Magazine of historical studies and archaeology

The American administration sought to take a firm stance on the policy of Congolese leader Patrice Lumumba, after he expressed his desire to obtain Soviet assistance to address the turbulent political situation that struck the Congo after it gained independence from Belgium on June 30, 1960. After Lumumba failed to obtain support, Western countries to achieve this, Lumumba did not hesitate to announce his desire to request assistance from the Soviet Union, and this was enough to raise the concern of the American administration, because it feared that this would lead to the Congo falling under the socialist umbrella, and the Soviet Union took control of its economic capabilities, which might lead to making The Congo is an important starting point for him towards the countries of the African continent, which made the issue of neutralizing Lumumba a top priority for the American administration, even if it came to seeking his physical liquidation through an operation carried out by the CIA.

The foreign policy of countries is the main and important basis in clarifying any country’s orientation towards the major countries and their projects and alliances, whether acceptance or rejection. Lebanon is one of the countries that is extremely important for such military projects and alliances, due to Lebanon’s strategic location, as well as its diversity. Sectarian and sectarian, as this issue explains the official position of Lebanon and the social community, including the Greek Orthodox sect, which had a frank and clear position on Western military alliances and international projects, as well as their firm position on the crucial Arab issues in preserving the sovereignty and independence of their countries.

This essay tracks the participations of the Saudi State in consolidating the Arabian heritage in the Indian Subcontinent, as India was a trading and cultural destination for Saudis. A considerable number of Saudi knowledge seekers temporally migrated to India, so they benefited from India and, at the same time, participated in preserving the Arabian heritage in India by printing many Arabic books. However, the essential role in preserving the Arabian heritage in India was played by the Saudi Kings, beginning with King ‘Abd al-‘Aziz, who commanded that more than one hundred thousands books were printed and freely distributed to knowledge seekers whether in Saudi Arabia, India, or elsewhere. After that, Kings of Saudi Arabia dynamically participated in enhancing the Arabic education in India, providing infrastructures, such as schools and educational institutions, commanding the Saudi institutions, such as Muslim World League and the Saudi universities to provide scholarships to Indian students whether to study in India or Saudi Arabia. The study finds that Saudi Arabia’s participations in preserving and enhancing the Arabic heritage in India resulted in notable benefits

When they came into contact with Muslim Arabs during the Islamic conquests and the Crusades, the Orientalists became aware of the importance of the Arab and Islamic heritage, which was and still represents a precious and inexhaustible treasure and an inexhaustible work of civilization due to the comprehensive set of knowledge it contains in various religious, literary, humanitarian and scientific fields. They directed their attention to studying, achieving, and preserving it, because in their view it represents the main axis for moving towards achieving cultural progress for their country, and rising to an advanced civilization filled with science and knowledge. Therefore, they were keen to preserve this heritage and serve it in the light of modern scientific techniques and revive it again, and as our contribution to highlighting the efforts Orientalists in the Service of the Arab-Islamic Manuscript Heritage This study was the reason for our choice of the topic.

The shrine of Imam Mahdi, “may God hasten his appearance” in Hilla, is one of the important shrines that belong to Imam Mahdi, “may God hasten his appearance.” The shrine gained its importance because it dates back to the earliest absence of the Imam, “peace be upon him.” The shrine is mentioned in manuscripts and stories dating back to the founding of the city of Hilla. Approximately the year (495 AH / 1102 AD), meaning that the first official mention of him reached us in the year (636 AH / 1239 AD) in the manuscript of Ibn Haykal Al-Hilli.
God mentioned in His decisive and mighty Book the necessity of paying attention to the stations of the righteous saints, as it contains the exaltation of the rituals of God, where He said:  From the station of Abraham praying, And among these immortal monuments and holy stations is the station of the nations, the Mahdi, “may God hasten his appearance” in the city of Al-Hillah, that honorable station that remains. For many centuries, it has resisted the ravages of time until it remains tall to this day.
Since the shrine goes back to Imam Muhammad bin Al-Hasan Al-Askari, “may God hasten his appearance,” he is the awaited Mahdi according to the Imami Shiites, and the Imamis were known to be interested in the scenes of the pure family, and the shrine is one of those scenes, so they continued to preserve it with building after building, and they also created a special sect whose job was to take care of it. By keeping the shrine clean and taking care of it, respecting its visitors and providing services to them, and distinguishing the shrine of Imam Mahdi “may God hasten his appearance” in Hilla, because that sect became families and private homes that inherited interest and care for it from, and among the most famous of them is the Al Qayyim family, known for the strength of the shrine of Imam Mahdi “may God hasten” "His relief" in Hilla and the Al-Saffar family, which we will discuss in this research .

History, as a collection of texts written across different times and places, is an extended temporal distance between the of an event and a time.Write it down The longer the occurrence distance between the time the event occurred and the timeWrite it down Cultures found enough space to enterlt travels About changing the image of the event to suit the the historian who recorded culture of the oral transmitter and .that event
The time distance between the time the event occurred and the time it was recorded in our history extended for more than a century, so events were preserved and transmitted.Orallylt ined its direct relationship omitted other events, and it mainta between the temporal extension and the quantity entering the .transmitter of news and events
the relationship of the event and its rooting in reality is
an almost an illusory relationship, because the recorded event c only be signs and evidence in texts preserved in books, while reality is what does not actually exist and is clearly evident.Like monuments And the inscriptionsRoot it As a reality, not as a ons blog transmitted by an oral culture and written by the visi .and convictions of a historian

The last political and economic events in the last decade of the last century have led to an increase in the number of immigrants from a place to a place after the disintegration of the Soviet Union due to the political instability, insecurity and internal conflicts among the the independent countries in addition to the policy of intolerance towards foreign immigrants coming to these countries. This has obliged the immigrants to move to other places of more safety. This also has urged us to conduct a study on the problem of integrity of Kurdish immigrants who moved forcibly to the Russian republic of Adygea. In this study light will be shed on the conditions of Kurdish immigrants as an academic and objective study.

Medicine is an advanced science linked to the discovery and investigation of new things directly connected to human life, and the believing doctor who combines science and human character (and searches for causes and results, the doctor is closely linked to human life. This was confirmed by the words of Dr. J. Duhamel: (Knowing man and nature Humans do not deal with patients at the bedside, but rather we live with them and see them in their lives suffering from love and ambition.
In view of the pioneering role played by medicine, Islam is keen on the health of the individual and the protection of society in general. The trend towards the science of medicine and public health is necessary for the Islamic commune.

Cuneiform texts are among the most important documents that have provided us with abundant information about the reality of daily life in the ancient Babylonian era, which was characterized by the development and prosperity of economic activity.
This research included a study and analysis of five unpublished cuneiform texts, which are among the Iraqi Museum’s (confiscated) texts, whose location and source are unknown, and they have economic implications. We were not able to prove the authenticity of the texts because they do not have date formula indicating their origins, with the exception of the first text, which carries a date formula, but it is not clear due to damage. Which damaged the text as a result of the adhesive materials that were used for the purpose of restoring it, which led to the inability to be certain about determining the exact time period of the texts, but it can be said that they date back to the ancient Babylonian era, and perhaps specifically to the era of Isin Larsa, due to the similarity of the script, personal names, and general contents of the research texts with the texts published for those Duration
As for the contents of the texts, the first three texts included loans for various materials and various types, including interest-bearing loans and interest-free loans. The last two texts included receipt texts.

The assassination of Indira Gandhi on October 31, 1984 was a prominent event in the world that was reported by the international and Arab media, including the Egyptian newspaper Al-Ahram, as the event was global and an event that shook India, as Indira Gandhi enjoyed a prominent position as the first woman to hold the position of Prime Minister in India is the only one to this day, and she held it twice, the first between 1966-1977, and the second from 1980-1984. She represented her country in the Non-Aligned Movement alongside Gamal Abdel Nasser and Joseph Tito and supported global liberation movements. Indira also worked to develop the economy to benefit the citizen. And the state, and tried to abolish the privileges and expenses that the state grants to capitalists and princes, called for unity in loyalty to the homeland without submitting to the sect. Because of that, it attracted the anger of those sects, and the result was its assassination at the hands of the Sikhs. This may be a right, or they were a tool used by internal or external parties, or The two work together to serve their own goals and interests.

The University of Tehran is the largest and oldest institution of higher education in Iran. It was opened in 1934 AD during the reign of Reza Shah. The credit for its founding goes to the Minister of Education, Ali Asghar Hekmat, the head of the Public Education Department, Issa Siddiq, and the Minister of Finance, Ali Dawar. They worked as one team to establish and open the university, which included six colleges (Medicine, Law, Political Sciences, Economics, Reasonable and Impartial Sciences, Arts, Philosophy, and Educational Sciences, Natural and Mathematical Sciences, and the College of Technical and Engineering Sciences), them the College of Fine Arts to which was added, which opened in 1940 AD. This study came to show the great interest of Reza Shah in developing higher education, and his attempt to reduce the state’s expenses for educating students abroad. This worked to establish the great scientific edifice, which is the University of Tehran, so that Iran would be among the ranks of developed countries.

Human groups lived in the ancient Yemen, connected in time during prehistoric times. During that period, a number of cultural, material, and spiritual expressions prevailed in the land of Yemen. Based on this, there is much evidence in human societies in other parts of the world. We notice, on the intellectual level, the birth of The myth in those societies, because the natural limitation of human development in that historical era is reflected in material and spiritual activity to the same extent, and the limitation of people’s relationship with nature with each other in the process of toil is an ideal expression from their point of view, and this actual limitation is reflected in an ideal form in the ancient religions that nature qualifies. In popular beliefs, the myth is the fruit of the collective imagination, where the natural condition for human existence obtains artistic and subconscious embodiment and transformation from the ideal side of that historical situation. Thus, man is in direct dependence on natural forces. As for the countries of ancient Yemen, we can explain the absence of the ancient Yemeni myth in its religious context. This is due to the harsh geographical conditions and nature that shaped the environment of their material production. It can be said that the ideas of the ancient Yemenis would not have responded except to practical motives with which they were busy searching for ways and means to overcome the forms of The productive difficulties arising from the brutality of the terrain and the harshness of nature, and as a result they did not have enough time to engage in contemplation. However, this does not mean that the relationship of ancient Yemeni man with the natural environment is only unilateral, but rather it includes various elements of mutual relationships and does not remain limited to only material production, that is, it is not The life of the ancient Yemenis is devoid of any intellectual contemplative motives, because man does not remain searching only for what achieves a human state for him with the natural environment that surrounds him physically, but rather goes beyond all of that, due to reasons of human necessity in searching and working to obtain what achieves human and harmony for him. With psychological and social formation as well.

The study of personalities in its various professional disciplines is an important pillar of academic and historical studies that try to reveal historical facts that have their dimensions on the social, economic, social or political reality. Yassin Majid played an active role within the legislative institution, through which his efficiency and political sacon in various public issues emerged, hence the importance of choosing the research topic entitled: (Yassin Majid and Joe Biden) to highlight the role played by Yassin when he was a deputy as a member of the Foreign Relations Committee in the Iraqi Council of Representatives 2010-2014, and the most prominent issues he carried out at the political level, the importance of implementing the strategic framework agreement and advancing bilateral relations between Iraq And the United States of America is in a new phase after the end of the withdrawal of American forces from Iraq, in an important time period in the contemporary history of iraq

This study dealt with an American figure who was affected by the reality of black people. Booker Taliaferro Washington was one of the black Americans who were born into slavery and were persecuted after the abolition of voting rights and the launch of Jim Crow laws by the southern states. During the Reconstruction processes, Washington saw the conditions of blacks and their suffering before the Civil War under the conditions of slavery, which included humiliation and deprivation of their civil and political rights, while the matter was no different when they were liberated from slavery. Despite the amendments that were issued, blacks remained in a state of ignorance and deprived of their civil and political rights. Washington saw the need to change the trend towards education as a means to advance and change the reality of blacks.

The policies of the Arab military institutions differed from one country to another depending on the factors forming that institution and the nature and orientations of the people. After gaining independence, the Arab countries were characterized by political instability and the inability of the civil authority to maintain the political system. These factors prompted The military establishment intervened in political affairs with the aim of changing the regimes of those countries and establishing political stability. Egypt, after the military coup in 1952 that overthrew the monarchy and declared the republic, did not enjoy stability, especially in its military establishment. Also, the Arab-Israeli conflict that accompanied it throughout this period had a major role in The exhaustion of this institution, as well as the leadership that was characterized by confusion in its decisions, all of this shaped the features of the Egyptian military institution.

Islamic history deserves study and research, especially the history of the Islamic Maghreb in general and the history of the Islamic Maghreb in particular; especially since it was opened by a number of companions and followers (may God be pleased with them). And the entry of large numbers of Berbers into Islam and their conversion to the true Islamic religion, and this led to understanding in matters of the Islamic religion, especially after a number of modernists and jurists also entered the Islamic Maghreb, and this was reflected in positive and valuable aspects that led to the preparation of a righteous Islamic society. Morocco is a center of civilized and cultural radiation, and its cities have become a destination for students and a link between the East and the West

Travel literature in the islamic heritage was not just quick impression recorded by travelers ، but rather attempts to get closer to the general aspects of peoples ، and an accurate description of the features of countries ، which made it an important historical source for subsequent eras ، especially after the Mongols destroyed Baghdad in the year 656 ah that is 76 years after ibn al khattabs visit . great for her ، be visited Baghdad for only 13 days ، so his book was a historical blog that drew pictures forveveryone of the monuments whose traces had disappeared

Among the most important landmarks discovered in the city of Assyria during the excavations conducted during the excavation seasons (1999-2002) was what was known as the Assyrian House and the Priest’s House, as large numbers of cuneiform texts were revealed in them, and they are preserved in the Iraqi Museum. Some of the texts were selected, photographed, reproduced, translated, analyzed, and revealed. It has economic implications that reflected the economic and cultural reality that characterized the city of Assyria, and demonstrated the extent of sophistication and development in economic transactions and their organization in the modern Assyrian era. They were, of course, written down in the same prevailing style for this era in terms of calligraphy, organization, and preambles to transactions. Moreover, these texts are almost free of breakage and shattering. Therefore, it constituted an obstacle in the nature of translation and analysis.

The city of Karsu has been considered one of the most important cities in the state of Lakh, and several factors have contributed to the emergence of this city, including its natural environment, climate, topography, rivers, and soil. The oldest evidence of human presence in Karsu dates back to the Ubaid period (4000-3500 BC), which is one of the oldest settlement periods in the alluvial plain region in general and in the city of Karsu in particular. Excavations carried out by Sarzak and Cross revealed unglazed pottery used by the city\'s inhabitants during this period, with remains found at Tel (K) extending along the northern, southern, eastern, and western areas of the city. The area was characterized by its fertile land and abundant water supply, with several irrigation channels branching off from it that were connected to the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. This topography aided in the city\'s development, providing means of livelihood and making it one of the most important cities in politics, economy, and settlement. Many distinctive soil marks for waterways and channels were identified through aerial photography after World War II and confirmed on-site in 2015, revealing numerous interconnected water channels and passages.

After President Hoover assumed the Presidency, the US Navy adopted a new Strategy for constructing and expanding its Fleet, which was bolstered by the subsequent presidency of Franklin Roosevelt. His Election significantly boosted support for the Naval construction program, leading to the enactment of laws to enhance Naval funding. Meanwhile, New Labor in Britain implemented a fresh approach to its relations with the United States of America

The study of Date formulas is one of the most important studies
that shed the light on the history of Mesopotamia, as it is full and rich in information, till it became a reliable information source that leads us to solve all the problems within the periods it represents

Al-Mada'in is one of the districts of Baghdad Governorate at the present time. Its archaeological remains represent important cultural periods that passed through the ancient history of Mesopotamia, namely the Seleucid, Parthian, Sassanian and Islamic. Based on this, this site is usually given several names, each of which has a specific linguistic and historical meaning. These are the Parthian Ctesiphon, the Arabic Al-Mada'in, the Islamic Salman Pak, and the Arch of Khosrau, the huge and important cultural edifice for which the region is known and which dates back to the Sasanian civilization period.