Magazine of historical studies and archaeology

Tabaqat Nasiri is one of the most important works of Al-Qadibi Omar Minhaj Al-Din Othman, known as Al-Qadi Minhaj Al-Siraj Al-Jawzjani. It is a large book in two volumes, and perhaps the only book of his works that has been translated into Arabic. This book does not differ much from the works of its contemporaries in the field of history, but it is distinguished by its comprehensive presentation and its talk about the states of the Islamic East, including Tabaristan. Perhaps what Judge Manaj al-Sarraj al-Jawzjani reported in terms of details about the Alawite state in Tabaristan leads us to say that this book is considered one of the sources of history. Tabaristan.
This work is of great importance because its author was contemporary with the events of the Mongol invasion and conveyed to us a vivid picture of his observations, or what was transmitted to him. Perhaps what distinguishes these dangerous events is the fall and decline of the Khwarezmian state, and the calls of the Khwarazmian leaders to fortify Tabaristan against the Mongol invasion, and the sultans’ ignoring these warnings, and his criticism of this. Ignoring. This conveys to us the historian\\'s sense and awareness of the serious repercussions to which the Islamic world was exposed.
Therefore, this work can be used to write historical events, because it is considered one of the sources for the history of Tabaristan and the Islamic East

The Mosques of Merv are considered one of the important places for Muslims, but they are an important point or center for people to gather to perform prayers and discuss the various affairs of their lives. Mosques were built in Khorasan and the countries of the Islamic East as a starting point towards the farthest parts of the East to spread Islam, and we established that the mosque is one of the basic pillars in planning and managing cities. This is why we note that the mosques of Merv, one of the cities of Khorasan, were considered among the mosques that played an important role in intellectual life through its scholars and judges who played an important and clear role in scientific life

The Lebanese arena witnessed many parties and personalities that influenced and affected society, especially the second-line figures, including Prince Farid Chehab, who was able to mold the internal and external security system for Lebanon, in addition to his hidden influence on the internal Lebanese political arena, especially after he entered the ranks of the Lebanese security establishment and assumed the position of Director of Lebanese Security, as he led He played a major role in developing his work mechanism and took responsibility for the stability and restoration of internal security in Lebanon, in addition to his influence on the political process from behind the scenes. This is such a topic and because of the discussion and controversy it raised around it between those who agreed with his views and those who rejected them. His ideas and actions were and still are a subject of disagreement between supporters and supporters. It is among those who consider it anti-Arab nationalism and does not express the reality of the Arab region and does not touch the interests of the citizens of its countries

Research on formal education and its genesis invites further exploration of a series of inquiries: What constituted the landscape of education prior to the establishment of schools under the patronage of the Arab Islamic state? How were educational disciplines and institutions defined, when did they come into existence, and what were the underlying factors and catalysts for their emergence? To what degree did the state assume responsibility in overseeing educational affairs, and what was the interplay between the institution of schooling and the advancement of society during that specific era?
The interest in education originated from a comprehensive system aimed at nurturing the human persona in alignment with a religious perspective founded on a series of teachings and guidance necessary for personal growth and the acquisition of knowledge to decipher life's mysteries. Education serves as a pivotal conduit for obtaining knowledge, fostering intellectual development, instilling proper values, and expanding religious studies. Within our research, we have examined the significance of education, commencing with the acquisition of literacy skills during the era of the esteemed Messenger Muhammad (peace be upon him) and his dedication to educating Muslims, as highlighted by examples from the Noble Qur’an. We have explored various centers of education, including Dar Al-Arqam, Al-Kateeb, mosques, houses of knowledge, scholarly councils, and bimaristans. These establishments paved the way for the establishment of the first mosque incorporating an educational institution, namely the Al-Qarawiyyin Mosque in Fez. Subsequently, during the Seljuk era, independent schools flourished, with the Nizamiya institutions under the King's administration, namely the two Nizamiya schools in Baghdad, which we have addressed, as well as the Nizamiya school in Basra. Our study also encompasses the Mustansiriya school and the central school, both of which were meticulously managed.

The Arab and Islamic conquests rested on a group of intellectual roots, both of which are Qur’anic and narrative, and the purpose of them, in any case, was to build legal foundations in the light of which they could legitimize the mentioned conquests. In constructing it, they relied on a selection of noble Qur’anic verses that were closely related to specific circumstances and cases, and were not suitable for being general rules that must be followed in a time and place.

The people of ancient Yemeni are regarded as one of most remarkable peoples in the ancient Arab Peninsulas in terms of civilization status. This is due to the geographic position and the superfluous wealth they enjoyed. That helped them to show the variety of Yemeni civilization production because of that position they were able to establish many kingdoms. That motivated us to study the daily life of the people of Yemen and the most important issue they perform in their daily life including etymology, social, religious, agricultural, industrial and trade life.

The natural factors experienced by a person in Mesopotamia, such as weather fluctuations and instability at the beginning of his life in a specific area, created in him a state of fear that generated a state of mental thinking about what surrounds him, which led to the emergence of a kind of religious beliefs and what he reached as a result of his fear. Of the natural accidents of unknown origin to him, so he took to practicing daily religious rituals, such as prayers, supplications, hymns, making vows, offerings, and religious ceremonies, because he believed in his ability to gain the satisfaction of these powers through his religious rituals.
The kings of Mesopotamia persevered in the religious works through which they wanted to please their gods, so they built luxurious temples for them and provided them with the supplies they needed. They practiced various types of religious rituals that reflect their religion and their desire to appear before their gods in a manner that befits them as kings. Cuneiform texts have mentioned many of these religious practices. Honey is mentioned in a number of textual references to these practices.
Keywords: honey, religious rituals, temple restoration, oiling rituals

The Study of relationship between authority and public opinion is considered one of the most important studies in Islamic history particularly in Al-Rashidun era for the particularity of this era because of its proximity to the prophecy era and because it is the founding era. The researcher found out that the study of such relation can be done through the focus on division of public opinion about power transformation and the effect of this division on illegality and opposition , as well as the importance of public opinion in the view of authority and the necessity of taking it in consideration , in spite of its exclusion from political arguments because that from the beginning authority was limited to a limited number of karishi personalities under what is called Karishi caliphate down to the role of symbol in shaping the public opinion

The book Al-Durr Al-Thameen fi Asma Al-Musannaf by Ibn Al-Sa’i (d. 674 AH) is an important record of Islamic scientific thought left by Muslim historians in general and Iraqi historians in particular, who enriched the bookstores with their large and venerable works in various fields of science, leaving a clear imprint on the history of Islamic civilization.

King Shulgi is considered the second king of the Third Dynasty of Ur. He ascended the throne after the death of his father, King Ur-Nammu, in the year (2095 BC). He received the insignia of rule after a blessing from the god Enlil in Nippur and the god Sin in the city of Ur. He ruled for a period (48 years) (2095 - 2047 BC). The period of his rule was considered the longest in the new Sumerian period .
During the years of his reign, King Shulgi was interested, especially in the first half, with the religious and civil aspects, including building temples, installing priests, and the first work he carried out to develop the architectural aspect of the state. His works were represented by date formulas, which documented the events during the years of his rule of the country. We will limit them here to the last years of his reign (21-48) (2074-2047 BC), during which he was interested in the military aspect in addition to the religious, economic, and diplomatic interest, but in a less , and his rule ended with his death in the year 2047 BC.

In the pages of our research, we discussed the topic of the morals of Imam Ali bin Abi Talib (peace be upon him) in times of war, and we know that in times of war there is no place for morals and etiquette, because in front of you is an enemy who wants to kill you if he has the opportunity, and you also, if the circumstances are created for you, do not back down from killing him and destroying him. However, I found that Imam Ali (peace be upon him) often retreated from killing his enemies, even if he was in control and in control of the fighting conditions. This retreat had reasons, including the high morals that this man enjoyed. For example, in his war with his enemies in the Battle of Siffin in the year 37 AH. As his enemy was in control of the water site, they prevented him (peace be upon him) and his companions from drinking the water, but as soon as Imam Ali (peace be upon him) was able to control the water site, he left them (his enemies) room to take the water and did not prevent it from them as they did to him, and these The pinnacle of courage and morals. In another situation, he advised his killer to be good and did not allow him to be killed when he was arrested when his enemy was attacking him during the dawn prayer. He asked his sons and companions to treat his killer as a prisoner of war and not to harm him. All of this indicates the high morals and etiquette of Imam Ali (peace be upon him). This is the tip of the iceberg in his qualities and morals.

Turkmenistan is one of the Turkish countries in Central Asia. It was part of the former Soviet Union system. It declared its independence from the latter in 1991, like the rest of the Central Asian countries. Its independence constituted a point of attraction for a number of countries, including the Republic of Turkey, as Turkey saw common ties with Turkmenistan. Links Through it, it is possible to get closer to each other and achieve mutual benefits, given that Turkmenistan possesses great economic resources. In addition, Turkey sought to attract Turkmenistan towards it in the hope of forming a grouping of Turkish countries similar to the international groupings at that time, such as the European Union, for example. These factors encouraged Turkey to move towards Turkmenistan, but its efforts to establish strong and good relations with Turkmenistan were not at a uniform pace, as it often collided with many political and economic obstacles. In addition, Turkish politicians were not as enthusiastic about moving towards Turkmenistan and other Turkish countries, as we find, for example, that Turkish President Turkut Ozal was a lover of the Turkish countries in Central Asia, so he pushed with great enthusiasm to strengthen Turkey’s relations with them, but after his death in 1993, relations gradually weakened because Ozal’s successors were not with the same enthusiasm towards the Turkish countries in Central Asia. This is on the one hand, and that both...

Among the most important sciences studied in Andalusia are the rational sciences, which include medicine, astronomy, and mathematics. Many scholars of Andalusia and the Islamic East have delved into them and were creative in these fields, especially the field of medicine and drug discovery. The prosperity of this period was the effect that encouraged the Orientalists to study these sciences, including Angel. Who wrote the book on the history of Andalusian thought. The research included two sections. In the first section, I dealt with the biography of the great people in this world. In the second section, I showed the hidden sciences in the book on the history of Andalusian thought and the most important scholars who became famous in this field. At the end of the research, I concluded that Andalusia produced geniuses in the field. In all specializations and in the field of astronomy and mathematics, the books have been translated into various languages

This study sheds light on a Nigerian national figure, Abubakar Tafau Baaliwa, who was born in 1912. He studied in his homeland and then completed his studies in Britain. After his return, he worked in administrative positions before entering political life by establishing the Northern Peoples Congress Party, which was considered one of the parties. It is close to simple people, so he won the majority of seats in the House of Representatives and the Legislative Council, a victory that qualified him to form a government that took upon itself the task of leading the negotiations in order to exploit Nigeria and then unify the country, the southern region with the northern region, which was achieved in 1963, and after that it embarked on the task of reforming the country’s internal conditions.
Abubakar Baaliwa paid with his life for his sincere patriotic stances when he was overthrown by a military coup led by a group of rebels and those aspiring to gain power, disregarding the democratic and constitutional institutions whose foundations were laid by the new political system in Nigeria.

The Medici family had a prominent and effective role in the Renaissance era, especially in Florence, which was the center of European Renaissance thought, especially in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, that is, at the height of the power of the Medici family, which in turn was keen to sponsor several cultural aspects, most notably art and artists, and to focus on the owners of The New Thought, that is, the creative people among them, were keen to have a personal relationship with them, and that family harnessed the intelligence of art to spread the ideas that it supports, including spreading classical thought by embodying those ideas artistically, as well as publishing and embodying some political ideas, the most important of which is the theory of absolute rule.
At the same time, the family possessed the resources and personal leadership of its leaders to be ranked among the first among European families in support of art and artists, although this trend brought upon them the lurk of the papacy, since most of those ideas that the family supported, sometimes openly and sometimes secretly, were forbidden and forbidden by them. The Church, especially with regard to classical and humanistic thought, but that did not prevent the family, which has major economic interests with the papacy, from continuing its support for those ideas, their art, and their artists.

After the end of World War I, Germany moved towards obtaining financial resources to improve its economic conditions in order to get rid of the sanctions imposed on it by the Treaty of Versailles in 1919 AD, and the effect of the Alsace-Lorraine regions being cut off from it and annexed to France, and in view of its need for cash liquidity to support its collapsed economy, which was paralyzed after the decline of the German mark to its worst monetary level.
German politicians began to propose the idea of heading towards the East because European markets were closed to Germany as punishment for its role in igniting World War I. It was necessary for Germany to find other economic outlets and eastern markets to compensate for the blockade that was imposed on it.
Syria was among the Arab countries to which the Germans turned due to its geo-strategic location, its economic resources, and its markets’ need for German expertise. Germany was more experienced than Syria in the field of construction, reconstruction, and restoring Syrian infrastructure, in addition to Syria’s possession of raw materials that German industry needed. To clarify this, the research was divided into two sections, the first entitled German approaches towards Syria 1919 - 1933, “the (Weimar) government.” It focused on German attempts to develop its economy in the areas of agriculture, industry, and trade to get out of its crisis.
The second topic dealt with the policy of Nazi Germany towards Syria (1933 - 1945). The Nazi leader Adolf Hitler had Syria in mind because of his great awareness of the extent of German's need for its resources and geographical location if World War II occurred against the Allied countries for the purpose of dominating its public and economic capabilities.

The subject of the research ( classes of Shafi,I school ) included biographies of the people of the Shafi,I school of thought, as the author began with a comprehensive translation of lmam Al-Shafi,I, then his companions who lived with him and took from him, and they have twenty-five translations . These were arranged on the basis of the years of their death, then he followed them with a translation of the companions, companions, and these were arranged according to another methodology, as it was adopted. Alphabets in their order, the number of translations has reached
The book ( 1289 ) was translated, covering various Arab countries . The author was interested in providing comprehensive details about the biography of his translator, so he mentioned his name and lineage, and the titles by which he was known . Then he touched on his academic biography, mentioning his sheikhs from whom he learned, his scientific trips and the extent to which he benefited from those trips . He also touched on his social status, mentioning the children of the authors of the translations and their wives, then he dealt with their writings, and the jobs they held, the most important of which were teaching and judiciary, and dealt with the historical events in which the author of the translation had an involvememt, as well as information related to economic activity, and the geographical aspect of Specifying the locations, which demonstrated the author, extensive knowledge of geography, routes, and roads .In conveying these details, lmam Abu Al- Hasan Al-Asnawi relied on resources from those who preceded him, in addition to his personal information about the author of the translation, who was his contemporary . It is worth noting that lmam Abu Muhammad al-Asnawi agreed with his methodology in others . .

The educational environment means the surroundings or place in which the learning and teaching process takes place, along with the human and material influences and elements that this environment contains that interact with each other to bring about the required education and the desired change.
The quality of learning includes a set of techniques that must be acquired and controlled, and the teacher is the person who carries out the learning process and its quality. It works primarily to convey a set of knowledge, different forms of thinking, and various skills related to historical material in addition to social, religious, and moral values.
Since history is concerned with economic and political values and activities in the past and present, human interaction with his social and natural environment and its problems, future expectations, cultural heritage and its vital characteristics, because it means studying everything about humans and their environments, and given the importance of history, it is necessary to use good and effective teaching, and teaching it does not only require Not only the teacher and the book, but it also needs educational means such as maps, photographs, videos, and computers. Therefore, the teaching of history has become affected in its teaching methods by the transformations that occur in educational systems as a result of developments in the field of educational theories and concepts. Therefore, teaching history must take a direction that is compatible with future developments and orientalism, and they must use teaching strategies that achieve the goal of preserving the structure of history as a science and a subject of study in terms of concepts, facts, and events. Methods must also be invented that help in achieving the skills of studying history, and it is necessary to oblige teachers to develop their professional competencies in a way It is balanced with the requirements and characteristics of the future educational structure in a way that suits the characteristics of the students and meets their needs.

Scientists are considered the main pillar of society. They are the basis for the progress and lack of progress of societies. The civilization of any people depends on these scientists and the quantity and diversity of scientific production. Andalusia before the conquest was a virgin land from an intellectual standpoint because of the great scientific progress that Arab-Islamic civilization made compared to European civilization. Intellectual development What was brought about by Andalusia was carried out by an elite group of scholars throughout the eras and in the various countries that came under the rule of Andalusia, and its product was the pride and foundation of Western civilization..

The kings of Mesopotamia in various eras were keen to win the favor of the gods and get closer to them by achieving what they wanted Since the king was the agent and representative of the god on earth, he was directly responsible for the temples, which were considered special residences for the gods. Therefore, it attracted the attention of the kings to take care of it, build new temples, restore the old ones, and inscribe Their names are on its walls in order to document their work regarding temples. Building temples in Mesopotamia is considered one of the sacred works that requires the performance of some religious rituals by priests.

The research dealt with an important and vital topic because it is closely linked to the life of the Iraqi citizen, which is the economic situation. Therefore, it examined the most important components of this situation, which are agriculture, industry, trade, taxes, and railways. It also examined the most important problems that led to the deterioration of these components, in addition to examining the factors. Which had a significant impact on the decline of the economic situation in Iraq, and the problems it led to that directly affected the life of the individual and then society.

Al-Adhamiya was famous for containing many monuments and heritage buildings that contributed to highlighting its essential characteristics and aesthetic creativity of Iraqi architecture, especially the royal court buildings and the royal cemetery, which have become a unique style that combines modernity and traditional style in terms of form and construction in urban planning in which the spirit of the Arab Islamic civilization lives With all its dimensions and cultural heritage, and they have become prominent landmarks of heritage and civilization value from the landmarks of the city of Adhamiya. The royal court occupied a prominent strategic position because it is the place from which Iraq’s internal and external policy is managed. The cemetery also occupied a special place in the hearts of Iraqis because it contains the remains of the royal family, which has given it a cultural depth. important in Iraq.

JTHAM and AMILA from the ancient Qahtani tribes who lived in Yemen and then moved to the Levant and allied themselves with the Romans and Ghassanids due to their control over the region at that time.
They had clear imprints in the history of the Levant before Islam, and they stood against the Muslims in the beginning, then they converted to Islam and contributed to the Arab-Islamic conquests

The Soumam onference is considered one of the most prominent historical events that emerged during the Algerian Revolution to achieve independence. The conference adopted the ideology of the National Liberation Front because it is linked to the first organizational sessions held by the Front, and gave priority to political action over military and internal over external action, and by detailing the decisions and results approved by the Soumam Conference, the effects of which were reflected. The different path of the Algerian revolution, which had made strides in confronting the French forces and defeating their colonial plans, so the conference approved a political and military charter that became a platform and constitution for the revolution under a unified national leadership and a regular army capable of coordinating and supervising positions in all parts of the country, especially. The importance of the research lies in the fact that it is the first national conference held after the outbreak of the Algerian revolution, and hence our choice of the topic of our research, which bears the title “The Fasting Conference and its impact on the course of the Algerian revolution in 1956.”

It is no secret to anyone that the importance of bread and its significant effects are important on people's lives, and his daily livelihood, so any impact afflicts him in terms of high prices of bread or scarcity of supply of it in the markets, it affects the overall life of people daily living that depends on it mainly in his daily food and food, and this impact was represented by showing the movement of prices for wheat and its negative or positive reflection on the prices of bread and its quality in terms of variation and fluctuation Between the rise and fall in the prices of bread supplyed, which is made from wheat, which is its main material, as well as barley seeds and even corn seeds that are used in times of crisis and wheat scarcity, which results in social unrest that affects people's daily living lives.