Iraqi Journal of Science

In batch experiments, a natural chitosan adsorbent was employed to extract
cobalt ions from industrial wastewater under varied parameters of starting
concentration, adsorbent weight, pH, and contact duration. The adsorbent was
examined using FTIR, XRD, and AFM. For an initial cobalt ion concentration of
5x10-2 mol/l at pH 6, time 35 minutes, temperature 25 °C, and adsorbing dose 0.1 g,
the results showed a maximum removal percentage of 99.0 percent. The Freundlich
isotherm and the pseudo-second order kinetic model both suit the experimental data
well. According to thermodynamic studies, the process was spontaneous and
endothermic

4-[(2-Amino-4-phenylazo)-methyl]-cyclo hexane carboxylic acid, a new Azo
(LH2) ligand, was synthesized by reaction of the diazonium salt of trans-4-(aminomethyl)
cyclo hexane carboxylic acid with 3-amino phenol. The azo ligand was
characterized by micro elemental analysis (C.H.N.O.) and TGA as well as
spectroscopic techniques (UV-Vis, FTIR, 1H-NMR, and LC-Mass). Atomic
absorption, elemental analysis, infrared, LC-Mass, TGA, and UV-Vis spectral
methods, as well as conductivity and magnetic susceptibility, were used to
characterize the complexes of Ni (II), Pd (II), and Pt (IV). The following general
formula has been given for the produced compounds based on the results obtained,
which are as following: the Ni (II) complex has a 1:1 metal-ligand ratio, but the Pd
(II) and Pt (IV) complexes have a 1:2 metal-ligand ratio.

The surface properties of mixtures of a nonionic surfactant Tween 80 (Tw 80)
and a cationic drug, diphenhydramine HCl (DPH) have been investigated. This was
done by calculating the surface excess concentration (Γmax), minimum molecular
area (Amin), surface pressure at the CMC (ᴨcmc), Gibbs Free Energy of adsorption
(ΔG°ads), Gibbs free energy of micellization (ΔG°m), the standard enthalpy of
micellization (ΔH°m), and the standard entropy of micellization (ΔS°m). The
calculation was performed using the surface tension in the temperature range of 293-
323 K with the variation of surfactant concentration to determine the critical micelle
concentration (cmc) of the system studied. The variation of cmc values of drug
concentration (DPH) with temperature was used to calculate the parameters above.
The results indicate that the cmc values of Tw 80 increased when the (DPH) was
added and when the temperature increased at the whole temperature studied. The
results obtained for interfacial properties show that Γmax decreases with the addition
of DPH and decreases with DPH concentration increase from 10-5 to 10-4M and
decreases with temperature increases. The results of thermodynamic properties
indicate that the micellization and adsorption at the interface are spontaneous and
the ΔG
ads are ore negative than ΔG
m at all temperatures.

Two new halogenated azo-Schiff ligands were prepared in two steps. The first
step included a condensation between 4-amino acetophenone and 2-fluoro-4-bromo
aniline to give the corresponding Schiff base. In the second step, the diazonium salt
of this Schiff base reacted with 2-naphthol and 4,5-diphenylimidazole to form two
new azo-Schiff base derivatives as ligands; (3-((E)-(4-((E)-1-((4-bromo-2-
fluorophenyl) imino)ethyl) phenyl) diazenyl) naphthalen-2-ol (HSBAN) (L1) and
((E)-N-(4-bromo-2-fluorophenyl)-1-(4-((E)-(4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazol-2-
yl)diazenyl) phenyl) ethan-1-imine) (HSBAI) (L2), respectively. These new ligands
were characterized by mass spectrometry, FT-IR, 1H NMR, UV-Visible
spectroscopy and elemental microanalysis (CHN). Five divalent transition metal ion
complexes (Co, Ni, Cu, Cd, and Hg) were prepared and characterized, beyond the
determination of the optimal condition (concentration, pH value, and the mole ratio
M:L) using UV-visible studies. Additionally, complementary techniques, such as
atomic absorption, electrical conductivity and magnetic susceptibility, were
performed to deduce their geometries. The comprehensive study suggested an
octahedral geometry for all complexes except Cd and Hg complexes of the first
ligand.

Three sites, selected on the Great Garraf Drain Channel (GGDC) demonstrated
the first ever study dealing with rotifers biodiversity features from August 2019 till
July 2020. Seventy-two taxonomic units were identified. The high densities of
rotifera ranged from 733.32 - 32300 Ind./m3. Brachionus urceolaris, Keratella
quadrata (long spin), Keratella quadrata (short spin) and Syncheta obloga were the
most common relative abundance recorded in the index. In contrast the results of the
constant index showed that there were nine constant taxonomic units. The species
richness index was recorded from 1.489- 6.900. Jaccard presence similarity index
revealed a strong link between stations 2 and 3 with a value of 83.30%. Hereinafter
Shannon-Weiner diversity index recorded values ranging from 0.821-2.901 bit/Ind.
The species uniformity index ranged from 0.296- 0.925. Nevertheless, the values of
this index indicated no environmental stress on rotifera assemblage in the river
environment. Also, it was concluded that GGDC was considered generally ranging
from moderately polluted in some sites to highly polluted water in other locations
during the study period.

Leishmaniasis is a global illness that is endemic in many countries, including
Iraq. The characteristic of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is the development of skin
ulcers that are controlled by the immune system. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-
α), a cytokine generated by the innate immune response to CL infection, can
influence disease clearance in the human host. The effect of this pro-inflammatory
cytokine in CL ulcer development during the infection is not well established. In this
study TNF-α level was detected in the patients who suffered from cutaneous
leishmaniasis. This level was also assessed in the newly diagnosed patients and
others who were undergoing different stages of pentostam treatment. Notably the
results revealed a significant increment in TNF-α serum levels in the test groups of
newly infected patients, as well as, in the patients enduring second and third trials of
pentostam treatment, which was (1125.49, 838.75, 1264.26) ng/ml accordingly, in
comparison with healthy control group which was 235.35 ng/ml. Furthermore, there
was no significant observation in TNF-α among the three patient groups. The
perceived rise of TNF-α serum levels may give insights into this pro-inflammatory
cytokine as a biomarker in the prognosis and tracking the disease progression.

This study was done to find a correlation between adipokines such as tumor
necrosis- alpha (TNF-α) and autoantigens such as anti-tyrosine phosphatase (IA2)
with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). For this purpose, one hundred
forty adult males were selected. 90 of them were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and
50 healthy males). The subjects were divided into four groups. Group 1 had healthy
controls with body mass index (BMI) between 18.5-25, group 2 had individuals who
suffered from obesity only (BMI above 30), group 3 consisted of diabetes patients
and group 4 had individuals who were diagnosed with both obesity and diabetes.
The enzyme immunoassay was intended for quantification determination of TNF in
serum. The results found a significantly (p≤0.001) higher concentration of TNF-α
(21.01 ± 1.27 pg/ml) in patients suffering from both obesity and diabetes in
comparison with the control (5.33 ± 0.67 pg/ml), obese patients (12.63 ± 1.35 pg/ml)
and diabetes patients group (13.32 ± 0.83 pg/ml). Chi-square analysis found a
significantly (p≤0.001) higher prevalence of abnormal TNF-α in males suffering
from both obesity and diabetes, 73.33% compared with diabetes non-obese males
31.1%. A significant positive correlation (p≤0.01) was found between TNF-α with
BMI (r= 0.65) and HbA1c (r= 0.57). No significant differences in IA2 concentration
were observed between all groups.Also no significant correlation was observed
between IA2 with BMI and HbA1c.

The current research focused on the detection of Salmonella typhi and its
relationship with the formation of gallstone and gall bladder cancer. Samples were
collected from patients aged between 32-67 years (males and females) in Mosul city
hospitals. The samples included 30gallbladder fresh tissues from patients suffering
from gallstone and 20 formalinfixed-paraffin embedded (FFPE) gallbladder tissue
from patients confirmed with gallbladder cancer. The results showed that 33% S.
typhi isolates were diagnosed from the tissue samples using conventional methods,
biochemical tests and Vitek2. All fresh tissues samples gave positive PCR results for
the presence of FliC-d and CdtB genes and 46% positivity for S. typhi compared
with conventional methods, 64% for females, 35% for males and 40 % positive in
the gallbladder cancer of which 62% were females and 37%males.

The present study aims to detect the distribution of dfrA1 and cat1 antibiotic
resistance genes among uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) in pregnant teens
women and determine their susceptibility to common antibiotic uses. We collected
urine (116) samples from patients in hospitals in Baghdad, Iraq. Isolation and
identification of bacteria (culturing, biochemical test, and genetically by 16S rRNA
gene), antibiotic susceptibility tests (eight antibiotics), and detection of the dfrA1
and cat1 resistance genes, and used SPSS program for statistically analyzing the
results. The distributed UPEC in patients most than another causative agent in
percentage (50%). It was highly resistant to Trimethoprim (82%) and Cefotaxime
(82%) antibiotics. And they highly distributed frequency for dfrA1-gene
(Trimethoprim resistance gene) (74%) than cat1-gene (Chloramphenicol resistance
gene) (38%).

Background: Left ventricular function and volumes have major diagnostic and
prognostic importance in patients with various cardiac diseases, such as ischemic
heart disease which is a life-threatening heart disease condition characterized by
systolic dysfunction and a decrease in cardiac output.
According to left ventricular ejection fraction, the degree of ischemic heart disease
was classified as mild, moderate, and severe. To determine cardiac function and
hemodynamics, the echocardiography technique is used, which is a noninvasive
diagnostic method.
Patients and Methods: The study included 216 patients between 25 and 75 years old;
121 males and 95 females; 265 normal individuals (age range: 25 to 75 years old);
84 males and 181 females. Doppler echocardiography was used to assess left
ventricular function. The measurements included left ventricular end-diastole
diameter (LVIDd), left ventricular end-systole diameter (LVIDs), and left
ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF%).
Results show a significant correlation in the values of EDV, ESV and LVEF (all: p <
0.05). The change difference in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was
(61.88%), (47.57%), and (36.76%), respectively, for all degrees of ischemia. While
the change difference in left ventricular end diastolic volume (LVEDV)between
patients and control groups was (173.38%), (248.83%), and (289.82%),
respectively. On the other hand, the change in left ventricular end systolic volume
(LVESV) was (258.73%), (495.13%), and (569.72%), respectively, for all degree of
ischemia.
Conclusion: The findings suggest that diastolic dysfunction is more common in
patients than in healthy people. This could be due to the adverse effects of ischemic
heart disease on the cardiac muscle. These changes in left ventricular structure may
include left ventricular hypertrophy, increase in stiffness, and reduction in
compliance

Uranium concentration was estimated in urine samples of three age groups, G1≤
30 years, n=28, G2 age range of 31-40 years, n=28, and G3 of age > 40 years, n=32,
using two types of detectors CR-39 and LR-115 solid-state nuclear track detector
(SSNTD) for results comparison.
Results showed that uranium mean level values for CR-39 were 1.961 ±0.08
μg/L, 1.810 ±0.09 μg/L and 1.814 ±0.076 μg/L for G1, G2 and G3 respectively, while
the mean values of uranium concentration using LR-115 were 0.972 ±0.07 μg/L,
0.922 ±0.07 μg/L and 1.018 ±0.08 μg/L in G1, G2 and G3 respectively, with
significant statistical difference between the results of CR-39 and LR-115 for each
age group.
Mean level values for females was 2.023± 0.09 μg/L and 1.813± 0.05 μg/L for
males using CR-39 and it was 1.105± 0.09 μg/L for females and 0.933± 0.04 μg/L
for males using LR-115, with significant statistical difference between results for
each gender.
It was concluded that G1 ≤ 30 years have the highest uranium pollution, noting that
females were more polluted with uranium than males.

The interest in green energy in recent years is very noticeable, as this energy is a
very important alternative that can replace fuel in many applications, most notably
electric power generation, so work must be done to develop a form of this energy
such as wind energy by working on the development of turbines. The DMST
method provided by Qblade software is an integrated tool for making a simulation of
a vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT). The simulation was carried out on vertical
axis wind turbines, designing turbine blades according to symmetrical NACA0018,
and calculating some parameters such as power, torque and power coefficient. It is
found that this type of turbine can be improved by treating the blade edges that
contribute to the turbine power loss, thus improving the turbine at low wind speeds.

Copper Phthalocyanine (CuPc) thin film with and without multi-walled carbon
nanotubes (MWCNTs) is prepared using the solution based method and used in gas
sensor and solar cell applications. The structural characteristics of the CuPc thin
films showed a single peak around 7o with the preferred orientation for charge
transportation. Using atomic force microscopy (AFM), morphological properties
show a rough surface with some aggregates and ribbons. The optical absorption
properties were determined using UV-Visible absorption spectroscopy; the optical
band gap has varied after adding MWCNTs to CuPc. Electrical conductivity of
CuPc:MWCNTs composite is higher than that of the pure CuPc. The CuPc thin film
sensr have shown good response properties to ammonia gas. The solar cell
performance of the P3HT:PCBM based solar cell was enhanced.

This paper includes simulating an electron gun design to investigate the effect
of the distance between the cathode and the Wehnelt cylinder bore on the quality of
the ion beam emittance and to obtain the best distance of that geometrical factor. A
study of a group of designs was conducted to find this distance. The SIMION8.0
program has been used to calculate the trajectories of the electrons with initial
kinetic energy of (0.1 eV) and electron current of (1×10-12 A). The investigation also
includes comparisons between the equipotential line trajectories for each design as
well as the field distribution and the electron trajectories. The best emittance
distance was concluded to be (3 mm).

Environmental pollutions and resources depletion motivates scientific research
to innovate technologies for sustainable productive systems. To develop gas sensing
substance with optimized performance a perovskite compound of HoxFe1-x FeO3
(where x= 0, 0.01, 0.03 and 0.05) were prepared by standard solid state reaction
technique. The crystal structure was studied by XRD, which confirmed the
formation of polycrystalline orthorhombic structure with space group Pbnm type
perovskite. The preferred crystal growth of the main peak was (211). The structural
parameters were also calculated and it was found that the lattice constants and
particle size increased with the Ho doping ratio. The electrical properties were
studied using the Hall effect, studied using the Hall effect, where the Hall
coefficient, D.C conductivity (from 2.24E-06 (Ω-1.cm-1) at x=0) to 2.67E. -06 (Ω-
1.cm-1) at x=0.05), mobility) 7.26 (cm2 / V.sec) at x=0 and decreased to 5.97 (cm2 /
V .sec) at x=0.05( and the concentration of charge carriers (2.14 E13 cm-3 at x=0 ) to
2.79E. 13 cm-3 at x=0.05 ) were calculated. The charge carrier concentration
increased and charge mobility decreased with Ho addition. The Hall coefficient
results revealed an n-type conduction mechanism. The dielectric constant ε r (in its
real and imaginary parts) decreased with the increase in frequency of the applied
electric field. tan δ and the AC conductivity were also calculated, and It was found
that with the raise in the doping rate, the values of AC conductivity increase while
tan δ decreases

The features of plasmonic surface frequency sensor technology, such as the
small number of sensor samples required, electromagnetic interference, and high
sensitivity, have been found to be highly important.. In this paper, a simulation
program was created in Matlab_b2018 by adopting Fresnel equations for calculating
the reflectivity of the electromagnetic wave between different media. A surface
plasmon resonance sensor based on electromagnetic wavelengths within the range
(100 nm to 1000 nm) has been proposed. The transfer matrix was used for a system
consisting of four different media. The first medium is a semicircular BK7 glass
prism, the second medium is a gold layer (40 nm thick), then a bismuth layer of
variable thicknes(10–80) nm, and the last medium is air as the sensing medium. The
surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technique was adopted based on the Kretschmann
configuration in the simulation of the proposed system. The simulation results
showed that there is no SPR within the range of wavelengths (100-500nm), while
SPR appears in the visible region and in the IR region at wavelengths (900 and
1000nm). The SPR phenomenon starts to weaken gradually with an increase in the
thickness of the bismuth layer. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) decreases
with the decrease of thickness of bismuth layer. The best value for it is (10) at
thickness (d=10 nm) and wavelength (900 nm). While the height (H) of the SPR dip
increased, with the best value of (0.95) at thickness (d=10 nm) and wavelength (700
nm). Also, the sensitivity increased with increasing the bismuth layer thickness at
wavelengths (700 , 800,
and 1000 ) nm. The highest obtained sensitivity(S) was (112.5 deg/RIU).

In the present work, the effect of the cylindrical configurations of the sputtering
device electrodes on the plasma parameters (Debye length, electron temperature,
electron density, plasma frequency) is studied. Also, the effect of the argon gas
pressure on the discharge properties is examined with gas pressures of (0.08, 0.2, 0.4
and 0.6) Torr. The properties of the plasma are diagnosed by optical emission
spectrometry. The spectroscopic method is adopted for examining the atomic spectra
of argon emission. The electron temperature is determined by the Boltzmann
method. While, the Stark-widening method was employed for calculating the
electron number density. The voltage against current curves of the cylindrical
sprayer discharges shows the voltage to be nearly constant with slight increase in
current. An increase in pressure causes the cathode cascades to compress and the
negative glow to become thinner and more luminous. Plasma properties such as
electron temperature and Debye length decrease with increasing pressure, while
electron number density and plasma frequency increase.

Many geophysical methods have been applied to locate groundwater in Nigeria’s
rural and urban villages. Locating groundwater in low permeability formations like
shales and siltstones is even more challenging due to the difficulty of mapping
fracture zones within these formations. The fracture zones serve as potential aquifers
in low permeability formations and have been the object of groundwater search in
shales, siltstones and other low permeability formations. The electrical resistivity
method has proven helpful in fracture mapping within low permeability formations
due to the existing resistivity contrast usually observed between the fractured and
non-fractured sections in the Shales and Siltstones. Three vertical electrical
geosounding datasets (VES 1, VES 2 and VES 3) were acquired in the
Schlumberger configuration, using a maximum current electrode spacing of 200m to
delineate the fracture zones based on their electrical resistivities. The acquired
datasets were processed and modelled using IP12 Win software, while the processed
datasets were correlated with local geology to estimate the depths of the fractured
shales in the area. Results show five modelled geo-electric layers with depths to the
fractured shales ranging from 17-25m, while aquifer thicknesses range from 7 to
12m. Aquifer resistivities range from 58 - 115 ohm-m. The curves are primarily of
the QH type. One of the Vertical Electrical Sounding Data points (VES 2)
encountered an anomalously low resistivity zone at a depth range of 5 to 8m which
was interpreted as a galena lode. The low resistivity zone has been confirmed
through exploratory drilling to tie with Lead-Zinc lodes at a depth of 8m.

The property of rocks varies from one geological location to another or even
disappears laterally, and these properties are important factors in determining
groundwater quantity. This makes this research work focused on the correlative
analysis of lithologies and borehole logs with geo-electric sections in the basement
terrain of Ibadan, southwestern Nigeria, using Borehole logging and geophysical
electrical method. Twenty-two vertical electrical sounding stations and borehole
Logsare acquired within the study area with a maximum Schlumberger electrode
separation of 100m. The data are interpreted qualitatively and quantitatively by
partial curve matching and computer iteration to obtain the first-order geo-electric
model parameters. The results of the geo-electric investigation reveal some
lithological Layers such as topsoil, clay, weathered laterite basement, and fresh
basement. At the same time, those from boreholes include topsoil, loamy soil, friable
brown soil, clayey-sand, sandy-clay, laterite weathered basement/saprolite, and
Fresh Basement. Electrical resistivity and borehole logs correlation revealed: poor,
poor-moderate and moderate-perfect correlations based on a comparison between
the number of lithological layers encountered from both vertical electrical sounding
derived lithology and those from borehole and depth of occurrence. The depth of
water struck grouped into three 0 - 45 m, 45 - 70 m, and 50 - 100 m to bring out the
most favourable depth of aquifer potential while three yields categories 0.5-2 lt/s; 2 -
4lt/s and 4 -12 lt/s are observed with the above depth classification respectively.
Good yielding fractures increase with depth in the quartzite regions but decrease
with depth in both gneisses and the schist rock bodies. The correlations between
geo-electric sections and borehole logs have shown that the geoelectric section
obtained from the vertical electric section cannot totally be substituted for borehole
logging but can serve as alternative means of classifying the sub-surface lithologies
in the absence of borehole logging.

Al- Masab AL-Aam canal (or the Main Drain) is a vital strategic project in Iraq. It
collects the drain water from the agricultural lands and drains to the Arabian Gulf via
Shatt Al-Basra. Fifteen water samples were collected from different sites along the
course of the Al- Masab Al-Aam canal southern sector extending from Nasiriyah
Basra to evaluate the hydrochemical properties. The variation of the sediment’s
texture along the southern sector was investigated. The results reflected that the
sediment is characterized by the presence of sand, silt, and clay. It is noted that the
amount of salt in the water increases during the summer when temperatures are rising,
and consequently, the evaporation rate increases. Changes in the saturation index also
continuously affect the dissolution and precipitation of minerals along the river. The
results of the saturation index analysis showed that the relationship between sulfate
concentration and mineral saturation coefficients tends to increase their solubility for
most minerals. The importance of the research lies in knowing and identifying the
factors causing the change in water quality through studying the hydrological and
hydrochemical properties of water and comparing the results to find out the reasons
for the increase and decrease in its concentrations along the study area.

The cutting transport problem in the drilling operation is very complex because
many parameters impact the process, which is nonlinearity interconnected. It is an
important factor affecting time, cost and quality of the deviated and horizontal well.
The main objective is to evaluate the influence of main drilling Parameters,
rheological properties and cuttings that characterise lifting capacity through
calculating the minimum flow rate required and cutting bed height and investigate
these factors and how they influenced stuck pipe problems in deviated wells for
Garraf oil field. The results obtained from simulations using Well Plan™ Software
were showed that increasing viscosity depends on other conditions for an increase or
decrease fluid flow rate required, increasing cutting density, cutting size, and ROP
requires an increased fluid flow rate and when increasing RPM, increasing mud
weight reduces the fluid flow rate required hence better hole cleaning. The major
findings from the analysis parameter that wellbore inclination, mud density and pipe
rotation affect the minimum flow rate needed for good hole cleaning. The drilling
section of a well with fluid rates below the minimum flow rate required is
considered the major cause of mechanical stuck pipes. In sliding drilling mode, the
flow must be increased above the critical flow rate to reduce the likelihood of
mechanical stuck pipe. Also, cuttings properties, fluid rheology, and rate of
penetration have some influence on cuttings transport.

Vast percentage of the Hor Al-Dalmaj area is covered with sand dunes fields due
to desertification .Therefore, it is vital to research these dunes to limit their bad
action on the natural environment by defining the mineralogical composition of
these sand dunes deposited around Hor Al-Dalmaj lake between Wast and Al-
Qasisiyah Governorates to determine the provenance or the source of these dunes.
Barchan and Nabkha dunes represent the main types that are recognized. The
dimensions of barchan dunes are recognizing by a height range of about 0.5 to 3m,
with lateral extension ranging from 2 to 15m and longitudinal extinction ranging
from 3 to 15m. While the dimensions of nabkha dunes range from 10 cm to 2m in
length and 15cm to 2m high. According to the major wind direction, these dunes are
extended from North West to south-east. The mineralogical investigation reveals
that the light minerals of studied dunes consist mainly of quartz, feldspars and
various rock fragments such as carbonate, chert, mudstone, evaporate, igneous, and
metamorphic rocks. The most frequent heavy minerals are opaque, chlorite,
pyroxenes, amphiboles, muscovite, biotite, zircon, epidotes, garnet, tourmaline,
rutile, kyanite, and staurolite. The source of these sediments is recent sediment that
has formed in river terraces, flood plain and Quaternary deposits in the
Mesopotamian Plain, and the outcrops of the ancient sedimentary formations in the
north northwestern, west, and southwestern Iraq.

The Hartha Formation reservoir was evaluated to be produced in the near future
in Y oil and J fields, West of the Tigris River in northern Iraq. Due to geological
data analysis of the Hartha facies and diagenesis could enhance oil production with
minimized risks, this research tried to deal with data to support the oil production.
The Hartha reservoir is subdivided into five-rock units, Har-1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. It is of
Heterogenic facies limestone, dolomite, dolomitic limestone and argillaceous
dolomite. The Hartha Formation is a clean carbonate; it has an effective porosity. It
consists of lime mudstone-packstone skeletal grain. This conclusion is based on the
lithology, core microfacies, cutting, thin section and log interpretation variability.
The study aims to characterize the depositional and diagenetic properties of the
Hartha carbonate and their effects on the reservoir quality. This research indicated
that the depositional setting is a gentle slope ramp including outer, mid and inner
ramps. The dissolution and dolomitization in near-surface and marine environments
formed secondary porosity types as a vuggy, cavern, and melodic. The fracture is a
good reservoir in the upper part of the Hartha reservoir. The lower section is
affected by other diagenetic processes causing a destructive effect on porosity such
as compaction, Neomorphism and cementation. The measured and calculated
porosity with an integration of the measured permeability in the Hartha Reservoir
gave a good reservoir quality to the formation. These data are coming from the
analysis of the primary and secondary porosity. The petrophysical cut-off provided
an excellent result for the rock properties as the net to gross ratio of the most units of
the Hartha Reservoir.

This research is focused on an interpretive of 2D seismic data to study is
reinterpreting seismic data by applying sufficient software (Petrel 2017) of the area
between Al-Razzazah Lake and the Euphrates river belonging to Karbala'a and Al-
Anbar Governorates, central Iraq. The delineation of the sub-surface structural
features and evaluation of the structure of Najmah and Zubair Formations was done.
The structure interpretation showed that the studied area was affected by normal
fault bearing (NW-SE) direction with a small displacement. In contrast, time and
depth maps showed monocline structures (nose structures) located in the western part
of the studied area.

The gravity anomalies of the Jurassic and deep structures were obtained by
stripping the gravity effect of Cretaceous and Tertiary formations from the available
Bouguer gravity map in central and south Iraq. The gravity effect of the stripped
layers was determined depending on the density log or the density obtained from the
sonic log. The density relation with the seismic velocity of Gardner et al (1974) was
used to obtain density from sonic logs in case of a lack of density log. The average
density of the Cretaceous and Tertiary formation were determined then the density
contrast of these formations was obtained. The density contrast and thickness of all
stratigraphic formations in the area between the sea level to the top of Jurassic
formations were used to determine the gravity effect of these layers. The gravity
anomaly map of the stripped formation was determined. The gravity anomaly map
of the stripped formation was subtracted from the Bouguer gravity map, and the
gravity anomaly map of deep structures was obtained. The regional and residual
maps (3rd order polynomial ) were determined for the gravity anomaly maps before
and after stripping. The regional gravity map before stripping shows one positive
anomaly located at the western part of the study area and west Abu-Jir and
Euphrates faults. The regional gravity map after stripping shows a positive anomaly
located along an axis extended from Kut toward Najaf. This positive anomaly map
divided the sedimentary basin into two sub-basins. The positive gravity residual
anomaly of the Bouguer map before stripping shows regionally three structural axes
trending NW-SE. These axes are Baghdad-Kut axis, northwest Karbala axis and
west Samawa- Nasiriyah axis. The positive residual anomaly map after stripping
shows two important anomaly areas. The first area is located between Kut and
Karbala-Najaf . and the second is located northwest Karbala by about 100-120 km.
These two areas may be prospective areas for hydrocarbon. The stripping method
application in the study area shows good result; therefore, it can be used to enhance
the gravity data to investigate deep structures in other areas.

Limestones have considerable commercial importance because they are used as
building stones and are widely used for flooring and interior and exterior facings. On
the other hand, the reserve calculation reveals the economic effectiveness of the
investigation. This study aims to calculate the reserve of the middle Miocene
limestone for engineering purposes. The limestone beds of the Nfayil Formation in
Central Iraq have been studied over 15 outcrop sections. The Nfayil bed has an
average thickness of about 1.64 m, while the overburden has an average of about
0.93 m. The average bulk density of limestone is 2.1 gm/cm3. Kriging and
triangulation method has been adopted and used in the calculation and assessment of
reserve. The industrial layer was calculated based on the American classification,
where the assessment is from the inferred reserve, which is according to the
geological characteristics of the industrial layer, as well as the presence of a few
wells obtained for the studied area (15 wells). The industrial bed's total reserve
(tonnage) is 253,245,195 tons, which is acceptable for accuracy and reliability
compared to the American system. These values are acceptable for the number of
the studied wells.

This study aims to determine the petrophysical characteristics of the three wells in
the Kifl Oilfield, central Iraq. The well logs were used to characterize hydrocarbon
reservoirs to assess the hydrocarbon prospectivity, designate hydrocarbon and waterbearing
zones, and determine the Nahr Umr Formation's petrophysical parameters.
The Nahr Umr reservoir mainly consists of sandstone at the bottom and has an upper
shale zone containing a small proportion of oil. The geophysical logs data from three
oil wells include gamma-ray, resistivity, neutron, density, acoustic, and spontaneous
potential logs. A gamma-ray log was employed for lithology differentiation, and a
resistivity log was used to determine the response of distinct zones' productivity. The
petrophysical parameters of shale volume, total porosity, effective porosity, water
saturation, hydrocarbon saturation, and flushed zone saturation were evaluated using
computer processing analyses (CPI). These parameters were plotted by interactive
petrophysics (IP) software. The effective porosity (PHE) in the sandstone unit
ranges between 3.2 and 31.2%, water saturation (SW) ranges between 6.6 and
100%, and hydrocarbon saturation and (Sh) range from 6 to 65%. The Nahr Umr
Formation has moderate to low reservoir characteristics in the lower sandstone unit.

The current study includes preparing a geometric proposal of the main
parameters that must be worked within a seismic reflection survey to prepare a
three-dimensional subsurface image. This image represents the Siba oil field located
in Basra, southern Iraq. The results were based on two options for selecting these
approved elements to create a three-dimensional image of the Mishrif, Zubair and
Yamama formations as well as the Jurassic and Permian Khuff and the pre-Khuff
reservoir area. The first option is represented in the geometry in option -1 is 12 lines,
6 shots, and 216 chs. The receiver density is 66.67 receivers / km2, so the shot
density is the same. Total shots are 21000, which is the same number of receiving
points. The survey area (in km2) and full fold area (in km2) are 317and 328,
respectively. However, the second option in the geometry are16 lines, 16 shots, and
208 chs. Receiver density and shot density are 50, while the total shots are 16200
and the total receiving points are 16000; with survey area and full folded area are
198 and 198 km2. The aim of the current study is to characterize the structure and
reservoir quality of Yamama and Zubair intervals and to image potential exploration
targets such as the Mishrif, Jurassic, Permian Kuff and Pre Khuff formations. The
present study succeeded in preparing the geometric proposal and getting at a
subsurface image of the reservoir in three dimensions.

This study aims to detect cadmium accumulation in the soil of Baghdad. Twenty
soil samples were collected randomly during November 2020 to cover the study area,
emphasizing the nature of each area (agricultural, commercial, industrial, residential,
roadside, and waste dumping sites). All soil samples were subjected to geochemical
analysis using atomic absorption spectrometry (ASS) to determine the concentration
of cadmium in Baghdad soil. The laboratory data was utilized to design the spatial
analysis map using Arc GIS 10.4.1 to investigate the spatial distribution of cadmium.
The results demonstrated that the total content of cadmium in the study area ranged
from 0.121to 1.78 mg/kg. All results of cadmium concentrations are within the
allowable limits of WHO (3 mg/kg), and the mean concentration of cadmium
according to the type of land use is shown by the following decreasing order:
roadside > agricultural areas > residential areas > industrial areas >waste dumping
site> commercial. In addition, the spatial analysis map showed the accumulation of
cadmium concentration on the Al-Karkh side than on the Al-Rissafa side of Baghdad
city. A comparison between cadmium concentration in the soil of some land- use for
the current study and cadmium concentration in previous studies showed that the
concentration of cadmium decreased from previous years, except roadside sites
recorded a higher cadmium concentration than the cadmium concentration of
roadside areas according to [12].

In this paper, we show many properties and results on the Quasi-Hadamard
products of a new subclass of analytic functions of β-Uniformly univalent function
that is defined by the Salagean q-differential operator.

Through this study, the following has been proven, if is an algebraically
paranormal operator acting on separable Hilbert space, then satisfies the ( )
property and is also satisfies the ( ) property for all . These
results are also achieved for ( ) property.
In addition, we prove that for a polaroid operator with finite ascent then after the
property ( ) holds for for all .

In this article, the boundary value problem of convection propagation through
the permeable fin in a natural convection environment is solved by the Haar wavelet
collocation method (HWCM). We also compare the solutions with the application of
a semi-analytical method , namely the Temimi and Ansari (TAM), that is
characterized by accuracy and efficiency.The proposed method is also characterized
by simplicity and efficiency. The possibility of applying the proposed method to
many types of linear or nonlinear ordinary and partial differential equations.

Let R be an associative ring. The essential purpose of the present paper is to
introduce the concept of generalized commuting mapping of R. Let U be a nonempty
subset of R, a mapping : R R is called a generalized commuting mapping
on U if there exist a mapping :R R such that =0, holds for all
U. Some results concerning the new concept are presented

Let R be a commutative ring with unity. And let E be a unitary R-module. This
paper introduces the notion of 2-prime submodules as a generalized concept of 2-
prime ideal, where proper submodule H of module F over a ring R is said to be 2-
prime if , for r R and x F implies that or [ ]. we prove many
properties for this kind of submodules, Let H is a submodule of module F over a ring
R then H is a 2-prime submodule if and only if [N
] is a 2-prime submodule of
E, where r R. Also, we prove that if F is a non-zero multiplication module, then [K:
F] [H: F] for every submodule k of F such that H K. Furthermore, we will study
the basic properties of this kind of submodules.

Let G be a finite group and X be a G-conjugacy of elements of order 3. The A4-
graph of G is a simple graph with vertex set X and two vertices x,yX are linked if
x≠ y and xy-1 is an involution element. This paper aims to investigate the A4-graph
properties for the monster Held group He.

Rumors are typically described as remarks whose true value is unknown. A
rumor on social media has the potential to spread erroneous information to a large
group of individuals. Those false facts will influence decision-making in a variety of
societies. In online social media, where enormous amounts of information are
simply distributed over a large network of sources with unverified authority,
detecting rumors is critical. This research proposes that rumor detection be done
using Natural Language Processing (NLP) tools as well as six distinct Machine
Learning (ML) methods (Nave Bayes (NB), random forest (RF), K-nearest neighbor
(KNN), Logistic Regression (LR), Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) and Decision
Tree (DT)). The data set size for the suggested experiment was 16,865 samples. For
pre-processing tokenization was used to separates each one of the tokens from the
others. Normalization that removes all non-word tokens, deleting stop words was
utilized to remove all unnecessary words, and stemming was used to obtain the stem
of the tokens. Prior to using the six classification algorithms, the major feature
extraction approach Term Frequency -Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF) was
applied. The RF classifier performed better compared to all other classifiers with an
accuracy of 99%, according to the data.

The industrial factory is one of the challenging environments for future wireless
communication systems, where the goal is to produce products with low cost in short
time. This high level of network performance is achieved by distributing massive
MIMO that provides indoor networks with joint beamforming that enhances 5G
network capacity and user experience as well. Judging from the importance of this
topic, this study introduces a new optimization problem concerning the investigation
of multi-beam antenna (MBA) coverage possibilities in 5G network for indoor
environments, named Base-station Beams Distribution Problem (BBDP). This
problem has an extensive number of parameters and constrains including user’s
location, required data rate and number of antenna elements. Thus, BBDP can be
considered as NP-hard problem, where complexity increases exponentially as its
dimension increases. Therefore, it requires a special computing method that can
handle it in a reasonable amount of time. In this study, several differential evolution
(DE) variants have been suggested to solve the BBDP problem. The results show
that among all DE variants the self-adaptive DE (jDE) can find feasible solutions and
outperform the classical ones in all BBDP scenarios with coverage rate of 85% and
beam diameter of 500 m.

Task scheduling in an important element in a distributed system. It is vital how
the jobs are correctly assigned for each computer’s processor to improve
performance. The presented approaches attempt to reduce the expense of optimizing
the use of the CPU. These techniques mostly lack planning and in need to be
comprehensive. To address this fault, a hybrid optimization scheduling technique is
proposed for the hybridization of both First-Come First-Served (FCFS), and Shortest
Job First (SJF). In addition, we propose to apply Simulated Annealing (SA)
algorithm as an optimization technique to find optimal job’s execution sequence
considering both job’s entrance time and job’s execution time to balance them to
reduce the job’s waiting time to be executed. As a result, this research proves that the
proposed technique achieves an optimization efficiency with a percentage average
45.5 % according to the FCFS algorithm and 54.5% according to SJF method.

Today the Genetic Algorithm (GA) tops all the standard algorithms in solving
complex nonlinear equations based on the laws of nature. However, permute
convergence is considered one of the most significant drawbacks of GA, which is
known as increasing the number of iterations needed to achieve a global optimum.
To address this shortcoming, this paper proposes a new GA based on chaotic
systems. In GA processes, we use the logistic map and the Linear Feedback Shift
Register (LFSR) to generate chaotic values to use instead of each step requiring
random values. The Chaos Genetic Algorithm (CGA) avoids local convergence
more frequently than the traditional GA due to its diversity. The concept is using
chaotic sequences with LFSR to generate seed values for genetic algorithms, which
can generate keys with a high degree of randomness. The quality of key (generated
sequence) was tested using known standard tests, then a comparison table is
presented to show the increase in ratios in the test before and after applying GA,
demonstrating that the proposed system generates sequence (key) with high
randomness degree, The proposed system achieved an increase in the randomness
rate by four degrees on average and thus it solves the problem of repetition and
linearity, Finally, The system is built in the Java environment.

After the software revolution in the last decades, the field of information
technology had a tremendous evolution that made many organizations reach the best
benefits from this evolution in technologies. The banking sector evolved their old
system from ordinary system to the online system. The term E-banking appears to
cover almost all bank operations such as money transactions, account management,
instant reports, instant notifications. E-banking offers several advantages to clients,
but this opens many challenges and motivates unauthorized parties to focus on
creating methods and exploiting weaknesses to attack and steal critical information
that belongs to the banking system or clients. Iraqi banks recently adopted Ebanking
serves and made them available to all their clients. However, this shift in
approach leaves many clients vulnerable to cyber-attacks. This paper presents an
analytical study on Iraqi clients using E-banking as a service using real case studies.
Many researchers prevent these threats by introducing novel methods to support
cybersecurity specialists. This paper covers related work and the most common
terms involving E-banking. It also covers the risks involved in E-banking, most
common attacks, and modern security methods to prevent attacks.