" / Palace of Adad-nerari III on the western side of the mound. The guiding principle has been to rehabilitate Nimrud as a cultural asset of international importance following the damage inflicted on the site in 2015–16.

The Sumerian text \"Curse of Agade\" is one of the most important literary and historical works that drew the attention of scribes during the Old Babylonian period, starting from the beginning of the second millennium BC. Even earlier, in the period of its codification—dating back at least to the early 21st century BC during the Third Dynasty of Ur—over a hundred copies of the text were produced. Most of these copies belong to the Old Babylonian era, while some date back to the Ur III period.
This study addresses aspects of Sumerian grammar using The Curse of Agade as a case study, with a particular focus on personal pronouns. The importance of pronouns in any language is well known among scholars, as they serve to connect parts of speech, provide brevity, and eliminate ambiguity. A pronoun typically replaces a noun or refers to something previously mentioned or understood from context. Accordingly, this research aims to shed light on the use of personal pronouns in the Sumerian language as they appear in the Curse of Agade, thereby revealing an essential aspect of Sumerian grammar.
The research is divided into several sections, covering pronouns related to nouns, demonstrative pronouns, reflexive pronouns, and interrogative pronouns found in the text. Examples were drawn directly from lines within the analyzed text. It is worth noting that independent (disjunctive) pronouns do not appear in this text; therefore, they were not discussed in this study.

Cylinder seals are among the most important artifacts for studying the art of Mesopotamian civilization. They offer researchers and specialists a clear understanding of their themes, symbolic meanings, and the progression of artistic styles depicted in their sceneries over different historical periods. This study focuses on five unpublished cylinder seals, three of which date back to the Jemdet Nasr period (3000-2900 BC), a fourth seal from the Early Dynastic II period (2800-2600 BC), and the fifth and final seal from the beginning of the Akkadian period (2370-2154 BC).The study provides a technical description and analysis of the contents of these seals, as well as a comparison, with tables, photos, and drawings to support it.