Basra studies journal

This research addresses the virgin odes of Bashar ibn Burd, which were overshadowed by his extreme satire and lascivious love poetry. Did Bashar truly love, or was his romantic poetry simply a mean of variety and challenge? This is what the research intend to answer through full study and analysis in the following pages.

The study aims to verify the validity of the hypotheses proposed by Dr. Abdul-Azeem Al-Sultani in his book Critique of Cultural Criticism, concerning the necessity of branching poststructuralist cultural criticism into distinct categories: literary cultural criticism, research criticism, critique of cultural studies, and critique of cultural criticism itself. This effort seeks to establish the foundation for cultural theory, question its concepts, and regulate its epistemological principles within both Western and Arab contexts.The study attempts to address these questions by uncovering their origins, references, and their ability to sustain relevance in Arab critical discourse, emphasizing the practical dimension. In the final two chapters of the book, Al-Sultani presents an applied perspective that aligns with the preceding arguments outlined in the introduction and subsequent sections. The cultural reading of this significant work concludes that broadening the theoretical scope through branching and specialization leads to intellectual and epistemological centralization and stabilization—a stance opposed by postmodernist inclinations.

The margin constitutes a significant concern in societies, and at the same time, it cannot have any significance; rather, it is a margin that can be pushed aside at any moment. This issue between anxiety and displacement makes the existence of marginalized societies a narrative material worthy of inclusion. This is what the Iraqi storyteller Diaa Jubaili did in his novel "The Horse's Leg," which symbolizes a woman who loses much of her existence. The research initially addressed the main research concepts (the model, the margin, the cultural function), and then by examining the novel led the researcher to contemplate three functions, each linked to a dominant element. The social function was associated with the narrator/Saleema, who tried to confront societal norms and systems, and how the margin can either confront these norms or justify their existence. The second function, which is gender-related, was connected to the protagonist of the novel (Abeer), who suffers from disturbances in sexual identity and seeks a sexual/gender alternative. The third function is the interpretive function related to society, particularly the neighborhood community, which represents a metaphor for Iraqi or Basra society, where the novel interpreted some phenomena that affected the community.

To examine the Arab prosody according to Harold Bloom\'s perspective on the deconstructive approach, which views the foundation of science as based on a deliberate misunderstanding of the past in order to produce new theories and transcend old ones.
Curriculum: the researcher followed the analytical approach in studying a set of terms used by Al-Khalil bin Ahmed Al-Farahidi, and it have shown that Al-Khalil changed the concepts of some terms of presentation in order to conform to his view towards the prosody , and used new terms based on his vision of Arab prosody. The research included two requirements.
Problems: the researcher face some difficulties related to research, including the lack of books of Al-Khalil bin Ahmed Al-Farahidi, and what one can get is nothing more than opinions scattered in the books quoted by scholars, and the researcher have collected all these opinions and studied them according to the perspective of misunderstanding.
Results: Al_ Khalil has changed the terminology that contradicts his prosodic point of view, and this point of view starts from the era of Islam, to impose on the pre-Islamic era a modern point of view, that is, Al_ Khalil established the science of prosody in a contemporary way for his time, and imposed on previous eras to include his concept.
Recommendations: I recommend a thorough study of prosody according to this approach, which can deepen the view based on deliberate misunderstanding through which only scientists can establish new sciences.

The importance of the sentence is due to its importance in realizing the meanings of words, and carrying aesthetic values and expressive secrets. The nominal sentence indicates the permanence that it derives from nouns only, because the noun is the basis upon which the nominal sentence is built, so it indicates permanence. As for verbal sentences, they indicate renewal that depending on their verbs. Therefore, it indicates occurrence and renewal, so it depends on the verb that indicates the action, and acquires meaning from it. The research was divided into a theoretical entrance in which the researcher explained the concept of the sentence and its meaning according to what linguists, rhetoricians, and interpreters dealt with in understanding the Qur’anic texts. Then the researcher dealt with the meaning of the sentence and its purposes. After that, the meaning of the sentence was explained and the types of sentences and their meaning were stopped, all of that according to the semantic stops that Sheikh Habib Al-Kadhimi was concerned with in Al-Siraj Al-Munir in explaining the points of interpretation. All of that was preceded by an introduction that included talking about the importance of the topic and the reasons for choosing it, followed by a conclusion that included the most important results that the research reached, then there was a list of sources that the researcher relied on.

The Basra Brigade enjoyed what other Iraqi brigades did not have in terms of a distinguished strategic location, which gave it a great economic and cultural importance, because it is considered the gateway to the Arabian Gulf from the north, and Iraq’s only maritime outlet for all countries of the world. In addition its possession of this status led to the emergence of many personalities, houses, and distinctive families, which had a great impact on the development of the economic, social and intellectual conditions of the Basra District, in addition to the thousands of farms and orchards and the presence of many factories and government laboratories. So the Ministry of Interior paid great attention to the Basra District through administrative inspection reports to diagnose weaknesses in government institutions and repair them as much as possible. They chose Amin Khalis to carry out this mission during the years (1951-1953).

This study examines the decision of the Iraqi Federal Supreme Court to annul the Khor Abdullah Agreement signed with Kuwait and analyzes the impact of this ruling on the future of bilateral relations between the two countries. It reviews the background and context of the agreement, as well as the legal and political justifications cited by the court in its decision. The study also discusses regional and international reactions, particularly those from the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states, and explores possible scenarios for Iraqi-Kuwaiti relations ranging from escalation to reconciliation. It concludes that the annulment reflects the complexities of maritime sovereignty and may reignite tensions unless addressed through dialogue and diplomacy.

The oil and gas industry is one of the fundamental pillars of the Iraqi economy and the main source of public revenue. This vital sector underwent a series of significant challenges and transformations during the period from 1980 to 2010 due to political, economic, regional, and international circumstances. Iraq experienced several wars during these decades, beginning with the Iran-Iraq War in the 1980s, followed by the Gulf War in 1991, and then the U.S. invasion in 2003, all of which caused severe damage to the infrastructure of the oil sector.
Additionally, Iraq subjected to harsh economic sanctions during 1990s, which negatively affected its production capabilities and refining sectors, leading to a sharp decline in domestic output. Despite these challenges, Iraq's vast reserves of oil and gas have kept it among the world's major oil producers.
Following 2003, Iraq began restructuring its oil sector by opening the door to foreign investment. Numerous contracts were signed with international companies to explore and develop oil fields, contributing to a noticeable improvement in production levels. However, the sector continues to face persistent challenges such as weak infrastructure, global oil price fluctuations, the need for better management of oil revenues, and the development of the gas sector.
This study aims to trace the development of the oil and gas industry in Iraq from 1980 to 2010, focusing on the challenges faced by the sector, the opportunities for performance improvement, the policies adopted for its management, and prospects for a sustainable energy transition in the future.

Child labor is a widespread phenomenon in Basra province in general, and in Abu Al-Khaseeb District in particular, with a total of 284 children, distributed spatially across all neighborhoods in varying numbers. Social, economic, and educational factors combined to contribute to the spread of this phenomenon. Educational factors were the highest contributors to the spread of child labor, accounting for 42% of the total. Social factors came second, accounting for 30.4%, while economic factors came in last, accounting for 27.6%. The gender distribution of child labor was 61.2% for males, while females accounted for 38.8%. This phenomenon resulted in a number of consequences, the most important of which were deprivation of education, accounting for 43.5%, followed by physical violence, 23.5%, verbal violence, 17.5%, and underage marriage, accounting for 14.5%. Finally, the study concluded with a set of proposals to address and reduce this phenomenon.

The research aims to address some of the problems facing educational services in the cities (Samawa, Al-Rumaitha, Al-Khader) and finding appropriate solutions. It is seen that (32.1%, 43.4%, and 35.5%), respectively, of the schools in Al-Samawa, Al-Rumaitha, and Al-Khidr need renovation Also the problems related to the school administrations and the teaching staff, range (84.9%, 78.6%, 66%), respectively, from the administrations of the cities (Samawah , Al-Rumaitha, Al-Khidr) that faces some problems and difficulties in their work. While (79.4%, 67.9%, 70.2%) respectively of the teaching staff in the cities (Samawah, Al-Rumaitha, Al-Khidr) they face a difficulties in their works, in addition to many problems of students, like students failing and leaving of their study. As the percentage of students who failed in their studies was (17.9%, 14.1%, 20%) respectively in the cities (Samawa, Al-Rumaitha, Al-Khidr) and the body of students who dropped out during the academic year (2019-2020) in the cities (Samawa, Al-Rumaitha, Al-Khidr) was about (2.5%, 1.3%, 2.2%), respectively of the total number of students and students, aged They were recruited (75361, 32770, 17132) students in the three cities, respectively, during the same academic year. The research also included set of results, most notable one was the failure in complete in the school buildings that were referred for investment on time. The most important proposals are to work on completing the construction of lagging school buildings in order to Reducing double shifts in schools.

The research addressed the main sustainable human development indicators (education - health - income) through which the human development index is measured in Basra Governorate and at the district level, then depending on it development plans are drawn up according to the population size and growth. The research also aims to measure sustainable human development indicators and the extent of spatial variation between the districts of Basra Governorate. The Sustainable.
This study reveals the reality of sustainable human development indicators and their levels of variation among the districts of Basra Governorate, and to reach the level of human development in the governorate and the extent of the efficiency of the services provided to the population. The researcher concluded that Basra Governorate is within the average level of human development with an index of (0.762) and a deprivation rate of (0.238).

The phenomenon of tribalism can be examined through multiple theoretical frameworks. This study adopts political philosophy as a lens to explore tribalism, focusing on the city of Basrah in the period following 2003. This year represents a pivotal moment in Iraq's history, marking the collapse of a repressive regime and the beginning of a transition toward democratic governance. Within this context, political philosophy provides critical tools for analyzing tribalism as a traditional social structure embedded in various societies. The study draws a clear distinction between the concept of the tribe as a lineage-based social unit and tribalism as a behavioral pattern shaped by authority and customary practices. These patterns significantly influence the formation of political identity, often manifesting in electoral processes, whether democratic or otherwise. This dynamic is particularly evident in Basrah’s post-2003 sociopolitical landscape, where the social function of tribalism and its various representations are analyzed.

When one considers the roles of translators, a simplistic answer might be that they convert text from a source language to a target language. However, the reality is far more complex. He/she will be surprised to discover that there is much more to it than that. In recent times, the meanings and tools of communication have changed mainly, and translators have moved in a new way, adjusting their professional aims and vision to mirror the next age of a new international society Technology makes everyday cross-cultural communication commonplace today. Consequently, translators no longer think of themselves as lonely persons, but as international ambassadors who serve an increasing number of communities. This study stems from the fact that translation requires highly qualified translators who may act as mediators, editors, readers, writers, localization experts, etc., to serve today’s communications. The results showed an increasing importance of the multi-faceted nature of the translators’ role so that the reader or the listener cannot feel the difference between the original and the translation, but rather read or heard it the same as the original .

The research must specialize in one of the humanitarian studies that is concerned with Basrah Province affairs in particular and Iraqi affairs in general whether in the past, present or future, such as: language, literature, history, geography, sociology, philosophy, libraries and information systems, and other humanitarian studies.

The research aims at revealing the musical and rhythmic structure in free poetry through an analysis of the poem (safar Ayyub) by the Iraqi poet Badr Shaker Al-Sayyab. The research dealt with how the poet employs the musical and rhythmic structure in the mentioned poem as an applied model and how these elements contribute to enhancing the meanings and symbols presented in the text. Accordingly, an analysis of the method that the poet used to achieve this musical and rhythmic effect is explained. The research included: The introduction, then the first section, which included: the problem of the study, its objectives, importance, limits, and terminology. The second section the theoretical framework included two sections: the first one devoted for explaining musical structure in free poetry, and the second part was about the innovative image in the poetry of Badr Shaker Al-Sayyab. The third section dealt with the analytical framework: Research methodology, research population, research sample, research tools and requirements, validity and reliability of the tool, analysis of the research sample, then the fourth section includes a presentation of the research results, conclusions, and recommendations .